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Search for "biosynthesis" in Full Text gives 306 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
Research progress on the pharmacological activity, biosynthetic pathways, and biosynthesis of crocins
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 741–752, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.68
- cell suspension culture, heterologous biosynthesis, and total synthesis [16][17]. Crocins can be obtained from plant cell culture, but the production is prone to epigenetic silencing and toxic intermediates. The chemical synthesis of crocins is challenging due to the presence of numerous chiral centers
- derivatives in microorganisms has been achieved by various teams. This article comprehensively reviews the research progress on the extraction, separation, pharmacological activity, biosynthesis, and synthetic biology of crocins. The biosynthesis of crocins is depicted in detail to shed light on the efficient
- retinopathy [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80]. Biosynthesis The biosynthetic pathways of crocins have recently been studied extensively. Crocin biosynthesis can be divided into three stages: 1) biosynthesis of lycopene (5) from simple carbon resources, 2) cleavage of lycopene (5), β-carotene (6
Substrate specificity of a ketosynthase domain involved in bacillaene biosynthesis
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 734–740, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.67
- second ketosynthase of the polyketide synthase BaeJ involved in bacillaene biosynthesis (BaeJ-KS2). For this purpose, both enantiomers of a 13C-labelled N-acetylcysteamine thioester (SNAC ester) surrogate of the proposed natural intermediate of BaeJ-KS2 were synthesised, including an enzymatic step with
- glutamate decarboxylase, and incubated with BaeJ-KS2. Substrate binding was demonstrated through 13C NMR analysis of the products against the background of various control experiments. Keywords: bacillaene; biosynthesis; enzyme mechanisms; isotopes; trans-AT polyketide synthases; Introduction Polyketides
- only for the incorporation of one extender unit [2][3]. Although enzyme domains with various specialised catalytic functions can be found as integral part of polyketide synthases, three domain types are fundamental to their biosynthesis, resembling the same logic as observed for fatty acid biosynthesis
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of macrocyclic peptides and polyketides via thioesterase-catalyzed macrocyclization
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 721–733, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.66
- .20.66 Abstract Chemoenzymatic strategies that combine synthetic and enzymatic transformations offer efficient approaches to yield target molecules, which have been increasingly employed in the synthesis of bioactive natural products. In the biosynthesis of macrocyclic nonribosomal peptides, polyketides
- for these natural products that aim to address the common issues in classical synthetic approaches and increase synthetic efficiencies, which have the potential to facilitate further pharmaceutical research. Keywords: biosynthesis; chemoenzymatic synthesis; macrocyclic peptides; macrocyclic
- responsible for the structural diversity of natural products, both NRPS and PKS contain thioesterase (TE) domains in the final elongation module, which contribute to terminating biosynthesis [13][14]. Typically, TE domains cleave the thioester bond between the last PCP or ACP domain and the intermediate of
Genome mining of labdane-related diterpenoids: Discovery of the two-enzyme pathway leading to (−)-sandaracopimaradiene in the fungus Arthrinium sacchari
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 714–720, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.65
- underexplored family of natural products. In the biosynthesis of fungal LRDs, bifunctional terpene cyclases (TCs) consisting of αβγ domains are generally used to synthesize the polycyclic skeletones of LRDs. Herein, we conducted genome mining of LRDs in our fungal genome database and identified a unique pair of
- of TCs in fungi. Keywords: diterpenoids; fungi; genome mining; labdane; terpene cyclase; Introduction Terpenoids are a structurally diverse family of natural products, including more than 80,000 compounds [1]. In the biosynthesis of terpenoids, terpene cyclases (TCs) add structural diversity and
- understand the evolutionary traits of TCs. Among terpenoids, labdane-related diterpenoids (LRDs) are an important class which includes biologically active molecules such as plant hormone gibberellins (Figure 1A). In their biosynthesis, class II TCs often synthesize copalyl diphosphate (CPP) or its
Isolation and structure determination of a new analog of polycavernosides from marine Okeania sp. cyanobacterium
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 645–652, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.57
- . Polycavernoside E (1) exhibited moderate antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Furthermore, the isolation of polycavernoside E (1) from marine cyanobacteria provides additional evidence that marine cyanobacteria, and not red algae, are responsible for the biosynthesis of
Production of non-natural 5-methylorsellinate-derived meroterpenoids in Aspergillus oryzae
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 638–644, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.56
- , demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach in the generation of structural analogues of meroterpenoids. Keywords: biosynthesis; meroterpenoids; natural products; pathway engineering; terpene cyclases; Introduction Meroterpenoids are a class of natural products partially biosynthesized from a terpenoid
