Photocatalyzed syntheses of phenanthrenes and their aza-analogues. A review

• Alessandra Del Tito,
• Havall Othman Abdulla,
• Davide Ravelli,
• Stefano Protti and
• Maurizio Fagnoni

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1476–1488, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.123

• ., the 2-thienyl derivative 13.2) afforded vinyl radical 13.5·. The final intramolecular cyclization of 13.5· and re-aromatization smoothly yielded the desired polyheteroaromatic derivative (see the case of 13.6; 84% yield). Interestingly, all the obtained scaffolds bear two heteroatoms in close

Recent synthesis of thietanes

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1357–1410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.116

• cleavage and aromatization to give substituted pyridines 255 [75] (Scheme 49). In 1989, Kanaoka and co-workers further studied the photo [2 + 2] cycloadditions of thiobarbiturates 256–258, whose skeletons consisted of a combination of a thioamide and an amide or a thioamide (two-imides system), and olefins

Highly selective Diels–Alder and Heck arylation reactions in a divergent synthesis of isoindolo- and pyrrolo-fused polycyclic indoles from 2-formylpyrrole

• Carlos H. Escalante,
• Eder I. Martínez-Mora,
• Carlos Espinoza-Hicks,
• Alejandro A. Camacho-Dávila,
• Fernando R. Ramos-Morales,
• Francisco Delgado and
• Joaquín Tamariz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1320–1334, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.113

• aromatization of the polycyclic intermediates provides the corresponding polycyclic pyrrolo-isoindoles and isoindolo-pyrrolo-indoles. A theoretical study on the stereoselective Diels–Alder reactions, carried out by calculating the endo/exo transition states, revealed the assistance of non-covalent interactions

• -polycyclic structures [42], we herein combined both approaches shown in Scheme 1 to design the construction of pentacycles 11, after carrying out an uncommon but highly diastereoselective Diels–Alder cycloaddition followed by a coupling reaction. This route also allowed out the aromatization of the B ring to

• ]indole-1,3-diones 9 were submitted to aromatization to generate the corresponding tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-e]indole-1,3-diones 21 (Table 4). When 9e was treated with manganese oxide [32] at 25 or 100 °C for 24 h, no reaction occurred and the starting material was recovered (Table 4, entries 1 and 2

Oxime radicals: generation, properties and application in organic synthesis

• Igor B. Krylov,
• Stanislav A. Paveliev,
• Alexander S. Budnikov and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1234–1276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.107

• one aryl group in the β-position (R3 = H, R2 = Ar) and further processing of the reaction mixture with atmospheric oxygen, an aromatization occurs with the formation of isoxazoles (64a,b 55–95%). Presumably, the reaction of TEMPO with oxime 62 affords the iminoxyl radical 65 (Scheme 24). 1,5-HAT in

• intermediate, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazole. An example of such intermediate 74 is shown in Scheme 27. Oxidative aromatization of 74 leads to 1,2,4-oxadiazole 72a (Scheme 26). The second pathway, hydrogen abstraction followed by β-scission presumably leads to iminyl radical, which forms the observed

Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization

• Melanie Iwanow,
• Tobias Gärtner,
• Volker Sieber and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1188–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.104

• porosity of the carbon spheres is induced by either aromatization of carbon around an in situ template, in situ chemical activation or gasification of carbon [96]. Xu et al. found that the morphology of the porous carbon materials prepared from propiolate salts with USP are dependent on the choice of

Synthesis and anticancer activity of bis(2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl) selenides and diselenides: the copper-catalyzed tandem C–H selenation of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with selenium

• Mio Matsumura,
• Tsutomu Takahashi,
• Hikari Yamauchi,
• Shunsuke Sakuma,
• Yukako Hayashi,
• Tadashi Hyodo,
• Tohru Obata,
• Kentaro Yamaguchi,
• Yasuyuki Fujiwara and
• Shuji Yasuike

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1075–1083, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.94

• the diselenide 2. On the other hand, in the presence of excess imidazopyridine, the oxidative addition of imidazopyridine 1 to B, followed by the aromatization of C leads to the intermediate D. The intermediate D undergoes a reductive elimination to give the selenide 3, with the generation of Cu(I

