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Search for "sterically-hindered" in Full Text gives 262 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
Synthetic approaches to bowl-shaped π-conjugated sumanene and its congeners
- Shakeel Alvi and
- Rashid Ali
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2212–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.186
- been noticed from the literature that the construction of these types of sterically hindered tetrasubstituted alkenes is really difficult through McMurry coupling reaction or by other means (Scheme 14). 2.2 Functionalization at benzene ring(s) bay positions In another event, the Sakuria group has also
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representation of corannulene (1) and sumanene (2), the subunits of fullerene (C60).
Scheme 1: Mehta’s unsuccessful effort for the synthesis of sumanene scaffold 2.
Scheme 2: First synthesis of sumanene 2 by Sakurai et al. from norbornadiene 10.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of trimethylsumanene 28 from easily accessible norbornadiene (10).
Scheme 4: Generation of anions 29–31 and the preparation of tris(trimethylsilyl)sumanene 32.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of tri- and hexa-substituted sumanene derivatives.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of bowl-shaped π-extended sumanene derivatives 37a–f.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of monooxasumanene 38, trioxosumanene 40 along with imination of them.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of trimethylsumanenetrione 46 and exo-functionalized products 45a,b.
Scheme 9: Synthesis of bisumanenylidene 47 and sumanene dimer 48 from 2.
Scheme 10: The mono-substitution of 2 to generate diverse mono-sumanene derivatives 49a–d.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of sumanene building block 53 useful for further extension.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of hexafluorosumanene derivative 55 by Sakurai and co-workers.
Scheme 13: Preparation of sumanene-based carbene 60 and its reaction with cyclohexane.
Scheme 14: Barton–Kellogg reaction for the synthesis of sterically hindered alkenes.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of hydroxysumanene 68 by employing Baeyer–Villiger oxidation.
Scheme 16: Synthesis of sumanene derivatives having functionality at an internal carbon.
Scheme 17: Mechanism for nucleophilic substitution reaction at the internal carbon.
Scheme 18: Synthesis of diverse monosubstituted sumanene derivatives.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of di- and trisubstituted sumanene derivatives from sumanene (2).
Scheme 20: Preparation of monochlorosumanene 88 and hydrogenation of sumanene (2).
Scheme 21: The dimer 90 and bissumanenyl 92 achieved from halosumannes.
Scheme 22: Pyrenylsumanene 93 involving the Suzuki-coupling as a key transformation.
Scheme 23: Synthesis of various hexaarylsumanene derivatives using the Suzuki-coupling reaction.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of hexasubstituted sumanene derivatives 96 and 97.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of thioalkylsumanenes via an aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction.
Scheme 26: Synthesis of tris(ethoxycarbonylethenyl)sumanene derivative 108.
Scheme 27: Synthesis of ferrocenyl-based sumanene derivatives.
Scheme 28: Synthesis of sumanenylferrocene architectures 118 and 119 via Negishi coupling.
Scheme 29: Diosmylation and the synthesis of phenylboronate ester 121 of sumanene.
Scheme 30: Synthesis of the iron-complex of sumanene.
Scheme 31: Synthesis of tri- and mononuclear sumanenyl zirconocene complexes.
Scheme 32: Synthesis of [CpRu(η6-sumanene)]PF6.
Scheme 33: Preparation of sumanene-based porous coordination networks 127 (spherical tetramer units) and 128 (...
Scheme 34: Synthesis of sumanenylhafnocene complexes 129 and 130.
Scheme 35: Synthesis of 134 and 135 along with PdII coordination complex 136.
Scheme 36: Synthesis of alkali metals sumanene complex K7(C21H102−)2(C21H93−)·8THF (137) containing di- and tr...
Scheme 37: The encapsulation of a Cs+ ion between two sumanenyl anions.
Scheme 38: Synthesis of monothiasumanene 140 and dithiasumanene 141 from 139.
Scheme 39: Synthesis of trithiasumanene 151 by Otsubo and his co-workers.
Scheme 40: Synthesis of trithiasumanene derivatives 155 and 156.
Scheme 41: Synthetic route towards hexathiolated trithiasumanenes 158.
Scheme 42: Synthesis of triselenasumanene 160 by Shao and teammates.
Scheme 43: Synthesis of tritellurasumanene derivatives from triphenylene skeletons.
Scheme 44: Synthesis of pyrazine-fused sumanene architectures through condensation reaction.
Scheme 45: Treatment of the trichalcogenasumanenes with diverse oxidative reagents.
Scheme 46: Ring-opening reaction with H2O2 and oxone of heterasumanenes 178 and 179.
Scheme 47: Synthesis of polycyclic compounds from sumanene derivatives.
Scheme 48: Synthesis of diimide-based heterocycles reported by Shao’s and co-workers.
Scheme 49: Synthesis of pristine trichalcogenasumanenes, 151, 205, and 206.
Scheme 50: Synthesis of trichalcogenasumanenes via hexaiodotriphenylene precursor 208.
Scheme 51: Synthesis of trisilasumanenes 214 and 215.
Scheme 52: Synthesis of trisilasumanene derivatives 218 and 219.
