Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• penetrate all the used materials and can initiate the reaction through the core of the reaction medium as the polymer forms, unlike blue light. This penetrating power of red light was also characterized by comparing the ruthenium complex [Ru(bpy)3]2+ absorbing at 450 nm with the osmium complex [Os(tpy)2]2

Synthesis of disulfides and 3-sulfenylchromones from sodium sulfinates catalyzed by TBAI

• Zhenlei Zhang,
• Ying Wang,
• Xingxing Pan,
• Manqi Zhang,
• Wei Zhao,
• Meng Li and
• Hao Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 253–261, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.17

• groups in organic synthesis [1][2][3][4]. In chemistry and biology, disulfide bonds play crucial roles in protein folding and stabilization [5][6][7][8] and in the rubber industry, they are used to link different polymer chains [9][10]. The disulfide bond backbone is commonly used as a linker for

Hydrogen-bonded macrocycle-mediated dimerization for orthogonal supramolecular polymerization

• Wentao Yu,
• Zhiyao Yang,
• Chengkan Yu,
• Xiaowei Li and
• Lihua Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 179–188, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.10

• materials. Keywords: hydrogen-bonded macrocycle; orthogonal self-assembly; shape-persistent; supramolecular polymer; Introduction Host–guest interactions, particularly those involving macrocycles as hosts [1], have found a myriad of applications in supramolecular chemistry [2][3][4] owing to their ability

• molecular weight on the solution concentration. Further, a change in solution viscosity would reflect a change in molecular weight during the polymerization process. Thus, the specific viscosity of the linear supramolecular polymer (Scheme 1c) in CHCl3/CH3CN (1:1, v/v) was determined at 298 K (Figure 7

• supramolecular polymer in CHCl3/CH3CN (1:1, v/v, 298 K) at variable concentration. Variable-concentration 1H NMR spectra of the supramolecular polymer: (a) 2.0 mM, (b) 4.0 mM, (c) 6.0 mM, (d) 8.0 mM, and (e) 10 mM. a) Chemical structures of H-bonded macrocycles H1, H2, and guest G1, and schematic representation

Hot shape transformation: the role of PSar dehydration in stomatocyte morphogenesis

• Remi Peters,
• Levy A. Charleston,
• Karinan van Eck,
• Teun van Berlo and
• Daniela A. Wilson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 47–54, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.5

• the PSar-PBLG that was used for all the following systems, it was found that a polymer with a length of 50 units sarcosine and 40 units benzyl glutamate would be able to form vesicles between 300–700 nm (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S22). The synthesis of PSar-PBLG (Scheme 1) involved anionic

• ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), following a protocol adapted from Tian et al. [28]. High-purity monomers were obtained using this method, ensuring the subsequentially polymer synthesis proceeded with minimal impurities. Sequential polymerization commenced with poly(benzyl

• glutamate) (PBLG) as the hydrophobic block, which was done to prevent ending on a primary amine in the final product which could disrupt self-assembly due to its ionizable nature. Subsequently, PBLG served as a macroinitiator for the polymerization of sarcosine NCA, yielding the final polymer with high

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

• Pablo Quijano Velasco,
• Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
• Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

• reactors; data processing; high-throughput experimentation; machine learning; reaction optimization; Introduction Organic synthesis plays a crucial role in drug discovery, polymer synthesis, materials science, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals. Their synthesis and process optimization require

• . In addition to organic synthesis, the slug flow methodology has found application in polymer synthesis. A flow platform capable of polymerizing 397 unique copolymer compositions was developed by Reis et al. [51] using a droplet flow reactor. The methodology and high-fidelity data enabled them to

Cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes for polymer materials: challenge on simultaneous realization of inexpensive production and defined structures

• Yosuke Akae

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3026–3049, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.252

• Yosuke Akae Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 386-8567 Nagano, Japan Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 102

• synthesis procedure to produce an actual material with masses of ≥100 g, as 100 mg of the product is insufficient. Notably, the scalable synthesis of rotaxane-based polymer materials inevitably introduces structural ambiguity when aiming to reduce the synthetic cost, and this complicates the possibility of

• typical ring molecules [31][32][33][34][35]. Meanwhile, the studies on CD-based rotaxane are generally divided into two aspects: (1) the construction of a complicated small-molecule framework and the evaluation of its properties, and (2) the development of a polymer material (e.g., polyrotaxane) with a

