Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of FXR/ASK1 dual-target modulators

• Xi Zhang,
• Jingyan Wang,
• Ziqiang Zhao,
• Caiyi Wang,
• Zenghui Ye,
• Wei-Yuan Ma,
• Jian-Xing Xu and
• Fengzhi Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 771–781, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.59

• comprehensive multiparameter optimization, compound Z8 emerged as a lead FXR/ASK1 dual modulator, demonstrating suitable liver microsome stability and high target selectivity. Collectively, compound Z8 holds great promise for the treatment of MASH. FXR agonist activity of all compounds. Results of the dual

Preparation of 3-(alkylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbaldehydes via Kornblum oxidation and unexpected ring-opening reactions of the corresponding alcohols under oxidative conditions

• Sandile J. Mkhize,
• Memory Zimuwandeyi,
• Manuel A. Fernandes,
• Amanda L. Rousseau and
• Moira L. Bode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 763–770, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.58

• reductive amination in mind. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-amines bearing an aldehyde substituent at the 2-position have not been previously reported and we were uncertain as to their stability. Attempted reduction of the ester (13b) to the corresponding aldehyde using DIBAL-H met with failure, with unreacted

Synthesis of heterocycles based on azomethine ylides from α-amino acids (or amines) and carbonyl compounds

• Ekaterina V. Berezhnaya,
• Alexander I. Ponyaev,
• Vitali M. Boitsov and
• Alexander V. Stepakov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 705–741, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.55

• efficient synthesis of a series of polysubstituted enantioenriched pyrrolidine derivatives 48 possessing a spiroindene molecular structure (Scheme 22) [59]. Based on the results of DFT calculations, it was suggested that the [6 + 3] cycloaddition product for benzofulvene 47 loses aromatic stability and

Using generative AI to transform peptide hits into small molecule leads

• Joshua Mills and
• Yu Heng Lau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 672–679, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.51

• , hampered by pharmacokinetic liabilities such as poor metabolic stability, limited membrane permeability, and low oral bioavailability. In some cases, peptides may be suitable for therapeutic use after installing a small number of chemical modifications (e.g., lipidation of peptide hormones such as GLP-1

Photoorganocatalytic trifluoromethylation of (het)arenes in green conditions

• Egor N. Boronin,
• Svetlana E. Kaurkina,
• Milena M. Svetlakova,
• Anton S. Bolshakov,
• Maxim V. Arsenyev,
• Vasilii F. Otvagin,
• Alexey Yu. Fedorov,
• Timothy Noël and
• Alexander V. Nyuchev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 662–671, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.50

• compounds play a crucial role in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and advanced functional materials. A substantial fraction of newly approved drugs feature a CF3 group, reflecting its unique ability to modulate the chemical stability, lipophilicity, and biological activity of active pharmaceutical

Advantages of PROTACs in achieving selective degradation of homologous protein families

• Luxi Yang,
• Xinfei Mao,
• Jingyi Zhang,
• Jing Shu,
• Wenhai Huang,
• Xiaowu Dong,
• Yinqiao Chen and
• Mingfei Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 628–661, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.49

Computational prediction of C–H hydricities and their use in predicting the regioselectivity of electron-rich C–H functionalisation reactions

• Rasmus M. Borup,
• Nicolai Ree and
• Jan H. Jensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 603–610, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.46

• primarily anthracene derivatives and benzyl C–H bonds, suggesting potential systematic errors in QM computations or experimental measurements. Radical and cation stabilities generally follow the trend: tertiary > secondary > primary methyl carbon stability. Our study also explores the correlation between

Experimental and DFT studies on the regioselective methanolysis of 5-azido-9-oxabicyclo[6.1.0]nonan-4-yl 4-nitrobenzoate isomers

• İlknur Polat,
• Selçuk Eşsiz and
• Emine Salamci

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 547–556, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.40

• difference between TS1 and TS2 (4.7 kcal/mol), compared to that between TS3 and TS4 (6.9 kcal/mol), can be attributed to hydrogen-bond stabilization in TS2, indicating that conformational effects play a more dominant role than hydrogen bonding in determining transition-state stability. Mulliken charge

Get a better glimpse on sequential photoreactions of trisnorbornadienes with ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy

• Julian Felix Maria Hebborn,
• Ben Eric Merten,
• Thomas Paululat and
• Heiko Ihmels

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 527–534, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.38

• substituents has been examined in more detail for 2-cyano-3-arylnorbornadienes. And these studies have shown that the substituents in ortho position lead to an increased thermal stability in comparison with the meta and para-substituted isomers [54]. Although the longer half-life of the trisquadricyclane may