Scheme 53: Synthesis of novel trigermasumanene derivative 223.
Scheme 54: An attempt towards the synthesis of tristannasumanene derivative 228.
Scheme 55: Synthesis of triphosphasumanene trisulfide 232 from commercially available 229.
Scheme 56: The doping of sumanene derivatives with chalcogens (S, Se, Te) and phosphorus.
Scheme 57: Synthesis of heterasumanene containing three different heteroatoms.
Scheme 58: Synthesis of trichalcogenasumanene derivatives 240 and 179.
Scheme 59: Preparation of trichalcogenasumanenes 245 and 248.
Scheme 60: Design and synthesis of trichalcogenasumanene derivatives 252 and 178.
Scheme 61: Synthesis of spirosumanenes 264–269 and non-spiroheterasumanenes 258–263.
Scheme 62: Synthesis of sumanene-type hetero polycyclic compounds.
Scheme 63: Synthesis of triazasumanenes 288 and its sulfone congener 287.
Scheme 64: Synthesis of C3-symmetric chiral triaryltriazasumanenes via cross-coupling reaction.
Scheme 65: Synthesis of mononaphthosumanene 293 using Suzuki coupling as a key step.
Scheme 66: Synthesis of di- and trinaphthosumanene derivatives 302–304.
Scheme 67: Synthesis of hemifullerene skeletons by Hirao’s group.
Scheme 68: Design and construction of C70 fragment from a C60 sumanene fragment.
Efficient [(NHC)Au(NTf2)]-catalyzed hydrohydrazidation of terminal and internal alkynes
- Maximillian Heidrich and
- Herbert Plenio
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2080–2086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.175
- even when using aryl-, alkylacetylenes, or electronically different aryl groups in tolanes. However, the steric bulk of a single methyl group in 2-methyltolane led to the selective formation of the single addition product 7h, but even such sterically hindered tolanes (synthesized via Sonogashira
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Simplified mechanism of the hydrohydrazidation (NuH= ArCONHNH2) of alkynes.
Scheme 2: [(NHC)Au(NTf2)] complexes tested in hydrohydrazidation reactions of phenylacetylene.
Scheme 3: Hydrohydrazidation of terminal alkynes in chlorobenzene and anisole using complex 1 (first line sol...
Scheme 4: Hydrohydrazidation of internal alkynes in chlorobenzene and anisole using complex 1. Reaction tempe...
Naphthalene diimide–amino acid conjugates as novel fluorimetric and CD probes for differentiation between ds-DNA and ds-RNA
- Annike Weißenstein,
- Myroslav O. Vysotsky,
- Ivo Piantanida and
- Frank Würthner
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2032–2045, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.170
- structure with accessible minor groove at variance to poly(dG-dC)2, which has sterically hindered minor grooves by amino groups, and poly(A)-poly(U) is an A-helix with major groove available for binding of bulky small molecules [38]. The interactions of the NDI derivatives 3a,b, and 5 with DNA/RNA were
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of investigated compounds stressing steric differences in linker length attached to the ...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of water-soluble naphthalene diimides 3a,b, and 5.
Figure 2: UV–vis absorption (solid line) and fluorescence spectra (dashed line) of NDI 3a,b, and 5 (c = 4.5 ×...
Figure 3: Calculations for Cl-NDI-NMe model compound (at the B3LYP/6-31+G** level of theory) in water (PCM). ...
Figure 4: (a) Melting curve of poly(dA-dT)2 alone and after the addition of NDI 3a,b, and 5 (r = 0.3 ([NDI]/[...
Figure 5: Changes in fluorescence intensity (spectra are normalized) of (a) 3a (c = 1.0 × 10−6 M), (b) 3b (c ...
Figure 6: Calorimetric titration of a poly(dG-dC)2 solution in sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 5.0) at 298 K wit...
Figure 7: CD titration of poly(dG-dC)2 (c = 2.0 × 10−5 M) with (a) 3a, (b) 3b, and (c) 5 with increasing mola...
Figure 8: Schematic representation of the alignment of the intercalating 3a (left) and 3b (right) between the...
When metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization meets visible-light photocatalysis
- Lucas Guillemard and
- Joanna Wencel-Delord
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1754–1804, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.147
- , pyrimidines, and oximes (Figure 20). The mild arylation proceeded in good to excellent yields over 20 examples and worked with electron-deficient, electron-rich as well as relatively sterically hindered arylating reagents. The mechanism proposed by the authors is presented in Figure 21. First, the DG-assisted
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Concept of dual synergistic catalysis.
Figure 2: Classification of catalytic systems involving two catalysts.
Figure 3: General mechanism for the dual nickel/photoredox catalytic system.
Figure 4: General mechanisms for C–H activation catalysis involving different reoxidation strategies.
Figure 5: Indole synthesis via dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 6: Proposed mechanism for the indole synthesis via dual catalysis.
Figure 7: Oxidative Heck reaction on arenes via the dual catalysis.
Figure 8: Proposed mechanism for the Heck reaction on arenes via dual catalysis.
Figure 9: Oxidative Heck reaction on phenols via the dual catalysis.
Figure 10: Proposed mechanism for the Heck reaction on phenols via dual catalysis.
