Silica gel with covalently attached bambusuril macrocycle for dicyanoaurate sorption from water

• Michaela Šusterová and
• Vladimír Šindelář

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2604–2611, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.201

• example, an amphiphilic poly(methyl methacrylate)-based polymer modified with calix[4]pyrrole was found to form micelles in water that capture anions from caesium salts and can be precipitated from solution upon heating [11]. Similarly, a hydrogel composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) cross-linked by a “Texas

Rotaxanes with integrated photoswitches: design principles, functional behavior, and emerging applications

• Jullyane Emi Matsushima,
• Khushbu,
• Zuliah Abdulsalam,
• Udyogi Navodya Kulathilaka Conthagamage and
• Víctor García-López

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2345–2366, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.179

• -driven shuttling of the cyclodextrin macrocycle was accompanied by alternations in fluorescence between two fluorescent stoppers [49]. Takashima and co-workers developed a photoresponsive polymeric actuator utilizing [2]rotaxane units as topological cross-links in a polymer network, in which the

Insoluble methylene-bridged glycoluril dimers as sequestrants for dyes

• Suvenika Perera,
• Peter Y. Zavalij and
• Lyle Isaacs

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2302–2314, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.176

• that β-cyclodextrin (Figure 1)-based polymers could remove organic micropollutants from water [15][16]. For example, in 2021, Sessler and co-workers reported the synthesis of a calix[4]pyrrole (Figure 1)-based porous organic polymer, which exhibits the rapid uptake of dyes from water [17]. In addition

• , graphene functionalized with β-cyclodextrins [18], a starch-based β-cyclodextrin polymer [19], and pillar[5]arene-based crosslinked polymers have also been investigated as sequestrants for dyes [20]. The Isaacs group has a longstanding interest in the synthesis and mechanism of formation of macrocyclic

C2 to C6 biobased carbonyl platforms for fine chemistry

• Jingjing Jiang,
• Muhammad Noman Haider Tariq,
• Florence Popowycz,
• Yanlong Gu and
• Yves Queneau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2103–2172, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.165

• toward useful biobased functional compounds or intermediates with applications in fuels, polymer chemistry and fine organic synthesis (CH activation, Piancatelli rearrangement, etc.). Conversion of furfural to alcohols, aldehydes and ketones: One of the most important transformations of furfural is its

Solar thermal fuels: azobenzene as a cyclic photon–heat transduction platform

• Jie Yan,
• Shaodong Sun,
• Minghao Wang and
• Si Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2036–2047, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.159

• Jie Yan Shaodong Sun Minghao Wang Si Wu Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China Research

• perspective, we systematically analyze four representative azobenzene-based solar thermal fuel systems including nanocarbon-hybrid, conjugated polymer, linear polymer, and small-molecule derivative formulations to trace their developmental trajectories and identify key limitations. Through this comparative

• applications, highlighting key contributions in the field. Discussion Nanocarbon-based azobenzene polymer solar thermal fuels Nanocarbon-based azobenzene polymer solar thermal fuels are constructed by grafting azobenzene moieties onto carbon nanotube [43][44][45] or reduced graphene oxide (RGO) templates

Photoswitches beyond azobenzene: a beginner’s guide

• Michela Marcon,
• Christoph Haag and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1808–1853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.143

Research progress on calixarene/pillararene-based controlled drug release systems

• Liu-Huan Yi,
• Jian Qin,
• Si-Ran Lu,
• Liu-Pan Yang,
• Li-Li Wang and
• Huan Yao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1757–1785, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.139

• 2023, Zhang and colleagues [109] constructed a tumor microenvironment (TME)-activated supramolecular nanoplatform (Figure 8) which was consisted of a pillar[5]arene-based amphiphilic polymer (POPD), a phototherapeutic agent (Cy7-CN), an antimalarial drug with respiratory function (atovaquone, ATO), and

• various stimuli used to control responsive assemblies, enzymatic methods offer several benefits, including biocompatibility, high efficiency, specificity, and mild reaction conditions. Liu and colleagues reported an enzyme-responsive supramolecular ternary polymer (DiCh@a-CD-bisSC4A) (Figure 12) [95]. The

• supramolecular polymer with suberyl dicholine (DiCh) as the axle, with α-CD as the thread wheel and bisSC4A macrocycles as the iterative end cap units. Due to the hydrolysis of DiCh by cholinesterase, the formed supramolecular polymer assembly can be dispersed through enzymatic reactions. They successfully

Unique halogen–π association detected in single crystals of C–N atropisomeric N-(2-halophenyl)quinolin-2-one derivatives and the thione analogue

• Mai Uchibori,
• Nanami Murate,
• Kanako Shima,
• Tatsunori Sakagami,
• Ko Kanehisa,
• Gary James Richards,
• Akiko Hori and
• Osamu Kitagawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1748–1756, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.138

