Solid-state mechanochemical ω-functionalization of poly(ethylene glycol)

• Michael Y. Malca,
• Pierre-Olivier Ferko,
• Tomislav Friščić and
• Audrey Moores

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1963–1968, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.191

• ; tosylation; Introduction Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a linear polyether polymer with highly hydrophilic properties. Whereas PEG functionalization is restricted to its terminal functionalities, derivatization of these sites is essential for its use in pharmaceutical and material design. Specifically

• -toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl) and further milling (Scheme 1a, Table 1). mPEG750 was used to survey and optimize the tosylation reaction conditions. Milling of only mPEG with TsCl led to a poor conversion of 6% (Table 1, entry 1). However, addition of 1 equivalent of weak base, such as K2CO3 or N,N

• 4). These conditions functioned similarly with higher molecular weight mPEG2000 (Table 1, entry 5). In the 1H NMR spectra of these samples, the triplet of the terminal methylene moieties in the mPEG starting material at 3.72 ppm is replaced by one at 4.15 ppm, consistent with tosylation of the

The chemistry and biology of mycolactones

• Matthias Gehringer and
• Karl-Heinz Altmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1596–1660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.159

Studies directed toward the exploitation of vicinal diols in the synthesis of (+)-nebivolol intermediates

• Runjun Devi and
• Sajal Kumar Das

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.56

• yielding (Scheme 9). Not surprised by the poor yield of this transformation, we focused on the conversion of 28 into 5 which has also been used as a late-stage nebivolol intermediate (5 is a more advanced intermediate compared to 3). Thus, the tosylation of compound 28 followed by LiBH4 reduction of the

Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of acetylated 3-fluoro, 4-fluoro and 3,4-difluoro analogs of D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine

• Štěpán Horník,
• Lucie Červenková Šťastná,
• Petra Cuřínová,
• Jan Sýkora,
• Kateřina Káňová,
• Roman Hrstka,
• Ivana Císařová,
• Martin Dračínský and
• Jindřich Karban

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 750–759, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.75

• ] of 14 followed by azidolysis [41] furnished 15. 2-Azido-3,4-epoxide 18 was prepared from readily available [42] 2,3-isopropylidene-D-mannosan (16) in five steps (Scheme 2). Tosylation of 16 [43], followed by hydrolysis of the benzylidene acetal [44] and oxirane ring closure [45] at C-4 delivered 1,6

Diastereoselective synthesis of new O-alkylated and C-branched inositols and their corresponding fluoro analogues

• Charlotte Collet,
• Françoise Chrétien,
• Yves Chapleur and
• Sandrine Lamandé-Langle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 353–361, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.39

• and scyllo-20. Unfortunately, the desired fluorinated products myo-21 and scyllo-21 were not obtained; instead elimination reaction and the formation of unidentified products were observed. Hence, tosylation was next performed, in order to allow the nucleophilic substitution with fluoride at a later

Enabling technologies and green processes in cyclodextrin chemistry

• Giancarlo Cravotto,
• Marina Caporaso,
• Laszlo Jicsinszky and
• Katia Martina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 278–294, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.30

• . 6I-Benzylureido-6I-deoxy-per-O-acetyl-β-CD was obtained in shorter reaction times and excellent yields as compared to conventional conditions (Scheme 3). Tosylation of the secondary rim of the CD can be efficiently carried out under US irradiation. This efficient regioselective modification is

Synthesis of Xenia diterpenoids and related metabolites isolated from marine organisms

• Tatjana Huber,
• Lara Weisheit and
• Thomas Magauer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2521–2539, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.273

• regioselective tosylation of the primary alcohol 111 set the stage for the construction of the oxolane via Williamson etherification, which was realized by treatment with potassium hydride. Surprisingly, the following deprotection of the MOM ether using standard reaction conditions (1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid

Cholesterol lowering effects of mono-lactose-appended β-cyclodextrin in Niemann–Pick type C disease-like HepG2 cells

• Keiichi Motoyama,
• Yumi Hirai,
• Rena Nishiyama,
• Yuki Maeda,
• Taishi Higashi,
• Yoichi Ishitsuka,
• Yuki Kondo,
• Tetsumi Irie,
• Takumi Era and
• Hidetoshi Arima

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2079–2086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.224

• present study, we attempted to prepare Lac-β-CyD as a hepatocyte-selective cholesterol decreasing agent. Figure 1 shows the preparation pathway of Lac-β-CyD. Firstly, we synthesized NH2-β-CyD through tosylation, and azidation of primary hydroxy groups of β-CyD, as reported previously [12][13]. Secondly

Towards inhibitors of glycosyltransferases: A novel approach to the synthesis of 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-D-psicofuranose derivatives

• Maroš Bella,
• Miroslav Koóš and
• Chun-Hung Lin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1547–1552, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.170

• treated with triflic anhydride in the presence of pyridine. However, the resulting 3-O-triflate was unstable and decomposed rapidly after the work-up. On the other hand, an attempted tosylation of alcohol 1 using TsCl and pyridine in CH2Cl2 did not proceed, probably due to steric hindrance, and only the

