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Search for "safe" in Full Text gives 189 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
A proposed sustainability index for synthesis plans based on input provenance and output fate: application to academic and industrial synthesis plans for vanillin as a case study
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.196
- patients; however, there will be a remaining fraction that will be destined as non-usable waste via natural excretion by the human body and more importantly via disposal by pharmacies when the medicine passes its recommended safe expiry date. The estimation of FVP will always rely on significant
Photosensitized direct C–H fluorination and trifluoromethylation in organic synthesis
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2151–2192, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.183
- ][178][179], renders their employment in synthesis problematic. The high demand for a safe, stable and highly reactive electrophilic fluorinating reagent prompted researchers to synthesize the first generation of electrophilic fluorination reagents, including fluoroxytrifluoromethane [180], fluorine
Synthesis of monophosphorylated lipid A precursors using 2-naphthylmethyl ether as a protecting group
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1955–1962, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.162
- functionalities in target molecules for the synthesis of glycoconjugates. Based on the synthetic strategy described in this work (a common building block and Nap ether protection), we have already designed a route to MPLA, a clinically safe [30] monophosphoryl lipid A derivative with one phosphate group linked to
Regiodivergent synthesis of functionalized pyrimidines and imidazoles through phenacyl azides in deep eutectic solvents
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1915–1923, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.158
- stability, non-flammability, and low volatility. These are mixtures usually obtained from the combination of 2 or 3 safe, inexpensive and nature-inspired components able to engage in reciprocal hydrogen-bond interactions, and that form fluids at a specified mixing ratio at the desired temperature. Owing to
One-pot synthesis of oxazolidinones and five-membered cyclic carbonates from epoxides and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate: theoretical evidence for an asynchronous concerted pathway
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1805–1819, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.148
- using a safe, inexpensive, metal-free reagent, a simple purification method and shorter reaction times via a one-pot reaction. The study presents a useful method for one-pot conversion of epoxides to protected 1,2-diols and 2-amino alcohols in one reaction. In the computational part of the study, the
Mechanochemical green synthesis of hyper-crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1554–1563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.127
- . Polysaccharides and, among them, starch derivatives such as cyclodextrins (CD), have recently emerged as they are safe, of low cost and biodegradable. Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CD-NS) are crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers characterized by a nanosized three-dimensional network. The reactive hydroxy groups of CDs
- , applied to organic syntheses and polymers has gained growing interest in recent years [14][15][16][17][18]. Mechanochemical syntheses are safe and represent efficient activation methods for greener processes, avoiding the use of solvents and reducing energy consumption. Recently, many examples for
Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125
- demonstrated the safe use of gaseous CF3I as a reagent for the continuous flow PRC trifluoromethylation of 5-membered heterocycles, such as N-methylpyrrole (1, Scheme 1), with a high conversion and selectivity for the monofunctionalised product 2 [62]. The system achieved full conversion for a variety of
The McKenna reaction – avoiding side reactions in phosphonate deprotection
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1436–1446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.119
- demonstrated that contrary to common belief: 1) BTMS itself led to the cleavage of tert-butyl carboxyesters, and 2) amines, a commonly used standard additives in the McKenna reaction were not generally safe and may promoted side reactions in the presence of certain functional groups. Besides that, we
Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel–Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1343–1356, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.115
- functions in a safe and robust manner. It also demands to be low-cost in order to have any potential for real-world applications. In other words, to achieve the set goals, innovation is needed to reduce the complexity/expense of (1) pumps; (2) reactors; (3) valves; (4) fittings, and (5) chemical containers
- chemistry technologies and cartridges containing activated metals can solve most of these issues: (1) the use of activated magnesium powder packed in a column increases the reaction rate and facilitates safe separation of the metal and reagent solution; (2) an efficient heat transfer (a large surface area
Anthelmintic drug discovery: target identification, screening methods and the role of open science
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1203–1224, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.105
- drugs available for human treatment were initially developed as veterinary medicines. Effective and safe anthelmintic drugs can reduce prevalence, intensity and morbidity associated with STHs. Two main strategies for delivery exist: the management of diagnosed patients and preventative chemotherapy