Synthesis of a HDAC inhibitor–nanogold probe for cryo-EM visualization in class I HDAC co-repressor complexes

• Wiktoria A. Pytel,
• John W. R. Schwabe and
• James T. Hodgkinson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 480–485, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.35

• , and was stable for days stored at −20 °C (stability determined by 1H NMR, Figures S1–S4 in Supporting Information File 1). For the conjugation of 9 to Au–NH2, an excess of 9 was used to drive the conjugation reaction to completion. Unreacted 9 was then removed by repeated washing with water and buffer

Recent advances in the stereoselective synthesis of distal biaxially chiral molecules

• Fanxing Zhou,
• Chen Zhang,
• Lingyu Sun,
• Yiyun Fang,
• Siming Zheng,
• Lina Hu,
• Mengyang Shen,
• Zhen Zhao,
• Wei Xu,
• Yunqiang Sun and
• Zi-Qiang Rong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 461–479, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.34

• , overcoming the challenges of steric complexity and dynamic stability to achieve efficient and general construction remains a critical issue. This review summarizes recent advances in the field of distal biaxial chirality, highlighting three major synthetic strategies: direct one-step construction of distal

• suffer from the challenges of difficult stereoselectivity control and low conformational stability. For this reason, numerous attempts have been made towards the efficient construction of distally biaxially chiral skeletons, and a variety of synthetic strategies such as [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition and

Synthesis and stereochemical analysis of dynamic planar chiral oxa[7]orthocyclophene

• Yukiho Hashimoto,
• Yuuya Kawasaki,
• Kazunobu Igawa and
• Katsuhiko Tomooka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 436–442, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.30

• oxacyclophene enabled the efficient and divergent synthesis of C6-substituted derivatives. The stereochemical analysis of the oxacyclophenes revealed that the iodo- and methyl-substituted derivatives have reasonable stereochemical stability. The planar chirality of the methyl-substituted oxacyclophene was

• ][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], we previously synthesized hetera[7]orthocyclophenes 1 having a heteroatom-embedded ansa-chain (X = O or NR) and an (E)-alkene moiety (Figure 1) [6][9], and found that the orthocyclophenes exhibit dynamic planar chirality in a wide range of stereochemical stability depending

• on the differences of the heteroatom and substituents on the (E)-alkene moiety [11][12]. The half-lives of the optical activity optt1/2 of 1aa (X = O, Y = H) and 1ba (X = NTs, Y = H) were 380 h and 56.7 h at 25 °C, respectively, indicating that the stereochemical stability of the oxygen-containing

Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of naphthalimide–organylselanyl conjugates

• Rajkumar Ravi and
• Selvakumar Karuthapandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 416–435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.29

• transformation. The phenyl selenolate is widely used in organoselenium chemistry as a source of selenium due to its high reactivity toward halogenated substrates and excellent chemical stability. The n-octyl selenolate is comparatively less explored but readily undergoes substitution reactions with halogenated

• energy gap, which are key parameters for understanding the compound's chemical reactivity and stability. In both compounds, the HOMO is mainly localised on the tert-butyl-substituted phenyl ring, while the LUMO is localised on the naphthalimide moiety. For both structures, the estimated energy gaps are

• and 8 have similar electronic structure and stability. The computed HOMO–LUMO gaps for the compounds are in good agreement with the experimentally measured HOMO–LUMO gaps measured using UV–visible spectroscopy. The UV–visible absorption spectra of compounds 7 and 8 were recorded in chloroform at a

Cone p-aminocalix[4]arenes enriched with ‘clickable’ alkyne or azide functionalities

• Ilia Korniltsev,
• Vasily Bazhenov,
• Alexander Gorbunov,
• Dmitry Cheshkov,
• Stanislav Bezzubov,
• Vladimir Kovalev and
• Ivan Vatsouro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 399–415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.28

• thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the capsules and the guest exchange processes [55][56][57][58][59][60]. This has made dimerization of tetraureacalix[4]arenes one of the most explored self-organization processes in calixarene supramolecular chemistry, which has been used in the template synthesis of

• groups [100], the presence of one bulky moiety at the narrow rim of the tetraureacalix[4]arene does not lead to a significant difference in the stability of the homodimers formed by compound 49, at least in a chloroform solution. To further confirm the ability of calixarene 49 to form capsules, the 1H

• aqueous phase (at ≈4.8 ppm) along with a signal from dissolved water (1.56 ppm). Considering the low solubility of water in chloroform, the stability of the capsules in water-saturated CDCl3 seems reasonable, because the dimers are held together by at least 16 hydrogen bonds between the urea groups. On