- strong inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor [6]. The biosynthesis of fungal meroterpenoids has garnered interest in the organic chemistry field due to their structural complexity and associated intriguing enzymatic reactions and has thus been extensively researched for over a decade, providing
- a general understanding of their biosynthesis [7][8]. Polyketide–terpenoid hybrids are among the largest families of meroterpenoids. Orsellinic acid, an aromatic polyketide, and its analogues have been commonly identified as polyketide components in fungal meroterpenoids. Notably, 3,5
Chemical and biosynthetic potential of Penicillium shentong XL-F41
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 597–606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.52
- cytochrome P450, pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase, glutamine synthase, and tryptophan dimethyltransferase (Figure 5). These genes are likely crucial for the biosynthesis of the newly isolated alkaloids, 1 and 2. In examining the XL-F41 genome for methyltransferase domain-containing BGCs, we found a
- -monooxygenase, to form quinoline rings [26]. Quinine is frequently cited as one of the primary forms of quinoline rings in secondary metabolic pathways. Francesco Trenti et al. [27] studied some of the biosynthesis processes of quinine, in which enzymes involved are much more complex than primary metabolism
A myo-inositol dehydrogenase involved in aminocyclitol biosynthesis of hygromycin A
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 589–596, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.51
- aminocyclitol moieties. The biosynthesis of the aminocyclitol has been proposed to proceed through six enzymatic steps from glucose 6-phosphate through myo-inositol to the final methylenedioxy-containing aminocyclitol. Although there is some in vivo evidence for this proposed pathway, biochemical support for
- family containing Hyg17 and discuss genome mining strategies that target this protein family to identify biosynthetic clusters for natural product discovery. Keywords: aminocyclitol; biosynthesis; hygromycin A; inositol dehydrogenase; myo-inositol; Introduction Hygromycin A is a natural product that
- essential for in vivo antimicrobial activity suggesting a distinct biological function independent of ribosome binding. The hygromycin A biosynthetic gene cluster has been identified and the biosynthesis of the aminocyclitol has been proposed (Figure 1) [8][9]. Starting from glucose-6-phosphate, the pathway
Recent developments in the engineered biosynthesis of fungal meroterpenoids
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 578–588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.50
- members exhibit beneficial biological activities. This mini-review highlights recent advances in the engineered biosynthesis of meroterpenoid compounds with C15 and C20 terpenoid moieties, with the reconstruction of fungal meroterpenoid biosynthetic pathways in heterologous expression hosts and the
- of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase [4]. In this mini-review, we focus on the fungal meroterpenoids biosynthesis, especially terpenonid cyclizations and post-cyclization modifications, which mostly contribute to the skeletal diversity. Several terpenoid cyclases and αKG-dependent dioxygenases
- will be discussed as examples of engineering biosynthetic pathways and key enzymes involved in fungal meroterpenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, a construction of the artificial biosynthetic pathway composed of the fungal meroterpenoids pathway and the pathway from other species, in fungal host
Development of a chemical scaffold for inhibiting nonribosomal peptide synthetases in live bacterial cells
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 445–451, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.39
- biosynthesis by using small molecules can help to elucidate their natural functions and their potential as therapeutic targets. NRPs are synthesized by large, versatile, and multifunctional proteins called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which are composed of multiple modules and subdivided domains
- penetrate cells. The application of this new scaffold to NRPS inhibitors involved in the production of virulence factors could thus facilitate the development of new antibiotics. Biosynthesis of gramicidin S. Modules comprise the PCP, A, E, C, and TE domains. PCP, peptidyl carrier protein; A1, ʟ-Phe
Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel–Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 379–426, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.36
- related environments [8]. The mechanism of action involves the binding of BIMs to the penicillin-restricting protein PBP2a which inhibits the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall, making the treatment feasible without any toxicity to human cells [9][10]. The applications of BIMs have also been extended
Discovery of unguisin J, a new cyclic peptide from Aspergillus heteromorphus CBS 117.55, and phylogeny-based bioinformatic analysis of UngA NRPS domains
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 321–330, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.32
- of the UngA NRPS were analyzed in an attempt to understand the lack of substrate specificity observed. Keywords: adenylation domain; condensation domain; fungal non-ribosomal peptide synthetase; heptapeptide; unguisin biosynthesis; Introduction Unguisins are a small family of fungal cyclic
- small peptides [3][4][9], however, unguisin A has been shown to bind a series of anions [10]. Recently the biosynthesis of unguisins A and B from Aspergillus violaceofuscus CBS 115571 was reported [5]. A seven module non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS; UngA) was heterologously expressed in