Figure 11: Carbazole synthesis via dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 12: Proposed mechanism for the carbazole synthesis via dual catalysis.
Figure 13: Carbonylation of enamides via the dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 14: Proposed mechanism for carbonylation of enamides via dual catalysis.
Figure 15: Annulation of benzamides via the dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 16: Proposed mechanism for the annulation of benzamides via dual catalysis.
Figure 17: Synthesis of indoles via the dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 18: Proposed mechanism for the indole synthesis via dual catalysis.
Figure 19: General concept of dual catalysis merging C–H activation and photoredox catalysis.
Figure 20: The first example of dual catalysis merging C–H activation and photoredox catalysis.
Figure 21: Proposed mechanism for the C–H arylation with diazonium salts via dual catalysis.
Figure 22: Dual catalysis merging C–H activation/photoredox using diaryliodonium salts.
Figure 23: Direct arylation via the dual catalytic system reported by Xu.
Figure 24: Direct arylation via dual catalytic system reported by Balaraman.
Figure 25: Direct arylation via dual catalytic system reported by Guo.
Figure 26: C(sp3)–H bond arylation via the dual Pd/photoredox catalytic system.
Figure 27: Acetanilide derivatives acylation via the dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 28: Proposed mechanism for the C–H acylation with α-ketoacids via dual catalysis.
Figure 29: Acylation of azobenzenes via the dual catalysis C–H activation/photoredox.
Figure 30: C2-acylation of indoles via the dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 31: Proposed mechanism for the C2-acylation of indoles with aldehydes via dual catalysis.
Figure 32: C2-acylation of indoles via the dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 33: Perfluoroalkylation of arenes via the dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 34: Proposed mechanism for perfluoroalkylation of arenes via dual catalysis.
Figure 35: Sulfonylation of 1-naphthylamides via the dual C–H activation/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 36: Proposed mechanism for sulfonylation of 1-naphthylamides via dual catalysis.
Figure 37: meta-C–H Alkylation of arenes via visible-light metallaphotocatalysis.
Figure 38: Alternative procedure for meta-C–H alkylation of arenes via metallaphotocatalysis.
Figure 39: Proposed mechanism for meta-C–H alkylation of arenes via metallaphotocatalysis.
Figure 40: C–H borylation of arenes via visible-light metallaphotocatalysis.
Figure 41: Proposed mechanism for C–H borylation of arenes via visible-light metallaphotocatalysis.
Figure 42: Undirected C–H aryl–aryl cross coupling via dual gold/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 43: Proposed mechanism for the undirected C–H aryl–aryl cross-coupling via dual catalysis.
Figure 44: Undirected C–H arylation of (hetero)arenes via dual manganese/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 45: Proposed mechanism for the undirected arylation of (hetero)arenes via dual catalysis.
Figure 46: Photoinduced C–H arylation of azoles via copper catalysis.
Figure 47: Photo-induced C–H chalcogenation of azoles via copper catalysis.
Figure 48: Decarboxylative C–H adamantylation of azoles via dual cobalt/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 49: Proposed mechanism for the C–H adamantylation of azoles via dual catalysis.
Figure 50: General mechanisms for the “classical” (left) and Cu-free variant (right) Sonogoshira reaction.
Figure 51: First example of a dual palladium/photoredox catalysis for Sonogashira-type couplings.
Figure 52: Arylation of terminal alkynes with diazonium salts via dual gold/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 53: Proposed mechanism for the arylation of terminal alkynes via dual catalysis.
Figure 54: C–H Alkylation of alcohols promoted by H-atom transfer (HAT).
Figure 55: Proposed mechanism for the C–H alkylation of alcohols promoted by HAT.
Figure 56: C(sp3)–H arylation of latent nucleophiles promoted by H-atom transfer.
Figure 57: Proposed mechanism for the C(sp3)–H arylation of latent nucleophiles promoted by HAT.
Figure 58: Direct α-arylation of alcohols promoted by H-atom transfer.
Figure 59: Proposed mechanism for the direct α-arylation of alcohols promoted by HAT.
Figure 60: C–H arylation of amines via dual Ni/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 61: Proposed mechanism for the C–H arylation of amines via dual Ni/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 62: C–H functionalization of nucleophiles via excited ketone/nickel dual catalysis.
Figure 63: Proposed mechanism for the C–H functionalization enabled by excited ketones.
Figure 64: Selective sp3–sp3 cross-coupling promoted by H-atom transfer.
Figure 65: Proposed mechanism for the selective sp3–sp3 cross-coupling promoted by HAT.
Figure 66: Direct C(sp3)–H acylation of amines via dual Ni/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 67: Proposed mechanism for the C–H acylation of amines via dual Ni/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 68: C–H hydroalkylation of internal alkynes via dual Ni/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 69: Proposed mechanism for the C–H hydroalkylation of internal alkynes.
Figure 70: Alternative procedure for the C–H hydroalkylation of ynones, ynoates, and ynamides.
Figure 71: Allylic C(sp3)–H activation via dual Ni/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 72: Proposed mechanism for the allylic C(sp3)–H activation via dual Ni/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 73: Asymmetric allylation of aldehydes via dual Cr/photoredox catalysis.