• -position to form the intermediate C and the selenide anion F. The intermediate C undergoes a reductive elimination and aromatization to give the selenide 3 and Cu(I). Moreover, the Cu-mediated electrophilic addition of 3 and selenium affords G, which aromatizes to form E and then probably undergoes a

Reaction of indoles with aromatic fluoromethyl ketones: an efficient synthesis of trifluoromethyl(indolyl)phenylmethanols using K₂CO₃/n-Bu₄PBr in water

• Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar,
• Masoud Sedaghati and
• Gregor Schnakenburg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 778–790, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.71

• makes a hydrogen bond interaction with the NH of the 5-methoxyindole (1a) and form the adduct B. This interaction assists 1a reacting with an electrophilic ketone (2a) to form the intermediate D via C–C bond formation (C). Re-aromatization of D generates E, which then protonates to form the desired

Combining enyne metathesis with long-established organic transformations: a powerful strategy for the sustainable synthesis of bioactive molecules

• Valerian Dragutan,
• Ileana Dragutan,
• Albert Demonceau and
• Lionel Delaude

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 738–755, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.68

• ). Subsequent Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions with dienophiles and further aromatization reactions paved the way for a convenient access to structurally diverse polycyclic compounds. For instance, installing the C-aryl and spiro-C-aryl glycosides in the same moiety was successfully achieved. An application

• of this concept to obtain the core structure of gilvocarcin, a natural C-aryl glycoside, was also reported. Moreover, the authors attempted a tandem enyne metathesis/Diels–Alder/aromatization to directly prepare the C-aryl glycosides in a one-pot protocol. (−)-Exiguolide The first stereoselective

• efficiently produce key 1,3-dienic frameworks, further subjected to sequential functionalization. The main focus was placed on strategies combining enyne metathesis with traditional chemical transformations such as Diels–Alder cycloaddition, Suzuki–Miyaura or Heck cross-couplings, aromatization, epoxidation

A systematic review on silica-, carbon-, and magnetic materials-supported copper species as efficient heterogeneous nanocatalysts in “click” reactions

• Pezhman Shiri and
• Jasem Aboonajmi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 551–586, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.52

• synthesize benzimidazole–triazole derivatives through a one‐pot sequence of activation of the alkyne, [3 + 2] condensation, cyclization, and aromatization under mild reaction conditions (Scheme 2). Moreover, the BS–Cu(II)@SiO2 (11) catalyst could be recovered and recycled for seven cycles without a notable

Recent advances in photocatalyzed reactions using well-defined copper(I) complexes

• Mingbing Zhong,
• Xavier Pannecoucke,
• Philippe Jubault and
• Thomas Poisson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 451–481, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.42

• intermediate with an iodine radical, followed by aromatization, generated the desired carbazole. Later in 2015, the group of Che described the synthesis of a zwitterionic copper(I) complex having a phenanthroline ligand (bcp) and a nido-carborane-diphosphine ligand. This complex was used in a benchmark

Recent developments in photoredox-catalyzed remote ortho and para C–H bond functionalizations

• Rafia Siddiqui and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 248–280, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.26

• oxidation via HAT or SET/deprotonation, generates the desired product 97 (Figure 15). The oxidation of the persulfate anion generates a sulfate radical anion, which acts as an oxidant in the aromatization step. In the absence of light and photoredox catalyst, no product was obtained. C–H phosphonylation

AgNTf₂-catalyzed formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition of ynamides with unprotected isoxazol-5-amines: efficient access to functionalized 5-amino-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide derivatives

• Ziping Cao,
• Jiekun Zhu,
• Li Liu,
• Yuanling Pang,
• Laijin Tian,
• Xuejun Sun and
• Xin Meng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2623–2630, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.255

• silver catalyst from E along with the formation of enamide motif affords 3H-pyrrole F. A final aromatization step by isomerization provides the desire cyclic product 10aa. Notably, two possible cyclization routes from D’ (or D) to give 7-membered rings G and H cannot be achieved through the attack of the

Safe and highly efficient adaptation of potentially explosive azide chemistry involved in the synthesis of Tamiflu using continuous-flow technology