Electrosynthetic access to unsymmetrical oxaza[8]helicenes with high chiral stability and strong circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)

• Tin Zar Aye,
• Rubal Sharma,
• Muthu Karuppasamy,
• Daiya Suzuki,
• Haruka Nakajima,
• Yoshitane Imai,
• Mitsuhiro Arisawa,
• Mohamed S. H. Salem and
• Shinobu Takizawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.25

• enables selective oxidative hetero-coupling followed by dehydrative cyclization, furnishing the extended [8]helical scaffold efficiently under mild, oxidant-free conditions. Structural analyses show retained aromaticity, increased helical distortion, and higher configurational stability (≈38 kcal/mol

• chiral stability, typically strengthening chiroptical responses [27][28][29]; however, it also escalates synthetic difficulty due to heightened strain and more demanding regio- and chemoselective construction. While [7]helicenes have been extensively explored, their [8]helicene counterparts remain

• that integrate synthetic accessibility with superior chiral stability and chiroptical performance. Conclusion In summary, we have established an electrosynthetic strategy to access a novel class of unsymmetrical oxaza[8]helicenes by exploiting the differential oxidation potentials of appropriately

Recent advances in the cleavage of non-activated amides

• Eun-Sol Choi and
• Hyo-Jun Lee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 352–369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.23

• . Its characteristic hydrogen-bonding ability strongly influences molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions, while the exceptional thermodynamic stability of the amide moiety contributes to its persistence in diverse atmospheric and biological environments [1][2][3][4][5]. Owing to these

• , non-activated amides have only recently begun to mature. To address the inherent stability of these classical amides, several complementary activation strategies have emerged. Transition-metal Lewis acids, long recognized for their ability to enhance carbonyl electrophilicity through coordination

Synthesis of tricyclic fused pyrrolidine nitroxides from 2-alkynylpyrrolidine-1-oxyls

• Mark M. Gulman,
• Yuliya F. Polienko,
• Sofia Yu. Trakhininа,
• Yuri V. Gatilov,
• Tatyana V. Rybalova,
• Sergey A. Dobrynin and
• Igor A. Kirilyuk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 344–351, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.22

• by ascorbate showed that the formation of the rigid tricyclic framework does not lead to a significant increase in stability of the radical center to chemical reduction. Keywords: annulated tricyclic system; nitroxide; pyrazole; pyrrolidine; triazole; Introduction Stable nitroxides are functional

• tricyclic nitroxyl radicals of the pyrrolidine series annulated with 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]triazole or 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole systems have been synthesized and characterized. Despite these nitroxides showed relatively low stability to reduction, the general strategy suggested

Arene activation via π-bond localization: concepts and opportunities

• Paul Meiners,
• Julian J. Melder and
• Tobias Morack

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 257–273, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.19

• single and double bonds (Figure 1A) [5]. However, despite its strength in representing a planar cyclic arrangement of tetravalent carbon atoms, this formalism fails to accurately depict the observed reactivity, structure, and stability of benzene. It implies three rapidly equilibrating, localized double

• behavior of aromatic compounds, finally establishing the concept of aromaticity. This behavior manifests itself in numerous illustrative criteria, such as bond-length equalization, enhanced stability, and distinct magnetic and spectroscopic properties, none of which are entirely free of ambiguity [3

• ]. Today, aromatic compounds are essential in both academic and industrial chemical applications (Figure 1B) [9][10]. Their ubiquity is the result of a decades-spanning effort devoted to leveraging aromatic stability in the development of methods that functionalize the periphery of arenes without

A mild and atom-efficient four-component cascade strategy for the construction of biologically relevant 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives

• Dmitrii A. Grishin,
• Kseniia I. Sharkovskaia,
• Ilya G. Kolmakov,
• Daria A. Ipatova,
• Rostislav A. Petrov,
• Nikolai D. Dagaev,
• Dmitry A. Skvortsov,
• Maria G. Khrenova,
• Valeriy V. Andreychev,
• Sergei A. Evteev,
• Yan A. Ivanenkov,
• Roman L. Antipin,
• Olga А. Dontsova and
• Elena K. Beloglazkina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 244–256, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.18

• reaction conditions, the lactone forms predominantly (Scheme 1B). However, the lactone appears capable of slow transesterification in the presence of excess alcohol, converting it into the open-chain ester upon prolonged heating. The lower stability of the cyclic product, compared to the open-chain ester

Conformational analysis of difluoromethylornithine: factors influencing its gas-phase and bioactive conformations

• Matheus P. Freitas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 237–243, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.17