Advances in radical peroxidation with hydroperoxides

• Oleg V. Bityukov,
• Pavel Yu. Serdyuchenko,
• Andrey S. Kirillov,
• Gennady I. Nikishin,
• Vera A. Vil’ and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2959–3006, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.249

• become sought-after functionalities, particularly following the multi-tone consumption in polymer production and success in medicinal chemistry. The selective introduction of a peroxide fragment at different positions on the target molecule is a priority in the modern reaction design. The pioneering

• growing urbanization, expanding infrastructure projects and industrialization. A wide range of organic peroxide initiators is now available (Scheme 1) and this is continually being expanded to meet the changing requirements of the polymer industry. Discovery of artemisinin, which was highlighted with the

4,6-Diaryl-5,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxanes as chiral dopants for liquid crystal compositions

• Maurice Médebielle,
• Peer Kirsch,
• Jérémy Merad,
• Carolina von Essen,
• Clemens Kühn and
• Andreas Ruhl

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2940–2945, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.246

• of double twist cylinders [10][11]. A prototype of a polymer-stabilized Blue Phase LCD with ultra-fast switching times has been presented in 2008 by Samsung [12]. Another class of materials including high HTP chiral dopants are cholesteric films prepared by the polymerization of reactive mesogens

Photoluminescence color-tuning with polymer-dispersed fluorescent films containing two fluorinated diphenylacetylene-type fluorophores

• Kazuki Kobayashi,
• Shigeyuki Yamada,
• Motohiro Yasui and
• Tsutomu Konno

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2682–2690, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.225

• and effective luminescence color-tuning method is proposed to investigate the photoluminescence behavior of two-component polymer dispersion films blended with two types of fluorinated diphenylacetylenes, namely blue- and yellow- or red-fluorescent fluorinated diphenylacetylenes. It is confirmed that

• white-light-emitting materials. Keywords: energy transfer; fluorinated diphenylacetylenes; photoluminescence; polymer-dispersed films; white luminescence; Introduction Luminescent materials in lighting and display devices have become indispensable in daily life [1][2][3]. In recent years, organic

• fluorescence or phosphorescence from different luminescent centers in the polymer matrix should be combined, and the PL color can be precisely tuned by controlling the ratio of the PL luminescent materials [27][28][29]. In this study, we prepared polymer dispersion fluorescent films containing two compounds

Applications of microscopy and small angle scattering techniques for the characterisation of supramolecular gels

• Connor R. M. MacDonald and
• Emily R. Draper

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2608–2634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.220

Improved deconvolution of natural products’ protein targets using diagnostic ions from chemical proteomics linkers

• Andreas Wiest and
• Pavel Kielkowski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2323–2341, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.199

• large tag, which significantly changes the molecular weight of the given protein. The shift on the gel can be then visualized by protein-specific antibody or coomassie staining. The linkers applied to perform the gel shift assay contain a linear PEG polymer with an approximate size ranging from one to

Cell-free protein synthesis with technical additives – expanding the parameter space of in vitro gene expression

• Tabea Bartsch,
• Stephan Lütz and
• Katrin Rosenthal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2242–2253, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.192

• macromolecules. PEG, a water-soluble macromolecular polymer, is a commonly used crowding agent to mimic the cellular environment in vitro [25]. Interestingly, it has been observed that different proteins have different PEG-8000 concentration optima [27]. The standard composition of the in-house CFPS system

• the impact of the polymer itself is greater than that of the increased viscosity. A positive effect on the stability and activity of the model enzyme β-ᴅ-glucuronidase by the addition of carboxymethylcellulose has already been reported [49]. However, the effects and states of molecular crowding in the

• cell are much more complex than what can be mimicked by the sole addition of a polymer. The diffusion of macromolecules depends on the perceived viscosity in the cell, which is inhomogeneous and depends on the location in the cell and its growth phase [50][51]. Comparing the salt concentrations, the

Metal-free double azide addition to strained alkynes of an octadehydrodibenzo[12]annulene derivative with electron-withdrawing substituents

• Naoki Takeda,
• Shuichi Akasaka,
• Susumu Kawauchi and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2234–2241, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.191

• , the double azide addition reaction was applied to polymer crosslinking and the mechanical properties of the self-standing polymer films were compared. Results and Discussion Strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition Octadehydrodibenzo[12]annulene (DBA) with electron-withdrawing carbonyl substituents

• -standing film became insoluble due to the occurrence of strain-promoted double azide–alkyne cycloaddition (Figure 6a). The mechanical properties of the polymer films were then examined to observe the impact of crosslinking. A PVC-N3 film was prepared by a solvent-cast method on a Teflon boat. The strain