- species in enantiomerically pure form. A clinical trial examining the bioavailability of orally dispersible tablets of levo-praziquantel has been completed [42], and a Phase III trial evaluating safety and efficacy is underway (NCT03845140). Oral PZQ is safe and efficacious against adult worms of all
- ) achieved cure rates (CR) of between 76–95% for different Schistosoma species and 63.5% for mixed S. haematobium and S. mansoni infections and mean egg reduction rates (ERR) between 86–95% [44]. However, although PZQ is safe and efficacious against adult worms, it is only given once, and as the drug does
A systematic review on silica-, carbon-, and magnetic materials-supported copper species as efficient heterogeneous nanocatalysts in “click” reactions
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 551–586, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.52
- reactions that are stereospecific, high-yielding, modular, wide in scope, executable under simple reaction conditions, conductable in safe or easily removable solvents, and that generate only nonoffensive byproducts. Of course, the classical Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition does not fit into the above
p-Pyridinyl oxime carbamates: synthesis, DNA binding, DNA photocleaving activity and theoretical photodegradation studies
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 337–350, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.33
- classic DNA intercalator EB (Kb = 1.23 × 105 M−1) as previously reported [69]. The data obtained by the UV–vis spectroscopy studies most probably indicate the interaction of the compounds with CT DNA. However, the exact mode of binding is not safe to be proposed before more experimental data can be
Synthesis and herbicidal activities of aryloxyacetic acid derivatives as HPPD inhibitors
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 233–247, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.25
- , compound II4 was safe for weed control in maize fields at a rate of 150 g ai/ha, and was identified as the most potent candidate for a novel HPPD inhibitor herbicide. The compounds described herein may provide useful guidance for the design of new HPPD inhibiting herbicides and their modification
- various species and genera and providing a theoretical basis for the design of inhibitors that are highly selective and safe [2]. In plants, HPPD inhibitors competitively restrain HPPA from chelating to FeII. The production of plastoquinone is inhibited and phytoene is accumulated when the transformation
- , II4 was found to be safe for use on maize. These results suggest that compound II4 is a promising HPPD inhibiting herbicide candidate deserving of further optimization studies. Experimental The experimental details and analytical data for intermediates C to M and title compounds were given in
Microwave-assisted synthesis of 2-substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-thiazepines from 4-aminobutanol
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 32–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.5
- -toxic and environmentally safe. These reagents play a dual role, as they enhance the electrophilicity of nitriles, carbonyls and carbinols, and can also react irreversibly with water. Unlike PPA, a Brønsted acid incompatible with some acid-sensitive functionalities, PPE and PPSE are aprotic and mild
A green, economical synthesis of β-ketonitriles and trifunctionalized building blocks from esters and lactones
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2930–2935, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.287
- -substituted carboxylic acid derivatives, in general, from cheap commercially available esters, and as such merited further investigation. We required a green, safe and scalable process for the facile production of O-unprotected hydroxylated β-hydroxynitrile 1 via trifunctionalized β-ketonitrile 2 by a direct
Acid-catalyzed rearrangements in arenes: interconversions in the quaterphenyl series
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2655–2663, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.258
- for each isomer. In these reactions, we attribute no special effect due to microwaves. This has been a subject of some debate in the literature [37][38]. As we have demonstrated earlier, the microwave reactor simply provides a safe and reliable way to heat samples with superacids at temperatures well
Safe and highly efficient adaptation of potentially explosive azide chemistry involved in the synthesis of Tamiflu using continuous-flow technology
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2577–2589, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.251
- , more than 60 synthetic routes have been developed to date, however, most of the synthetic routes utilise the potentially hazardous azide chemistry making them not green, thus not amenable to easy scale up. Consequently, this study exclusively demonstrated safe and efficient handling of potentially
- explosive azide chemistry involved in a proposed Tamiflu route by taking advantage of the continuous-flow technology. The azide intermediates were safely synthesised in full conversions and >89% isolated yields. Keywords: azide chemistry; continuous flow synthesis; hazardous; safe; Tamiflu; Introduction
- chemistry [1][2]. Therefore, the development of alternative practical and safe processes for Tamiflu synthesis, which can be adapted at large scale is imperative. The safety concerns associated with the use of azide chemistry prompted the chemical community to develop azide-free synthetic routes [1][2][7
Thermal stability of N-heterocycle-stabilized iodanes – a systematic investigation
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2311–2318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.223
- )cyclic iodanes. Albeit aryl-λ3-iodanes are viewed as safe and stable under ambient temperatures, systematic thermal degradation studies of hypervalent iodine reagents are still rare. In 1992 Varvoglis and co-workers investigated the thermal degradation of a variety of aryl iodine(III) dicarboxylates into