Figure 74: Proposed mechanism for the asymmetric allylation of aldehydes via dual catalysis.
Figure 75: Aldehyde C–H functionalization promoted by H-atom transfer.
Figure 76: Proposed mechanism for the C–H functionalization of aldehydes promoted by HAT.
Figure 77: Direct C–H arylation of strong aliphatic bonds promoted by HAT.
Figure 78: Proposed mechanism for the C–H arylation of strong aliphatic bonds promoted by HAT.
Figure 79: Direct C–H trifluoromethylation of strong aliphatic bonds promoted by HAT.
Figure 80: Proposed mechanism for the C–H trifluoromethylation of strong aliphatic bonds.
One-step route to tricyclic fused 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline systems via the Castagnoli–Cushman protocol
- Aleksandar Pashev,
- Nikola Burdzhiev and
- Elena Stanoeva
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1456–1464, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.121
- aromatic heterocycles have a low tendency to undergo reactions with cyclic anhydrides, resulting in low to moderate overall yields of the target products [12][27]. Further research by Krasavin et al. on the reactivity of sterically hindered indolenines in reactions with anhydrides 6–9, did not give the
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Compounds comprising a benzo[a]quinolizidine ring system.
Scheme 1: Reactions between enolizable anhydrides and imines.
Scheme 2: Mechanistic pathways for the reaction between cyclic anhydrides and imines.
Scheme 3: Retrosynthetic analysis of the target compounds.
Scheme 4: Reaction of 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (18) with anhydrides 5–8. Reagents and conditions...
Figure 2: Representative NOE interactions in cis and trans-21–24 (only one enantiomer is shown).
Scheme 5: Reaction of 1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (19) with anhydrides 5–7. Reagents and conditions: xyl...
Figure 3: X-ray crystal structure of products 25 and 26.
Scheme 6: Reactions of 1-alkyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines 19 and 20 with anhydride 8. Reagents and conditions: ...
Figure 4: Representative NOE interactions in 28 and 29.
Scheme 7: Suggested mechanism for the formation of products 25–27.
The McKenna reaction – avoiding side reactions in phosphonate deprotection
- Katarzyna Justyna,
- Joanna Małolepsza,
- Damian Kusy,
- Waldemar Maniukiewicz and
- Katarzyna M. Błażewska
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1436–1446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.119
- nucleophilicity of pyridine compared with the tertiary alkylamine present in compound 12 [45][46] may be responsible for the lower vulnerability of 9 towards alkylation. Another approach to circumvent the formation of N-alkylation products was based on the use of the more sterically hindered diisopropyl
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Schematic overview of the McKenna reaction including the decomposition of BTMS in protic solvents. ...
Figure 1: The model compounds used for this study (in red: the functionality of the molecules vulnerable to s...
Scheme 2: Formation of the side products derived from 10. Conditions: An equimolar mixture of propargylamide ...
Scheme 3: Addition of HBr to compound 11.
Scheme 4: N-Alkylation of 9.
Scheme 5: N-Alkylation of 12.
Scheme 6: Exchange of the chlorine substituent with bromine in 2-chloro-N-phenethylacetamide (13) under McKen...
Disposable cartridge concept for the on-demand synthesis of turbo Grignards, Knochel–Hauser amides, and magnesium alkoxides
- Mateo Berton,
- Kevin Sheehan,
- Andrea Adamo and
- D. Tyler McQuade
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1343–1356, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.115
- ″) for the tert-amyl alcohol addition (Figure S4, Supporting Information File 1). Finally, we explored the formation of sterically hindered oxygen bases by a direct alcohol deprotonation. Knochel-type tert-amyl magnesium alkoxide (t-AmylOMgCl⋅LiCl) 1.0 M (95%) was obtained (≈15 mL) by the reaction of the
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Comparing on-demand coffee and turbo Grignard pod-style machines.
Figure 2: Ranking of the 20 most cited Grignard reagents (SciFinder March 26, 2019).
Figure 3: On-demand prototype. A) Inside view of the pump with a flexible bag containing a yellow liquid layi...
Figure 4: Temperature evolution measured with thermocouples along the column outer surface at three different...
Figure 5: Stratified bicomponent column (Diba Omnifit EZ Solvent Plus) composed of magnesium (chips/powder, 1...
Scheme 1: Continuous flow synthesis of TMPMgCl⋅LiCl with a stratified packed-bed column of activated magnesiu...
Scheme 2: Continuous flow synthesis of TMPMgCl⋅LiBr with a stratified packed-bed column of activated magnesiu...
Scheme 3: Continuous flow synthesis of t-AmylOMgCl⋅LiCl with a stratified packed-bed column of activated magn...
Figure 6: Steady-state concentration stability during the conversion of iPrCl in THF (56 mL, 2.2 M) into iPrM...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of iPrMgCl⋅LiCl on the ODR prototype.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of HMDSMgCl⋅LiCl on the ODR prototype.