• metal-free click reaction was employed to crosslink a partially azidated poly(vinyl chloride). The crosslinking proceeded by simply mixing the polymer and crosslinker in THF and evaporating, and the formation of the crosslinked polymer film was confirmed by the strain–stress curves. The developed method

Factors influencing the performance of organocatalysts immobilised on solid supports: A review

• Zsuzsanna Fehér,
• Dóra Richter,
• Gyula Dargó and
• József Kupai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2129–2142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.183

• performance is crucial to the development of high performance immobilised organocatalysts. Review Characteristics of the solid support Considering the support type, organic polymer-supported, silica-supported [20][21][22][23][24][25], glass beads [26] and magnetic nanoparticle-supported [27][28][29][30][31

• ][32] organocatalysts are pivotal in the field of immobilised organocatalysts. Polymer-supported organocatalysts are commonly immobilised on polystyrene (PS) [28][33][34][35][36][37][38], as well as on other materials such as nylon 6,6 [15], chitosan [39][40], and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) [41

• ]. The role of the polymers as supports for catalysts is not merely passive. These supports significantly influence the reaction environment and catalytic efficiency [42]. Attachment methods, spacer lengths, and polymer nature profoundly impact the catalyst's performance and recyclability. Various

Cage-like microstructures via sequential Ugi reactions in aqueous emulsions

• Rita S. Alqubelat,
• Yaroslava A. Menzorova and
• Maxim A. Mironov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2078–2083, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.179

• Colloidosomes are microcapsules built on the basis of colloidal particles [1]. In the past 20 years, many methods have been proposed for the synthesis based on different particle types (inorganic, polymer, and composite) [2][3][4] and shape [5] (spheres, discs, and fibers). A distinctive feature of

• usually more complex than conventional colloidosomes and involves several stages. Pickering emulsions or polymer spheres coated with a monolayer of colloidal particles are used as initial templates for synthesis [11]. Thus, cage-like structures have been obtained using phase inversion in Pickering

• the formation of a double Pickering emulsion using a microfluidic technique. Solidification of this structure and removal of the template resulted in the formation of nonspherical capsules with large openings [13]. The use of a polymer matrix that can swell in an organic solvent made it possible to

Multicomponent syntheses of pyrazoles via (3 + 2)-cyclocondensation and (3 + 2)-cycloaddition key steps

• Ignaz Betcke,
• Alissa C. Götzinger,
• Maryna M. Kornet and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2024–2077, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.178

• as [MCM-41-2N-Pd(OAc)2] [130] and Pd-SH-silica bound catalysts [131] have also been successfully employed in this three-component pyrazole synthesis. Interestingly, the latter catalyst system does not require a copper cocatalyst. Tang's research group further extended polymer synthesis by using the

• consecutive three-component approach in a polymer analogous fashion with diynes 105, terephthaloyl chloride (106), and hydrazines to synthesize high molecular weight pyrazole-based polymers 107 (Scheme 38) [132]. The materials 107 fluoresce in THF solutions, form thin films, and possess high thermal stability

The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction in its maturity: innovation and improvements since its 21st birthday (2019–2023)

• Cristina Martini,
• Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan and
• Andrea Basso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1839–1879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.162

Polymer degrading marine Microbulbifer bacteria: an un(der)utilized source of chemical and biocatalytic novelty

• Weimao Zhong and
• Vinayak Agarwal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1635–1651, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.146

• novelty. In this review, we summarize the distribution of Microbulbifer bacteria, activities of the various polymer degrading enzymes that these bacteria produce, and an up-to-date summary of the natural products that have been isolated from Microbulbifer strains. We argue that these bacteria have been

• from Microbulbifer Agarases Agarose is a natural polymer consisting of a linear chain of alternating residues of 3-O-linked β-ᴅ-galactopyranose and 4-O-linked 3,6-anhydro-α-ʟ-galactose. Agarose is a major component of agar, a polysaccharide present in the cell walls of some red algae [101]. Agarases

• agarases to be encoded which belonged to the GH-50 agarase family. The enzymes were named AgaA50, AgaB50, and AgaC50. Biochemical characterization of these three enzymes revealed that AgaA50 and AgaC50 generated neoagarobiose products implying cleavage within the agarose polymer (endolytic hydrolysis). The

New triazinephosphonate dopants for Nafion proton exchange membranes (PEM)