• Cloudius R. Sagandira and
• Paul Watts

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2577–2589, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.251

• (Figure 10). The aromatization reaction becomes predominant with increasing reaction basicity thus indeed confirming the detrimental effect of basic conditions on the reaction. The use of 1 equiv TEA rather than 1.1 equiv is obviously more logical from the above selectivity study. However, it was

Characterization of two new degradation products of atorvastatin calcium formed upon treatment with strong acids

• Jürgen Krauß,
• Monika Klimt,
• Markus Luber,
• Peter Mayer and
• Franz Bracher

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2085–2091, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.206

• ][22]. For benzanilides Tu [21] proposed a mechanism involving protonation of the amide oxygen, followed by 1,3 proton shift to the ring carbon next to the amide carbonyl group, followed by elimination of protonated phenyl isocyanate under re-aromatization. For the pyrrole derived substrate

A review of the total syntheses of triptolide

• Xiang Zhang,
• Zaozao Xiao and
• Hongtao Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1984–1995, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.194

• reactions and a newly developed deoxygenative aromatization procedure. The first enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction, which is an intermolecular cycloaddition and lactonization between (Z)-3-iodo-4-methylpenta-2,4-dien-1-ol (29) and methyl acrylate (30) in the presence of Mikami’s (binol)TiCl2 catalyst to

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

One-pot activation–alkynylation–cyclization synthesis of 1,5-diacyl-5-hydroxypyrazolines in a consecutive three-component fashion

• Christina Görgen,
• Katharina Boden,
• Guido J. Reiss,
• Walter Frank and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1360–1370, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.136

• or Brønsted acidic conditions were accompanied by simultaneous deacylation of substituent R3 finally furnishing 5-(hetero)aroyl-3-(hetero)aryl-1H-pyrazole 6a (for attempted dehydrative aromatization, see Supporting Information File 1, Table S5), as already reported for alkaline deprotection

• –aromatization [49]. However, compound 5b is stable against water and weakly basic conditions. This indicates that 1,5-diacyl-5-hydroxypyrazolines might act as acyl transferring agents under certain conditions. Conclusion In summary we could elucidate that the consecutive three-component activation–alkynylation

• -diacyl-5-hydroxypyrazolines is concise, highly efficient and diversity-oriented. The deacylating aromatization of the title compounds under weakly alkaline or acidic conditions indicates acyl-transfer ability. Furthermore, the peculiar reactivity of the ynedione intermediate calls for more sophisticated

Steroid diversification by multicomponent reactions

• Leslie Reguera,
• Cecilia I. Attorresi,
• Javier A. Ramírez and
• Daniel G. Rivera

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1236–1256, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.121

• epiandrosterone acetate, etc., all providing excellent yields of steroidal pyrimidines after 12 h of reaction at 90 °C (Scheme 13). The reaction sequence of this multicomponent protocol comprises the initial formation of the Biginelli product, followed by aromatization under air to furnish the heterocyclic ring

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs): a useful access to the synthesis of benzo-fused γ-lactams

• Edorta Martínez de Marigorta,
• Jesús M. de Los Santos,
• Ana M. Ochoa de Retana,
• Javier Vicario and
• Francisco Palacios

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1065–1085, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.104

• synthesis where the benzene moiety is created from non-aromatic substrates. Certainly, this three-component protocol includes an aromatization step in the course of the acid-catalysed reaction of cyclohexa-1,3-dione (136), amines 2 and alkyl acetylenedicarboxylates 137, to produce the final phenolic

• involving a sequential enamine formation-Michael addition to produce intermediate 139, followed by intramolecular cyclization to 141 and aromatization through species 142 and 143 (Scheme 40). The cyclization step takes place in a regioselective manner, leading to five-membered heterocycle 141 rather than to

• the formation of six-membered lactam 140. Then, tautomerization followed by aromatization would provide oxindole 138. Conclusion Although the utilization of multicomponent reactions in synthesis is not a new deal, in the last years there has been an increased use of this strategy, particularly for the

Selective benzylic C–H monooxygenation mediated by iodine oxides

• Kelsey B. LaMartina,
• Haley K. Kuck,
• Linda S. Oglesbee,
• Asma Al-Odaini and
• Nicholas C. Boaz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 602–609, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.55