Synthesis of 3-substituted isoxazolidin-4-ols using hydroboration–oxidation reactions of 4,5-unsubstituted 2,3-dihydroisoxazoles
- Lívia Dikošová,
- Júlia Laceková,
- Ondrej Záborský and
- Róbert Fischer
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1313–1319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.112
- isomer), the use of bulky, sterically hindered ʟ-selectride in anhydrous THF at 0 °C led to the formation of the cis product exclusively (Scheme 4) [35][36], and the C-3/4-cis 4-hydroxyisoxazolidine 10a was isolated in 76% yield. Its relative configuration was confirmed by means of NOESY 1D experiments
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: 3-Substituted isoxazolidin-4-ols resembling 3-hydroxypyrrolidines.
Scheme 1: Synthetic approach towards isoxazolidin-4-ols via the regioselective reductive cleavage of the C5–O...
Scheme 2: Hydroboration-oxidation of 4,5-unsubstituted 2,3-dihydroisoxazoles.
Figure 2: Selected NOE enhancements observed in the isoxazolidin-4-ol trans-8a. The arrows show the NOESY cor...
Scheme 3: Dess-Martin oxidation of isoxazolidin-4-ols to ketones.
Scheme 4: Inversion of the relative configuration of the isoxazolidine ring.
Figure 3: Selected NOE enhancements observed in the isoxazolidin-4-ol cis-10a. The arrows show the NOESY corr...
Scheme 5: N-debenzylation via N-Troc-protected isoxazolidines.
Oxime radicals: generation, properties and application in organic synthesis
- Igor B. Krylov,
- Stanislav A. Paveliev,
- Alexander S. Budnikov and
- Alexander O. Terent’ev
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1234–1276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.107
- , and its dipole moment in the benzene solution was measured (2.90 D). Besides the mentioned sterically hindered iminoxyl radicals 8 and 16, iminoxyl radicals with electron-withdrawing substituents at the C=NO• fragment also demonstrate increased stability compared to ordinary alkyl and aryl iminoxyl
- established that the studied iminoxyl radicals reversibly dimerized in the solution. For sterically unhindered dialkyliminoxyl radicals, the radical–dimer equilibrium was quickly reached, shifted toward the dimer, while a first-order decay kinetics of was observed for the iminoxyl radical. For sterically
- hindered tert-butylmethyliminoxyl and diisopropyliminoxyl radicals, as well as for diaryl and alkylaryliminoxyl radicals, the radical–dimer equilibrium was reached slowly, it was shifted toward the free radical, and a second-order decay kinetics was observed. The first synthesized long-lived iminoxyl
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Imine-N-oxyl radicals (IV) discussed in the present review and other classes of N-oxyl radicals (I–...
Figure 2: The products of decomposition of iminoxyl radicals generated from oximes by oxidation with Ag2O.
Scheme 1: Generation of oxime radicals and study of the kinetics of their decay by photolysis of the solution...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of di-tert-butyliminoxyl radical and its decomposition products.
Scheme 3: The proposed reaction pathway of the decomposition of di-tert-butyliminoxyl radical (experimentally...
Scheme 4: Monomolecular decomposition of the tert-butyl(triethylmethyl)oxime radical.
Scheme 5: The synthesis and stability of the most stable dialkyl oxime radicals – di-tert-butyliminoxyl and d...
Scheme 6: The formation of iminoxyl radicals from β-diketones under the action of NO2.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of the diacetyliminoxyl radical.
Scheme 8: Examples of long-living oxime radicals with electron-withdrawing groups and the conditions for thei...
Figure 3: The electronic structure iminoxyl radicals and their geometry compared to the corresponding oximes.
Figure 4: Bond dissociation enthalpies (kcal/mol) of oximes and N,N-disubstituted hydroxylamines calculated o...
Scheme 9: Examples demonstrating the low reactivity of the di-tert-butyliminoxyl radical towards the substrat...
Scheme 10: The reactions of di-tert-butyliminoxyl radical with unsaturated hydrocarbons involving hydrogen ato...
Scheme 11: Possible mechanisms of reaction of di-tert-butyliminoxyl radical with alkenes.
Scheme 12: Products of the reaction between di-tert-butyliminoxyl radical and phenol derivatives.
Scheme 13: The reaction of di-tert-butyliminoxyl radical with amines.
Scheme 14: Reaction of di-tert-butyliminoxyl radicals with organolithium reagents.
Scheme 15: Cross-dehydrogenative C–O coupling of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with oximes under the action of mang...
Scheme 16: Cross-dehydrogenative C–O coupling of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with oximes under the action of Cu(BF...
Scheme 17: Oxidative C–O coupling of benzylmalononitrile (47) with 3-(hydroxyimino)pentane-2,4-dione (19).
Scheme 18: The proposed mechanism of the oxidative coupling of benzylmalononitrile (47) with diacetyl oxime (19...
Scheme 19: Oxidative C–O coupling of pyrazolones with oximes under the action of Fe(ClO4)3.
Scheme 20: The reaction of diacetyliminoxyl radical with pyrazolones.
Scheme 21: Oxidative C–O coupling of oximes with acetonitrile, ketones, and esters.
Scheme 22: Intramolecular cyclizations of oxime radicals to form substituted isoxazolines or cyclic nitrones.