Development of variously functionalized nitrile oxides

• Haruyasu Asahara,
• Keita Arikiyo and
• Nagatoshi Nishiwaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1241–1245, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.138

• 10.3762/bjoc.11.138 Abstract N-Methylated amides (N,4-dimethylbenzamide and N-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide) were systematically subjected to chemical transformations, namely, N-tosylation followed by nucleophilic substitution. The amide function was converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid, esters

• [11] proved to be sufficiently stable under ambient conditions. Despite the considerable efforts for optimizing the reaction conditions, the highest yield obtained for 8Ab was 60%; however, 35% of starting material 6A was recovered, and the conversion yield was 92%. This tosylation method was applied

• alcohol 11j were also detected (Table 2, entries 18 and 19). In contrast to tosylated amides 8Ab and 8Bb, tosylated N-methyl-5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxamide 12 exhibited higher reactivity. Upon tosylation under similar conditions 3 did not afford product 12, and isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid 5a, a

Radical-mediated dehydrative preparation of cyclic imides using (NH₄)₂S₂O₈–DMSO: application to the synthesis of vernakalant

• Dnyaneshwar N. Garad,
• Subhash D. Tanpure and
• Santosh B. Mhaske

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1008–1016, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.113

• plan was to devise a concise and practical synthetic route. The planned synthetic strategy is illustrated in Scheme 2. The synthesis began from Boc-protected trans-amino alcohol 6 [65]. The two-step sequence – tosylation of the secondary alcohol 6 followed by elimination to form the Boc- protected

Bis(vinylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene analogues of BEDT-TTF

• Erdal Ertas,
• İlknur Demirtas and
• Turan Ozturk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 403–415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.46

• , the hydroxy groups of which were protected by reaction with methoxyethoxymethyl chloride (MEMCl) and then the ester groups of 37 were reduced to alcohols with LiAlH4 to obtain the diol 38. This was converted into 39 through tosylation of the hydroxy groups with tosyl chloride and then conversion into

C-5’-Triazolyl-2’-oxa-3’-aza-4’a-carbanucleosides: Synthesis and biological evaluation

• Roberto Romeo,
• Caterina Carnovale,
• Salvatore V. Giofrè,
• Maria A. Chiacchio,
• Adriana Garozzo,
• Emanuele Amata,
• Giovanni Romeo and
• Ugo Chiacchio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 328–334, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.38

• –Jones nucleosidation using silylated thymine and TBAF [42][43][44], was converted into the corresponding iodo-derivative 10 by sequential tosylation and iodination. The subsequent reaction of 10 with sodium azide, performed at 50 °C in CH3CN/H2O (1:10) in the presence of NH4Cl for 48 h afforded two

First chemoenzymatic stereodivergent synthesis of both enantiomers of promethazine and ethopropazine

• Paweł Borowiecki,
• Daniel Paprocki and
• Maciej Dranka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3038–3055, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.322

• disappointment, none of these attempts led to success. When Mitsunobu chemistry fails, a hydroxy group inversion by tosylation and displacement using amine was performed. Unfortunately, attempts to carry out the reaction at higher temperature led to complete decomposition of the tosylate substrate. In the

Synthetic strategies for the fluorescent labeling of epichlorohydrin-branched cyclodextrin polymers

• Milo Malanga,
• Mihály Bálint,
• István Puskás,
• Kata Tuza,
• Tamás Sohajda,
• László Jicsinszky,
• Lajos Szente and
• Éva Fenyvesi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3007–3018, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.319

• (Scheme 3). Because both the methylation and the branching affects almost exclusively the secondary hydroxy groups, free primary hydroxy groups are accessible for tosylation. The tosylation of CD derivatives as well as the work-up of the obtained crude compounds are well described in the literature [26

• ]. The selected procedure for the tosylation of the methylated polymer is an adaptation of the classical procedure to the specific structure. Concerning the characterization of compound 5, the methyl and tosyl content can be determined by comparing 1H NMR spectra of the starting material with that one of

• product is a tosylated polymer, the amount and the distribution of fluorophore depend strictly from the tosylation step. If tosyl chloride is used in defect in respect to the amount of CD units, the substitution occurs preferentially on the primary side, if used in larger amounts (i.e., 2–3 mol per CD

Gold(I)-catalysed synthesis of a furan analogue of thiamine pyrophosphate

• Amjid Iqbal,
• El-Habib Sahraoui and
• Finian J. Leeper

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2580–2585, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.270

• MnO2, condensation with 3-anilinopropionitrile, and then reaction with acetamidine gives the thiamine analogue 15. Tosylation of the alcohol and displacement of tosylate by the diphosphate trianion worked well to give ThDP analogue 17. A further objective was to show that the furan ring could be

A complete series of 6-deoxy-monosubstituted tetraalkylammonium derivatives of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin with 1, 2, and 3 permanent positive charges

• Martin Popr,
• Simona Hybelbauerová and
• Jindřich Jindřich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1390–1396, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.142