• -electron on the quinolinone benzene ring, while that in optically pure forms is caused by an n–π* interaction between a lone electron pair on the halogen atom and a π* orbital of the quinolinone. In contrast to the formation of the homochiral layered polymer in quinolinones, in racemic N-(2-bromophenyl

• the single crystals of racemates significantly differs from that of optically pure forms (chirality-dependent halogen bonding, Figure 1) [20][21]. That is, in crystals of racemic mebroqualone rac-I, heterochiral zig-zag polymer chains, in which (P)-I and (M)-I were alternately connected, were formed

• optically pure mebroqualone (P)-I, the homochiral layered polymer was formed through a bromine–π association. The association is due to an n–π* interaction between a lone electron pair on the bromine atom and a π* orbital of the quinazolinone ring. In the optically pure thio-analogue (P)-II, the formation

Continuous-flow-enabled intensification in nitration processes: a review of technological developments and practical applications over the past decade

• Feng Zhou,
• Chuansong Duanmu,
• Yanxing Li,
• Jin Li,
• Haiqing Xu,
• Pan Wang and
• Kai Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1678–1699, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.132

• latent failure modes (e.g., reactor fouling due to precipitation of polynitro by-products or acid-catalyzed polymer formation) that conventional short-term experiments often overlook but are especially prevalent in continuous nitration systems. This systematic validation approach enables predictive

Ambident reactivity of enolizable 5-mercapto-1H-tetrazoles in trapping reactions with in situ-generated thiocarbonyl S-methanides derived from sterically crowded cycloaliphatic thioketones

• Grzegorz Mlostoń,
• Małgorzata Celeda,
• Marcin Palusiak,
• Heinz Heimgartner,
• Marta Denel-Bobrowska and
• Agnieszka B. Olejniczak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1508–1519, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.113

• polymer chemistry [36] and the crop protection industry [37] as well. Therefore, in extension of a typically synthetic work, a preliminary study on biological activity of the hitherto unreported 1H-tetrazole derivatives such as thioaminals 9 and dithioacetals 10 was carried out and it demonstrated that

Advances in nitrogen-containing helicenes: synthesis, chiroptical properties, and optoelectronic applications

• Meng Qiu,
• Jing Du,
• Nai-Te Yao,
• Xin-Yue Wang and
• Han-Yuan Gong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1422–1453, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.106

• thia-bridged triarylamine[4]helicene-functionalized polynorbornenes 63a–c via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), introducing helicene chirality into polymer backbones with tunable electrochromic behavior [78]. These polymers exhibit reversible pH-responsive color changes. For instance, 63a

Recent advances in amidyl radical-mediated photocatalytic direct intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer

• Hao-Sen Wang,
• Lin Li,
• Xin Chen,
• Jian-Li Wu,
• Kai Sun,
• Xiao-Lan Chen,
• Ling-Bo Qu and
• Bing Yu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1306–1323, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.100

• range of functionalized polyolefins, showcasing the applicability of this xanthylated polyolefin in various reactions, including trifluoromethylthiolation, polymer grafting, Michael addition, and epoxide opening. Amidyl radical from N–X bond cleavage Direct halogenation of C–H bonds is of significant

Recent advances and future challenges in the bottom-up synthesis of azulene-embedded nanographenes

• Bartłomiej Pigulski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1272–1305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.99

• , new OFET-based acid vapor sensors were developed from 150 by synergistically utilizing its charge transport and protonation−deprotonation properties. The solution-phase synthesis of a non-benzenoid nanoribbon from an azulene-containing polymer via alkyne benzannulation was reported by Morin and co

• -workers (Scheme 20) [98]. The starting polymer 152 was synthesized using Suzuki cross coupling and is regiorandom, meaning the orientation of the azulene units within the main chain is not defined. Polymer 152 was annulated using MsOH (methanesulfonic acid) yielding the non-alternant graphene nanoribbon

Selective monoformylation of naphthalene-fused propellanes for methylene-alternating copolymers

• Kenichi Kato,
• Tatsuki Hiroi,
• Seina Okada,
• Shunsuke Ohtani and
• Tomoki Ogoshi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.95

• , each product was separated into oligomer and linear polymer by preparative GPC using CHCl3 as eluent. According to analytical GPC in THF (Figures S501–504 in Supporting Information File 1), oligomer fractions were mainly composed of tetramer for [3.3.3]_oligo and dimer and trimer for [4.3.3]_oligo

Gold extraction at the molecular level using α- and β-cyclodextrins

• Susana Santos Braga

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1116–1125, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.89

• sections of this review. The combination of interactions linking cyclodextrin channels with infinite polymer chains of tetrahaloaurate ions and their counterions affords a highly specific and stable superstructure that is the working pillar for the efficient and selective process of gold recovery from

Supramolecular assembly of hypervalent iodine macrocycles and alkali metals

• Krishna Pandey,
• Lucas X. Orton,
• Grayson Venus,
• Waseem A. Hussain,
• Toby Woods,
• Lichang Wang and
• Kyle N. Plunkett

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1095–1103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.87