- , from Aspergillus heteromorphus CBS 117.55. We also perform bioinformatic analysis of the A and C domains of the UngA NRPS enzymes involved in their biosynthesis to try and rationalize the relaxed substrate specificity observed in this family of heptapeptides. Results and Discussion The cultivation of A
Optimizations of lipid II synthesis: an essential glycolipid precursor in bacterial cell wall synthesis and a validated antibiotic target
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 220–227, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.22
- analogues through the incorporation of alternative building blocks at different stages of synthesis. Keywords: chemical glycosylation; lipid II; peptidoglycan; polyprenyls; total synthesis; Introduction Lipid II (Figure 1) is an essential bacterial glycolipid involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis [1]. It
- is synthesized on the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane, before translocation to the outer leaflet, where it is then used as the monomeric building block of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Lipid II is a validated antibiotic target for clinically prescribed antibiotics including vancomycin and
Identification of the p-coumaric acid biosynthetic gene cluster in Kutzneria albida: insights into the diazotization-dependent deamination pathway
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1–11, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.1
- biosynthesis by heterologous expression of the cma cluster and in vitro enzyme assays using recombinant Cma proteins. The ATP-dependent diazotase CmaA6 catalyzed the diazotization of both 3-aminocoumaric acid and 3-aminoavenalumic acid using nitrous acid in vitro. In addition, the high efficiency of the CmaA6
- reaction enabled us to perform a kinetic analysis of AvaA7, which confirmed that AvaA7 catalyzes the denitrification of 3-diazoavenalumic acid in avenalumic acid biosynthesis. This study deepened our understanding of the highly reducing type II polyketide synthase system as well as the diazotization
- -dependent deamination pathway for the production of avenalumic acid or p-coumaric acid. Keywords: actinomycetes; avenalumic acid; biosynthesis; p-coumaric acid; polyketides; Introduction The genomes of microorganisms possess diverse biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) to produce natural products [1]. In
Anion–π catalysis on carbon allotropes
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.140
- ][56][57]. Anion–π catalysis on fullerenes has been introduced in 2017 [12]. Fullerene anion–π catalysts were developed with the benchmark reaction introduced two years earlier (Figure 2) [2]. In this reaction, at the beginning of all biosynthesis, finetuned malonic acid half thioesters 4 [58][59][60
- catalysis. Moreover, epoxide opening polyether cyclizations are among the most impressive cascade reactions in nature [71][72][73]. Best known is the hypothetical cascade XII in the biosynthesis of brevetoxin B [74]. It affords eleven fused ethers by violating the Eschenmoser–Dunitz–Baldwin guidelines [75
Sulfur-containing spiroketals from Breynia disticha and evaluations of their anti-inflammatory effect
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1604–1614, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.117
- the onset of anti-inflammatory action. Conclusion The biosynthesis of breynins with novel skeletons remains poorly understood, especially with respect to the sulfur source. In this study, we isolated a new aglycone, probreynogenin (3), together with a known sesquiterpenoid, phyllaemblic acid (5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of Argemone mexicana-inspired antimicrobials
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1511–1524, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.108
- often attributed to high binding affinity to DNA, interference with protein biosynthesis, induction of membrane leakage, and affecting GTPase activity in bacteria cell division [12][13][14][15]. Recent reports have also pointed to inhibition of the ‘filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z’ (FtsZ
Unraveling the role of prenyl side-chain interactions in stabilizing the secondary carbocation in the biosynthesis of variexenol B
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1503–1510, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.107
- completed through bridging from the exomethylene group, and (iii) the annulation from the exomethylene group proceeds in a barrier-free manner. Keywords: biosynthesis; carbocation; cation–π interaction; DFT; terpene; Introduction Terpene/terpenoids are most abundant natural products in nature, more than
- as the C–H–π interaction between the carbocation intermediate and the Phe residue of terpene cyclase in the biosynthesis of sesterfisherol [21], and the intricated rearrangement reaction mechanism promoted by the equilibrium state of the homoallyl cation and the cyclopropylcarbinyl cation in the
- biosynthesis of trichobrasilenol [22], by combined methods of computational and experimental chemistry. Recently, Dickschat et al. reported the synthesis of a novel diterpene compound, variexenol B, using a substrate analogue called iso-GGPP (Scheme 1) [23]. This biosynthetic pathway has two interesting
Functions of enzyme domains in 2-methylisoborneol biosynthesis and enzymatic synthesis of non-natural analogs
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1452–1459, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.104
- Binbin Gu Lin-Fu Liang Jeroen S. Dickschat Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.19.104 Abstract Two aspects of the biosynthesis of the non-canonical terpene synthase for 2-methylisoborneol have been