• this purpose, the selective monotosylation of the free CD was chosen. Several methods for 6-O-tosylation have already been published [23][24][25][26]. Unfortunately, most of them lead to mixtures of mono- and multi-tosylated products, which cannot be separated by precipitation from acetone or

• reaction was not isolated due to its possible explosive character, but was directly subjected to the tosylation to yield 23 [31]. Finally, compound 24 was prepared by means of the Finkelstein reaction (which was already published [32]) in 96% yield. We presumed that the alkylation of intermediate 9 by 24

Total synthesis and cytotoxicity of the marine natural product malevamide D and a photoreactive analog

• Werner Telle,
• Gerhard Kelter,
• Heinz-Herbert Fiebig,
• Peter G. Jones and
• Thomas Lindel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 316–322, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.29

• work-up to (E)- and (Z)-22. Reprotection of the diol unit of 20 and tosylation of 21 afforded tosyloxime (E)-22, which crystallized overnight from the neat mixture and was analyzed by X-ray crystallography [17]. Thus, it became possible to assign the 19F NMR chemical shifts of both isomers ((E)-22: δF

Synthesis of the B-seco limonoid core scaffold

• Hanna Bruss,
• Hannah Schuster,
• Rémi Martinez,
• Markus Kaiser,
• Andrey P. Antonchick and
• Herbert Waldmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 194–208, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.15

• tosylation of the primary alcohols in 19, 20 and 22 gave suitable electrophiles for the planned O-alkylation with the thermodynamic enolate of 2-methylcyclohexanone. However, under various conditions (NaH/15-crown-5/THF; t-BuOK/18-crown-6/THF/DMPU; KHMDS/THF) [44][45], the intended O-alkylation to yield the

Triphenylene discotic liquid crystal trimers synthesized by Co₂(CO)₈-catalyzed terminal alkyne [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition

• Bin Han,
• Ping Hu,
• Bi-Qin Wang,
• Carl Redshaw and
• Ke-Qing Zhao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2852–2861, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.321

• (pentyloxy)triphenylene, according to a simplified one-pot method [52]. The undec-10-yn-1-yl p-toluenesulfonate was prepared by LiAlH4 reduction of the acid and tosylation of the alcohol [53][54]. Then monomers 2 and 3a–c were synthesized by the direct esterification or etherification reaction between phenol

An approach towards azafuranomycin analogs by gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization of allenes: synthesis of (αS,2R)-(2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)glycine

• Jörg Erdsack and
• Norbert Krause

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1936–1942, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.229

• ) was carried out (Scheme 5). The aldehyde (R)-2, which was prepared from D-serine [42][43][44], underwent chelation-controlled nucleophilic addition of metallated alkyne 3 [45] to give the propargyl alcohol 14 in 84% yield and a syn-diastereoselectivity of >95:5 [7][46][47]. After tosylation of 14 (85

Practical synthesis of indoles and benzofurans in water using a heterogeneous bimetallic catalyst

• Cybille Rossy,
• Eric Fouquet and
• François-Xavier Felpin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1426–1431, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.160

• complicated. Indeed, the poor nucleophilicity of amino pyridine 17 and 18 precluded any tosylation under standard conditions. After extensive experimentations we found that the activation of the amino group with a strong base such as NaH allowed the preparation of the expected compounds 19 and 20 in

Use of 3-[¹⁸F]fluoropropanesulfonyl chloride as a prosthetic agent for the radiolabelling of amines: Investigation of precursor molecules, labelling conditions and enzymatic stability of the corresponding sulfonamides

• Reik Löser,
• Steffen Fischer,
• Achim Hiller,
• Martin Köckerling,
• Uta Funke,
• Aurélie Maisonial,
• Peter Brust and
• Jörg Steinbach

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1002–1011, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.115

• -conceived and was therefore adopted for our purposes. Initially, the route described by Li et al. [18] was followed to synthesise the tosylate precursor 3 (Scheme 1). As the tosylation of the alcohol 2 proceeded in low yields and led to side products that were difficult to remove and impaired the reaction

An improved synthesis of a fluorophosphonate–polyethylene glycol–biotin probe and its use against competitive substrates

• Hao Xu,
• Hairat Sabit,
• Gordon L. Amidon and
• H. D. Hollis Showalter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 89–96, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.12

• . This was then subjected to a two-step procedure to provide the novel iodo ether 4b. Thus, tosylation of 3 utilizing a slight modification of literature conditions [15] gave 4a, which was subjected to Finkelstein conditions by utilizing a procedure reported for a related compound [16] to afford 4b in a

A new approach toward the total synthesis of (+)-batzellaside B

• Jolanta Wierzejska,
• Shin-ichi Motogoe,
• Yuto Makino,
• Tetsuya Sengoku,
• Masaki Takahashi and
• Hidemi Yoda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1831–1838, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.210

• -gel column chromatography, 12a-A was subjected to the TBS protection–benzylation sequence, as illustrated for the preparation of 13B, to generate 13A in 50% yield over three steps. In the next step, deprotection of the TBS group with TBAF [37] and subsequent tosylation of the resulting hydroxy group