- . However, even the triazoles 2, 3, and 5 can be considered as safe compounds, but still deserve a common precaution due to the narrow decomposition process. Pyrazoles 6 and 7 are thermally more stable (Tpeak = 168.9 and 196.5 °C) with a remarkably lower ΔHdec value. NH-pyrazole 6 shows the lowest ΔHdec
- , all diazoles are more stable and more reactive than the well-established benziodoxolone 1. It is also worth mentioning, that even the least stable NHI 5 can be still regarded as “safe” to use [31]. Further investigations are needed to fully capture the synthetic potential of these pseudocyclic NHIs
Isolation of fungi using the diffusion chamber device FIND technology
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2191–2203, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.216
- . To guarantee that the device was sealed properly, commercial aquarium safe silicone without antifungal additive was applied to the edges. All materials and tools were sterilized by autoclaving or surface disinfection and the procedure was performed under the laminar airflow cabinet. The sample-loaded
- each other with six M3 hex bolt screws, sandwiching the central plate with the attached membranes between them. To ensure the devices seal commercial aquarium safe and antifungal-less silicone (Soudal) was applied to the edges of the device. The silicone was given time to dry and the device was
Click chemistry towards thermally reversible photochromic 4,5-bisthiazolyl-1,2,3-triazoles
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2161–2169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.213
- convergent tendency of the substituents due to the electron-donating character of the methoxy groups in 2c and the electron-withdrawing character of the cyano groups in 3c. However, it is safe to say the cyano groups in 3c are pulling the electrons and this effect reaches the nitrogen atom bearing the benzyl
Metal-free mechanochemical oxidations in Ertalyte® jars
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1786–1794, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.172
- successfully used to induce mechanochemical oxidative processes on several structurally different primary and secondary alcohols. The proposed redox process is safe, inexpensive and performing effectively, especially on the macroscale. Herein, an Ertalyte® jar has been successfully used, for the first time, in
- with the unprecedented utilization of Ertalyte® jars, the mechanical activation allows obtaining the oxidized products from a broad spectrum of initial substrates. We show that the proposed mechanochemical method is definitely safe, performing effectively and inexpensive, thus providing an interesting
- the previously described shortcomings. As of 2013, this reagent is commercially available [63], inexpensive and sufficiently stable and safe for potential applications in mechanochemistry (Figure S1a, Supporting Information File 1) [64][65][66][67]. Once the most promising oxidant was identified
Efficiency Effsyn of complex syntheses as multicomponent reactions, its algorithm and calculations based on concrete criteria
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1425–1433, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.142
- outstanding. Product purification is usually simple. All this reduces waste to a minimum. Due to the very weak negative reaction enthalpies, MCRs are also usually safe processes. The shortening of the synthesis through drastic reduction of the number of steps n leads to a strong waste prevention, which can be
Mechanochemical synthesis of poly(trimethylene carbonate)s: an example of rate acceleration
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 963–970, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.93
- polymerization of cyclic carbonates, such as trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and its derivatives have been used for the controlled synthesis of high-molecular weight polymers. Among many catalysts, organocatalysts have attracted considerable attention, since the use of nontoxic catalysts warrants a safe use in
Design and synthesis of multivalent α-1,2-trimannose-linked bioerodible microparticles for applications in immune response studies of Leishmania major infection
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 623–632, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.58
- found to be safe after administration into the footpad of mice and demonstrated a similar response to α-1,2-trimannose-coated latex beads during L. major footpad infection. Furthermore, the bioerodible microparticles allowed for investigation of the role of pathogen-associated oligosaccharides for
- development of safe, efficacious and inexpensive alternatives to current therapeutics is needed. Understanding the mechanisms by which Leishmania regulates host immune responses are crucial for the development of vaccines, which may induce adaptive immunity that may prove beneficial for combating other
- infected trimannose treated wild-type mice in both the latex bead 1 and bioerodible microparticle 2 studies suggests that the new trimannose-linked bioerodible microparticles 2 are a safe and viable tool for presenting glycodendrimers to mammalian immune systems. The new construct of the bioerodible
Low-budget 3D-printed equipment for continuous flow reactions
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 558–566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.50
- to the inner roughness of the channels [28]. Our design allows for a flexible change via CAD software in a few minutes. For instance, adding more inlet ports or altering the channel dimensions. The modified reactor can be printed in a few hours. We also optimized the way how to establish a safe and
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