• aromatization was observed, suggesting that monooxygenated products are able to react further. We propose that acetoxylated tetrahydronaphthalene eliminates acetic acid to yield dihydronaphthalene, which can be further oxidized by two electrons to yield the stable naphthalene ring. Minisci and co-workers also

• reported aromatization upon oxidation of tetrahydronaphthalene using an acetoxylation system similar to that reported in this work [57]. While the methodology described in this work is tolerant of molecular functionality with moderate oxidative stability such as esters and nitrogen-containing heterocycles

Synthesis and selected transformations of 2-unsubstituted 1-(adamantyloxy)imidazole 3-oxides: straightforward access to non-symmetric 1,3-dialkoxyimidazolium salts

• Grzegorz Mlostoń,
• Małgorzata Celeda,
• Katarzyna Urbaniak,
• Marcin Jasiński,
• Vladyslav Bakhonsky,
• Peter R. Schreiner and
• Heinz Heimgartner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 497–505, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.43

• -aromatization of the imidazole ring. The same mechanism governs sulfur-transfer reactions with cycloaliphatic thioketones yielding the corresponding imidazole-2-thiones [13]. The isomerization of N-oxides 1 into the corresponding imidazol-2-ones can be easily performed by treatment with acetic anhydride at room

Oxidative radical ring-opening/cyclization of cyclopropane derivatives

• Yu Liu,
• Qiao-Lin Wang,
• Zan Chen,
• Cong-Shan Zhou,
• Bi-Quan Xiong,
• Pan-Liang Zhang,
• Chang-An Yang and
• Quan Zhou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 256–278, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.23

• -methoxy substituent or not), this reaction proceeds through two different pathways. When R1 is not a para-methoxy group, the intermediate 59 undergoes a conventional cyclization with aromatic ring to afford the radical intermediate 60. After oxidation and aromatization, the corresponding product 55 is

Mn-mediated sequential three-component domino Knoevenagel/cyclization/Michael addition/oxidative cyclization reaction towards annulated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines

• Olga A. Storozhenko,
• Alexey A. Festa,
• Delphine R. Bella Ndoutoume,
• Alexander V. Aksenov,
• Alexey V. Varlamov and
• Leonid G. Voskressensky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3078–3087, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.287

• , complicated by the need of an oxidant to fulfil the final aromatization. Following our interest in domino [42][43] and MCR chemistry [44][45] and taking an advantage of 2-iminochromene reactivity, herein we report a sequential three-component domino reaction of salicylaldehydes 2 and N-(cyanomethyl)pyridinium

Synthesis of indole–cycloalkyl[b]pyridine hybrids via a four-component six-step tandem process

• Muthumani Muthu,
• Rakkappan Vishnu Priya,
• Abdulrahman I. Almansour,
• Raju Suresh Kumar and
• Raju Ranjith Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2907–2915, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.269

• cyclization with the carbonyl to give 11, which subsequently undergoes dehydration to yield the cyclododeca[b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile 12. The intermediate 12 upon oxidative aromatization by molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant yields the indole–cyclododeca[b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile 7f. This four-component

• aromatization sequence of reactions in a single transformation leading to the formation of two new C–N and C–C bonds. The structure of all the indole–cycloalkyl[b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile hybrid heterocycles was elucidated with the help of NMR spectroscopy and supported by single crystal X-ray studies for two

Molecular iodine-catalyzed one-pot multicomponent synthesis of 5-amino-4-(arylselanyl)-1H-pyrazoles

• Camila S. Pires,
• Daniela H. de Oliveira,
• Maria R. B. Pontel,
• Jean C. Kazmierczak,
• Roberta Cargnelutti,
• Diego Alves,
• Raquel G. Jacob and
• Ricardo F. Schumacher

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2789–2798, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.256

• Lewis acid to generate the hydrazone intermediate A. Then, hydrazone A undergoes a cyclization reaction followed by an oxidative aromatization to yield 1H-pyrazol-5-amine 5. At the same time, the diaryl diselenide 3 reacts with the molecular iodine to generate an electrophilic selenium species B. The