Scheme 23: TEMPO-mediated oxidative cyclization of oximes with C–H bond cleavage.
Scheme 24: Proposed reaction mechanism of oxidative cyclization of oximes with C–H bond cleavage.
Scheme 25: Selectfluor/Bu4NI-mediated C–H oxidative cyclization of oximes.
Scheme 26: Oxidative cyclization of N-benzyl amidoximes to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles.
Scheme 27: The formation of quinazolinone 73a from 5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazole 74 under air.
Scheme 28: DDQ-mediated oxidative cyclization of thiohydroximic acids.
Scheme 29: Plausible mechanism of the oxidative cyclization of thiohydroximic acids.
Scheme 30: Silver-mediated oxidative cyclization of α-halogenated ketoximes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
Scheme 31: Possible pathway of one-pot oxidative cyclization of α-halogenated ketoximes and 1,3-dicarbonyl com...
Scheme 32: T(p-F)PPT-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of oximes with the formation of 1,2,4-oxadiazolines.
Scheme 33: Intramolecular cyclization of iminoxyl radicals involving multiple C=C and N=N bonds.
Scheme 34: Oxidative cyclization of β,γ- and γ,δ-unsaturated oximes employing the DEAD or TEMPO/DEAD system wi...
Scheme 35: Cobalt-catalyzed aerobic oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes.
Scheme 36: Manganese-catalyzed aerobic oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes.
Scheme 37: Visible light photocatalytic oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes.
Scheme 38: TBAI/TBHP-mediated radical cascade cyclization of the β,γ-unsaturated oximes.
Scheme 39: TBAI/TBHP-mediated radical cascade cyclization of vinyl isocyanides with β,γ-unsaturated oximes.
Scheme 40: tert-Butylnitrite-mediated oxidative cyclization of unsaturated oximes with the introduction of an ...
Scheme 41: Transformation of unsaturated oxime to oxyiminomethylisoxazoline via the confirmed dimeric nitroso ...
Scheme 42: tert-Butylnitrite-mediated oxidative cyclization of unsaturated oximes with the introduction of a n...
Scheme 43: Synthesis of cyano-substituted oxazolines from unsaturated oximes using the TBN/[RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 ...
Scheme 44: Synthesis of trifluoromethylthiolated isoxazolines from unsaturated oximes.
Scheme 45: Copper-сatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes with the introduction of an azido ...
Scheme 46: TBHP-mediated oxidative cascade cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes and unsaturated N-arylamides.
Scheme 47: Copper-сatalyzed oxidative cyclization of unsaturated oximes with the introduction of an amino grou...
Scheme 48: TEMPO-mediated oxidative cyclization of unsaturated oximes followed by elimination.
Scheme 49: Oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes with the introduction of a trifluoromethyl group.
Scheme 50: Oxidative cyclization of unsaturated oximes with the introduction of a nitrile group.
Scheme 51: Oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes to isoxazolines with the introduction of a nitrile ...
Scheme 52: Oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes to isoxazolines with the introduction of a sulfonyl...
Scheme 53: Oxidative cyclization of β,γ- and γ,δ-unsaturated oximes to isoxazolines with the introduction of a...
Scheme 54: Oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes to isoxazolines with the introduction of a thiocyan...
Scheme 55: PhI(OAc)2-mediated oxidative cyclization of oximes with C–S and C–Se bond formation.
Scheme 56: PhI(OAc)2-mediated oxidative cyclization of unsaturated oximes accompanied by alkoxylation.
Scheme 57: PhI(OAc)2-mediated cyclization of unsaturated oximes to methylisoxazolines.
Scheme 58: Oxidative cyclization-alkynylation of unsaturated oximes.
Scheme 59: TEMPO-mediated oxidative cyclization of C-glycoside ketoximes to C-glycosylmethylisoxazoles.
Scheme 60: Silver-сatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes with formation of fluoroalkyl isox...
Scheme 61: Oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes with the formation of haloalkyl isoxazolines.
Scheme 62: Cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes into haloalkyl isoxazolines under the action of the halogenat...
Scheme 63: Synthesis of haloalkyl isoxazoles and cyclic nitrones via oxidative cyclization and 1,2-halogen shi...
Scheme 64: Electrochemical oxidative cyclization of diaryl oximes.
Scheme 65: Copper-сatalyzed cyclization and dioxygenation oximes containing a triple C≡C bond.
Scheme 66: Photoredox-catalyzed sulfonylation of β,γ-unsaturated oximes by sulfonyl hydrazides.
Scheme 67: Oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes with introduction of sulfonate group.
Scheme 68: Ultrasound-promoted oxidative cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes.
Copper-based fluorinated reagents for the synthesis of CF2R-containing molecules (R ≠ F)
- Louise Ruyet and
- Tatiana Besset
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1051–1065, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.92
- 14, a). One year later, they demonstrated that these copper-based reagents ((Phen)CuCF2RF, RF = F, CF3 and CF2CF3) were efficient in a two-step sequence reaction (borylation/perfluoroalkylation) allowing the functionalization of either sterically hindered arenes or aryl bromides with the CF2CF3 and
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of the first isolable (NHC)CuCF2H complexes from TMSCF2H and their application for the sy...