• Fátima C. Teixeira,
• António P. S. Teixeira and
• C. M. Rangel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1623–1634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.145

• incorporation of other compounds into these polymeric materials to participate in the proton conduction or to surpass the water or electrolyte dependency [15][21]. The most studied and commercially available proton exchange membranes consist of Nafion, a hydrophobic perfluorosulfonated polymer with sulfonic

• incorporation of the chosen dopants into a Nafion polymer using a casting method (Figure 4). It was expected that the dopants could act as proton carriers, improving the proton conduction of the membranes. The new membranes had a 1 wt % loading of TPs since our previous [27] results showed that 1 wt % is

Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of cyanoarenes, nitroarenes, quinolines, and pyridines under mild conditions with a proton-exchange membrane reactor

• Koichi Mitsudo,
• Atsushi Osaki,
• Haruka Inoue,
• Eisuke Sato,
• Naoki Shida,
• Mahito Atobe and
• Seiji Suga

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1560–1571, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.139

• hydrogen [13][14][15][16][17][18]. Meanwhile, electrochemical systems using solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have recently attracted significant attention [19]. Among these, proton-exchange membrane (PEM) reactors are powerful tools for hydrogenation [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33

Synthesis of substituted triazole–pyrazole hybrids using triazenylpyrazole precursors

• Simone Gräßle,
• Laura Holzhauer,
• Nicolai Wippert,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Martin Nieger,
• Nicole Jung and
• Stefan Bräse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1396–1404, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.121

• predominant product (see 18i and 18j). In total, 13 groups could be attached to the different triazenylpyrazoles, yielding 18 products (see Table 1). In analogy to reported procedures for cleavage of polymer-bound triazenes [23], we attempted to develop the first protocol for synthesizing pyrazolyl azides 19

Diameter-selective extraction of single-walled carbon nanotubes by interlocking with Cu-tethered square nanobrackets

• Guoqing Cheng and
• Naoki Komatsu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1298–1307, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.113

• depend on their structures [1]. To obtain specific structures, remarkable progress has been made in separation of SWNTs by various methods such as gel column chromatography [2][3], aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) [4][5], and polymer wrapping [6][7]. As compared with these methods, our separation by

Synthesis of indano[60]fullerene thioketone and its application in organic solar cells

• Yong-Chang Zhai,
• Shimon Oiwa,
• Shinobu Aoyagi,
• Shohei Ohno,
• Tsubasa Mikie,
• Jun-Zhuo Wang,
• Hirofumi Amada,
• Koki Yamanaka,
• Kazuhira Miwa,
• Naoyuki Imai,
• Takeshi Igarashi,
• Itaru Osaka and
• Yutaka Matsuo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1270–1277, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.109

• crystalline polymer donor PNTz4T [32] was used. Compared with t-Bu-FIDS, t-Bu-FIDO achieved 3.71% PCE with larger JSC and higher VOC. With PNTz4T, t-Bu-FIDS exhibited low performance, with JSC of only 4 mA/cm2. This lower VOC may be attributable to a suboptimal BHJ structure between PNTz4T and t-Bu-FIDS

Competing electrophilic substitution and oxidative polymerization of arylamines with selenium dioxide

• Vishnu Selladurai and
• Selvakumar Karuthapandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1221–1235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.105

• polymer 1. The polymer was isolated from the reaction after 3 h, and the supernatant was analyzed for other soluble products. The UV–vis spectrum of polymer 1 dispersed in methanol showed two major peaks at ≈271 and ≈561 nm (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1), corresponding to the π→π* and

• due to N–H stretching of the polymer [43][44]. The peak appearing at around 3000 cm−1 corresponded to the aryl C–H stretching. The peaks observed at 1593 and 1479 cm−1 were associated with C=C and C=N stretching, respectively. The obtained result was further supported by solid-state synthesis of

• relative to NH2. Scheme 3 shows the reaction of o-anisidine with SeO2. Similar to aniline, a large quantity of o-anisidine was transformed into polymer, labelled polymer 2. The UV–vis and FTIR spectra of polymer 2 are shown in Figures S1 and S2, Supporting Information File 1, respectively. The spectral

Manganese-catalyzed C–C and C–N bond formation with alcohols via borrowing hydrogen or hydrogen auto-transfer

• Mohd Farhan Ansari,
• Atul Kumar Maurya,
• Abhishek Kumar and
• Saravanakumar Elangovan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1111–1166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.98