- of the 2-methylisoborneol synthase was investigated through enzyme incubations with several substrate analogs, giving access to two C12 monoterpenoids. Implications on the stereochemical course of the terpene cyclisation by 2-methylisoborneol synthase are discussed. Keywords: biosynthesis; enzymes
- unpleasant off-flavour [19][20]. The biosynthesis of 1 has been extensively studied. The initial hypothesis that 1 could be a degraded sesquiterpene [3] was not confirmed through isotopic labelling experiments that rather pointed to a methylated monoterpene [10][21]. Based on these experiments a biosynthetic
Functional characterisation of twelve terpene synthases from actinobacteria
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1386–1398, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.100
- ; biosynthesis; enzymes; NMR spectroscopy; terpenes; Introduction Terpene synthases are remarkable enzymes that can convert acyclic and achiral oligoprenyl pyrophosphates into terpene hydrocarbons or alcohols of high structural complexity. These enzymatic reactions are initiated by ionisation of the substrate
- recently identified in which sesquiterpenes from bacteria showed an enantiomeric relationship to plant compounds [36]. The enzyme from K. kofuensis represents the first terpene synthase for the biosynthesis of 10 and was thus identified as Kutzneria kofuensis (+)-δ-Cadinol Synthase (KkdCS). A few closely
- ). The optical rotation of [α]D25 = –9.4 (c 0.64, CH2Cl2) pointed to the same enantiomer as in the plant Viguiera oblongifolia ([α]D24 = –8 (c 0.4, CHCl3)) [43]. A (−)-amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) is also known from Artemisia annua and catalyses the first committed step in the biosynthesis of
Synthesis of ether lipids: natural compounds and analogues
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1299–1369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.96
- distribution is heterogeneous with abundant amount (up to 50% of the phosphoethanolamine based lipids) in central nervous system (mainly as PE-plasmalogen), in skeletal muscle, heart, kidney and lungs [13]. At a cellular scale, the biosynthesis of ELs is initiated in peroxisome and maturation is completed in
- ) KO mouse which is a mouse model that stop the biosynthesis of ELs [22]. In that case, a reduction of the levels of various neurotransmitters were evidenced likely due to an alteration of the transport efficacy assumed by the synaptic vesicles. The phenotype of these KO mouse shows impaired social
Cyanothioacetamides as a synthetic platform for the synthesis of aminopyrazole derivatives
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1191–1197, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.87
- the biosynthesis of fatty acids in plants, which leads to herbicidal activity [9]. Pyraclonil is used as a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor for weed control. Such inhibitors not only block the production of chlorophyll and gem in plant pests, but also lead to the formation of highly reactive
Photoredox catalysis enabling decarboxylative radical cyclization of γ,γ-dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT) derivatives: formal synthesis of 6,7-secoagroclavine
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 918–927, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.70
- -dimethylallyltryptophan (DMAT) derivatives containing unactivated alkene moieties has been developed, providing green and efficient access to various six-, seven-, and eight-membered ring 3,4-fused tricyclic indoles. This type of cyclization, which was hitherto very difficult to comprehend in ergot biosynthesis and to
- : 1) it functions as the central intermediate in the biosynthetic pathways leading to numerous prenylated indole alkaloids, such as ergot alkaloids in normal biosynthesis and clavicipitic acid in derailment biosynthesis [68][69][70][71]; and 2) the mechanism of the fundamental central C-ring formation
Intermediates and shunt products of massiliachelin biosynthesis in Massilia sp. NR 4-1
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 909–917, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.69
- underlie discrete regulation mechanisms, which explains their context-dependent production [27]. The examples of P. aeruginosa and B. anthracis suggest that siderophore biosynthesis sometimes requires specific triggers beyond iron deficiency, which may not be met under laboratory conditions. The six
- ] and the photoxenobactins [32]. A unifying theme in the biosynthesis of these natural products is the use of a thiotemplate-based assembly strategy [33]. The molecular building blocks that are needed for the biosynthesis are covalently bound via thioester bonds to multi-domain enzymes. The domains
- fulfill specific functions, ranging from the selection and linkage of building blocks to their chemical modification. A plausible scenario for the formation of compounds 1–6 involves the enzymatic machinery for massiliachelin biosynthesis, namely the protein RS02200 [18]. According to our proposal (Figure
Total synthesis: an enabling science
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 474–476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.36
- synthetic methodology developments and to natural product isolation or biosynthesis. Thus, thematic issues dealing with total synthesis in the Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry have naturally been published in these fields, such as "Transition-metal and organocatalysis in natural product synthesis
- " (edited by D. Chen and D. Ma) [1] or "Natural products in synthesis and biosynthesis" (edited twice by J. Dickschat) [2][3]. Previously, the early thematic issue "Indolizidines and quinolizidines: natural products and beyond" (edited by J. P. Michael) from 2007 [4] displayed some of the very first total
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