Scheme 2: Pioneer works for the in situ generation of CuCF2H from TMSCF2H and from n-Bu3SnCF2H. Phen = 1,10-p...
Scheme 3: A Sandmeyer-type difluoromethylation reaction via the in situ generation of CuCF2H from TMSCF2H. a ...
Scheme 4: A one pot, two-step sequence for the difluoromethylthiolation of various classes of compounds via t...
Scheme 5: A copper-mediated oxidative difluoromethylation of terminal alkynes via the in situ generation of a...
Scheme 6: A copper-mediated oxidative difluoromethylation of heteroarenes.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of difluoromethylphosphonate-containing molecules using the in situ-generated CuCF2PO(OEt)...
Scheme 8: Synthesis of difluoromethylphosphonate-containing molecules using in situ-generated CuCF2PO(OEt)2 s...
Scheme 9: Synthesis of difluoromethylphosphonate-containing molecules using in situ-generated CuCF2PO(OEt)2 s...
Scheme 10: Synthesis of (diethylphosphono)difluoromethylthiolated molecules using in situ-generated CuCF2PO(OE...
Scheme 11: Access to (diethylphosphono)difluoromethylthiolated molecules via the in situ generation of CuCF2PO...
Scheme 12: Synthesis of (phenylsulfonyl)difluoromethyl-containing molecules via the in situ generation of CuCF2...
Scheme 13: Copper-mediated 1,1-difluoroethylation of diaryliodonium salts by using the in situ-generated CuCF2...
Scheme 14: Pioneer works for the pentafluoroethylation and heptafluoropropylation using a copper-based reagent...
Scheme 15: Pentafluoroethylation of (hetero)aryl bromides using the (Phen)CuCF2CF3 complex. 19F NMR yields wer...
Scheme 16: Synthesis of pentafluoroethyl ketones using the (Ph3P)Cu(phen)CF2CF3 reagent. 19F NMR yields were g...
Scheme 17: Synthesis of (Phen)2Cu(O2CCF2RF) and functionalization of (hetero)aryl iodides.
Scheme 18: Pentafluoroethylation of arylboronic acids and (hetero)aryl bromides via the in situ-generated CuCF2...
Scheme 19: In situ generation of CuCF2CF3 species from a cyclic-protected hexafluoroacetone and KCu(Ot-Bu)2. 19...
Scheme 20: Pentafluoroethylation of bromo- and iodoalkenes. Only examples of isolated compounds were depicted.
Scheme 21: Fluoroalkylation of aryl halides via a RCF2CF2Cu species.
Scheme 22: Synthesis of perfluoroorganolithium copper species or perfluroalkylcopper derivatives from iodoperf...
Scheme 23: Formation of the PhenCuCF2CF3 reagent by means of TFE and pentafluoroethylation of iodoarenes and a...
Scheme 24: Generation of a CuCF2CF3 reagent from TMSCF3 and applications.
Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions for the synthesis of chiral biaryl compounds with a large steric substituent at the 2-position
- Yongsu Li,
- Bendu Pan,
- Xuefeng He,
- Wang Xia,
- Yaqi Zhang,
- Hao Liang,
- Chitreddy V. Subba Reddy,
- Rihui Cao and
- Liqin Qiu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 966–973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.85
- heterocyclic group, an electron-rich aromatic or an electron-deficient aromatic group, the reaction always performed well with high yield and good enantioselectivity. We guess that the large sterically hindered π-plane formed between a carbonyl group and a benzene ring is the guarantee of high ee values of the
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: (R)-MeO-MOP and our ligands.
Scheme 1: Asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura coupling. Reaction conditions: 1 equiv N-aryl-bromoaryl compounds, 2 equi...
Scheme 2: Asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura coupling. Reaction conditions: 1 equiv of bromoaryl compounds, 2 equiv of...
Scheme 3: Gram-scale reaction.
Scheme 4: Based on our analysis and speculation, a possible intermediate structure is proposed [65,66].
Scheme 5: Method A for the synthesis of amide substrates.
Scheme 6: Method B for the synthesis of amide substrates.
Preparation and in situ use of unstable N-alkyl α-diazo-γ-butyrolactams in RhII-catalyzed X–H insertion reactions
- Maria Eremeyeva,
- Daniil Zhukovsky,
- Dmitry Dar’in and
- Mikhail Krasavin
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 607–610, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.55
- found to be unstable and to undergo unproductive dimerization to bishydrazones, were successfully converted immediately to various X–H insertion products with alcohols, aromatic amines and thiols via an in situ RhII-catalyzed reaction. With aliphatic amines or unreactive, sterically hindered anilines
- , that we observed with 2,6-dimethylaniline. With this unreactive, sterically hindered aromatic amine, 6c is likely to undergo either the unwanted N2→O oxidation or dimerize to bishydrazone 5, whereupon the resulting intermediate would be eventually trapped by the aniline to give 8b (Scheme 2). The
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Previously reported uses of α-diazo-γ-butyrolactams 1 and 4.
Scheme 1: Generation and in situ RhII-catalyzed X–H insertion reactions of the diazo compounds 4a–c. Conditio...