• pattern of assembly between HIM and metal cation in 2:1 ratio. While association with sodium leads to a polymer-like network, the lithium crystal structure was limited to dimeric assemblies of HIM. In the lithium-coordinating complex, the oxygen–lithium–oxygen bond angle is approximately 98.83

• 2.548 Å while the O12–Na is 2.323 Å. The average difference in bond lengths between Li+ and Na+ is ≈0.5 Å. Unlike the Li+ complex, the Na+ complex grows into a polymer-like network. While the overall structure forms a polymer, the molecular repeating unit consists of two HIM 1 for every NaBArF24. Though

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals

• Daniel Straub,
• Markus Gross,
• Mona E. Arnold,
• Julia Zolg and
• Alexander J. C. Kuehne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80

Carbon-rich materials: from polyaromatic molecules to fullerenes and other carbon allotropes

• Hiroko Yamada and
• Yoko Yamakoshi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 798–799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.62

• chemistry, computational chemistry, physics, electrochemistry, polymer chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and biochemistry. All are working on fascinating topics associated with these exciting molecules. Furthermore, the authors come from all over the world, not only from Switzerland and Japan but also

New advances in asymmetric organocatalysis II

• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 766–769, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.60

• from a brief Web of Science analysis of the 6,700 articles, published within the past 25 years, retrieved through a search of the keywords “asymmetric organocatalysis”. Organocatalysis is now part of various areas of chemistry, spanning as far as polymer, materials, as well as green and sustainable

Photocatalyzed elaboration of antibody-based bioconjugates

• Marine Le Stum,
• Eugénie Romero and
• Gary A. Molander

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 616–629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.49

• decision-making [6][7]. Antibody–oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody–enzyme conjugates, antibody–polymer conjugates, antibody–nanomaterial conjugates, antibody–catalyst conjugates, and antibodies involved in protein degradation also play critical roles in biomedical research and therapies [2]. In whatever

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• penetrate all the used materials and can initiate the reaction through the core of the reaction medium as the polymer forms, unlike blue light. This penetrating power of red light was also characterized by comparing the ruthenium complex [Ru(bpy)3]2+ absorbing at 450 nm with the osmium complex [Os(tpy)2]2

Synthesis of disulfides and 3-sulfenylchromones from sodium sulfinates catalyzed by TBAI

• Zhenlei Zhang,
• Ying Wang,
• Xingxing Pan,
• Manqi Zhang,
• Wei Zhao,
• Meng Li and
• Hao Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 253–261, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.17

• groups in organic synthesis [1][2][3][4]. In chemistry and biology, disulfide bonds play crucial roles in protein folding and stabilization [5][6][7][8] and in the rubber industry, they are used to link different polymer chains [9][10]. The disulfide bond backbone is commonly used as a linker for

Hydrogen-bonded macrocycle-mediated dimerization for orthogonal supramolecular polymerization

• Wentao Yu,
• Zhiyao Yang,
• Chengkan Yu,
• Xiaowei Li and
• Lihua Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 179–188, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.10

• materials. Keywords: hydrogen-bonded macrocycle; orthogonal self-assembly; shape-persistent; supramolecular polymer; Introduction Host–guest interactions, particularly those involving macrocycles as hosts [1], have found a myriad of applications in supramolecular chemistry [2][3][4] owing to their ability

• molecular weight on the solution concentration. Further, a change in solution viscosity would reflect a change in molecular weight during the polymerization process. Thus, the specific viscosity of the linear supramolecular polymer (Scheme 1c) in CHCl3/CH3CN (1:1, v/v) was determined at 298 K (Figure 7

• supramolecular polymer in CHCl3/CH3CN (1:1, v/v, 298 K) at variable concentration. Variable-concentration 1H NMR spectra of the supramolecular polymer: (a) 2.0 mM, (b) 4.0 mM, (c) 6.0 mM, (d) 8.0 mM, and (e) 10 mM. a) Chemical structures of H-bonded macrocycles H1, H2, and guest G1, and schematic representation

Hot shape transformation: the role of PSar dehydration in stomatocyte morphogenesis

• Remi Peters,
• Levy A. Charleston,
• Karinan van Eck,
• Teun van Berlo and
• Daniela A. Wilson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 47–54, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.5

• the PSar-PBLG that was used for all the following systems, it was found that a polymer with a length of 50 units sarcosine and 40 units benzyl glutamate would be able to form vesicles between 300–700 nm (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S22). The synthesis of PSar-PBLG (Scheme 1) involved anionic

• ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), following a protocol adapted from Tian et al. [28]. High-purity monomers were obtained using this method, ensuring the subsequentially polymer synthesis proceeded with minimal impurities. Sequential polymerization commenced with poly(benzyl

• glutamate) (PBLG) as the hydrophobic block, which was done to prevent ending on a primary amine in the final product which could disrupt self-assembly due to its ionizable nature. Subsequently, PBLG served as a macroinitiator for the polymerization of sarcosine NCA, yielding the final polymer with high