• conformational stability. High-level DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS calculations revealed that type-I conformers – those maximizing gauche interactions between C–F and C–N bonds – dominate the equilibrium population, confirming the presence of the fluorine gauche effect. natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis showed that this

• preference arises primarily from hyperconjugative stabilization, particularly the σCH → σ*CN interaction, while steric effects modulate the relative stability among low-energy conformers. The gauche effect is intensified in the zwitterionic form due to electrostatic interactions. In contrast, the

• this work, we present a quantum-chemical study aimed at elucidating the origin of the conformational stability of DFMO. Particular emphasis is placed on natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis [12], which enables a detailed characterization of hyperconjugative interactions and other stereoelectronic

Configuration–packing synergy enabling integrated crystalline-state RTP and amorphous-state TADF

• Ruiyan Wang and
• Yunan Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 224–236, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.16

• suppression of these unwanted decay processes further promotes the stability of the excited-state and allows for efficient emission. The π–π interactions between the two molecules in the compound are thus crucial for stabilizing the triplet excitons, which leads to the observed RTP. This finding underscores

• spin–orbit coupling in determining the emission behavior of organic materials, particularly in amorphous states where the TADF process becomes the dominant emission pathway under thermal activation. The thermal stability of compound 1 was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and

• differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that 1 exhibits excellent thermal stability. As shown in Figure 8, TGA measurements indicate a 5% weight-loss temperature of 354 °C, suggesting that the material undergoes significant decomposition at temperatures much higher than those typically

Base-promoted deacylation of 2-acetyl-2,5-dihydrothiophenes and their oxygen-mediated hydroxylation

• Vladimir G. Ilkin,
• Margarita Likhacheva,
• Igor V. Trushkov,
• Tetyana V. Beryozkina,
• Vera S. Berseneva,
• Vladimir T. Abaev,
• Wim Dehaen and
• Vasiliy A. Bakulev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 192–204, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.13

• ethanol makes the proton transfer to anion B quasi-irreversible. This could be the cause for the selective formation of deacetylated dihydrothiophene 3a in methanolic solution. The observed deacetylation for product 2m in ethanol on Scheme 2 can be caused by a decrease of the stability of the formed anion

• double bond, sulfur and amide group. The difference in the stability of these types of anions results in their distinct reactivity. Conclusion We have reported the solvent dependent transformation of dihydrothiophenes 1 under mild conditions. It was found that, in ethanolic solution in the presence of

Improved synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the selective serotonin 2A receptor agonist 25CN-NBOH

• Adrian G. Rossebø,
• Hannah G. Kolberg,
• Anders E. Tønder,
• Louise Kjaerulff,
• Poul Erik Hansen,
• Karla A. Frydenvang,
• Jesper Østergaard and
• Jesper L. Kristensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 175–184, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.11

• characterization of 25CN-NBOH and report key physicochemical properties in the solid state as well as in the solution state, namely stability, ionization, solubility, partition coefficient, and membrane permeability. We show that the hydrochloride salt is a stable and well-defined crystalline compound that is also

• respect to the physiochemical properties and handling of the compound in various research scenarios. Keywords: intramolecular hydrogen bond; membrane permeability; solubility; stability; synthesis; Introduction In recent years, classical psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD have re-emerged as

• (Agilent Technologies). Cary WinUV Simple Reads Application (Version 5.0.0, Agilent Technologies) was used for instrument control and data collection. The experiment was performed in triplicate. Stability in solution The stability of 1 was determined in 67 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.40, I = 0.18 M

Symmetrical D–π–A–π–D indanone dyes: a new design for nonlinear optics and cyanide detection

• Ergin Keleş,
• Alberto Barsella,
• Nurgül Seferoğlu,
• Zeynel Seferoğlu and
• Burcu Aydıner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 131–142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.6

• NLO responses over inorganic counterparts [8][9][10]. Conjugated organic molecules containing electron-donating and accepting groups exhibit higher second-order nonlinearity due to having planar structures, long π-conjugations, and thermal stability [11]. Organic dyes that display efficient second

• have higher polarizability values and dipole moments (μ) than 2c. TGA analysis Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were performed to determine the thermal stability of the dyes. The TGA method allows the determination of thermal and gravimetric changes in the material following temperature increases. Dyes

Total synthesis of natural products based on hydrogenation of aromatic rings

• Haoxiang Wu and
• Xiangbing Qi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 88–122, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.4

• catalytic hydrogenation are relatively rare. This is partly due to the high stability of six-membered aromatic heterocycles, such as pyridine, making it difficult to interrupt the aromaticity under mild conditions [34]. Furthermore, the heteroatoms (such as nitrogen and oxygen atoms) within the saturated