Scheme 2: Formation of the enamine coupling products 8a and b.
Regioselectively α- and β-alkynylated BODIPY dyes via gold(I)-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization and their photophysical properties
- Takahide Shimada,
- Shigeki Mori,
- Masatoshi Ishida and
- Hiroyuki Furuta
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 587–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.53
- BODIPY plane for both derivatives, indicating the rigid interlocked structures of 3a and 6b by the bulky o-methyl groups. In particular, the β-methyl substituents of 6b are sterically hindered by the neighbouring meso-aryl ring. The regioselective 2,6-diethynylation of 6a through the above alkynylation
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: (a) Chemical structures of BODIPY (1) and dipyrromethane (2). (b) C–C bond forming alkynylations of...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of α-ethynyl-substituted BODIPY derivatives 3a and 4a.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of β-ethynyl-substituted BODIPY derivatives 5a and 5b and β,β'-diethynyl-substituted comp...
Figure 2: Top and front views of the crystal structures of (a) 4a and (b) 6b with 50% thermal ellipsoid proba...
Figure 3: Partial 1H NMR spectra of (a) 1a, (b) 3a, (c) 4a, (d) 5a, and (e) 6a recorded in CDCl3 at 298 K. As...
Figure 4: UV–vis absorption spectra of the BODIPY derivatives, (a) 1a (green), 3a (blue), 4a (red), and (b) 1a...
Figure 5: Fluorescence spectra of BODIPY derivatives. (a) 1a (green), 3a (blue), 4a (red) and (b) 1a (green), ...
Recent advances in photocatalyzed reactions using well-defined copper(I) complexes
- Mingbing Zhong,
- Xavier Pannecoucke,
- Philippe Jubault and
- Thomas Poisson
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 451–481, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.42
- chlorosulfonylation of terminal alkenes and alkynes using the previously developed copper-based photocatalyst (Scheme 19) [35]. The reaction was tolerant to a broad range of arylchlorosulfonyl derivatives when the reaction was carried out with styrene, including sterically hindered and heteroaromatic substrates
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: [Cu(I)(dap)2]Cl-catalyzed ATRA reaction under green light irradiation.
Scheme 2: Photocatalytic allylation of α-haloketones.
Scheme 3: [Cu(I)(dap)2]Cl-photocatalyzed chlorosulfonylation and chlorotrifluoromethylation of alkenes.
Scheme 4: Photocatalytic perfluoroalkylchlorination of electron-deficient alkenes using the Sauvage catalyst.
Scheme 5: Photocatalytic synthesis of fluorinated sultones.
Scheme 6: Photocatalyzed haloperfluoroalkylation of alkenes and alkynes.
Scheme 7: Chlorosulfonylation of alkenes catalyzed by [Cu(I)(dap)2]Cl. aNo Na2CO3 was added. b1 equiv of Na2CO...
Scheme 8: Copper-photocatalyzed reductive allylation of diaryliodonium salts.
Scheme 9: Copper-photocatalyzed azidomethoxylation of olefins.
Scheme 10: Benzylic azidation initiated by [Cu(I)(dap)2]Cl.
Scheme 11: Trifluoromethyl methoxylation of styryl derivatives using [Cu(I)(dap)2]PF6. All redox potentials ar...
Scheme 12: Trifluoromethylation of silyl enol ethers.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of annulated heterocycles upon oxidation with the Sauvage catalyst.
Scheme 14: Oxoazidation of styrene derivatives using [Cu(dap)2]Cl as a precatalyst.
Scheme 15: [Cu(I)(dpp)(binc)]PF6-catalyzed ATRA reaction.
Scheme 16: Allylation reaction of α-bromomalonate catalyzed by [Cu(I)(dpp)(binc)]PF6 following an ATRA mechani...
Scheme 17: Bromo/tribromomethylation reaction using [Cu(I)(dmp)(BINAP)]PF6.
Scheme 18: Chlorotrifluoromethylation of alkenes catalyzed by [Cu(I)(N^N)(xantphos)]PF6.
Scheme 19: Chlorosulfonylation of styrene and alkyne derivatives by ATRA reactions.
Scheme 20: Reduction of aryl and alkyl halides with the complex [Cu(I)(bcp)(DPEPhos)]PF6. aIrradiation was car...
Scheme 21: Meerwein arylation of electron-rich aromatic derivatives and 5-exo-trig cyclization catalyzed by th...
Scheme 22: [Cu(I)(bcp)(DPEPhos)]PF6-photocatalyzed synthesis of alkaloids. aYield over two steps (cyclization ...
Scheme 23: Copper-photocatalyzed decarboxylative amination of NHP esters.
Scheme 24: Photocatalytic decarboxylative alkynylation using [Cu(I)(dq)(binap)]BF4.
Scheme 25: Copper-photocatalyzed alkylation of glycine esters.
Scheme 26: Copper-photocatalyzed borylation of organic halides. aUnder continuous flow conditions.
Scheme 27: Copper-photocatalyzed α-functionalization of alcohols with glycine ester derivatives.
Scheme 28: δ-Functionalization of alcohols using [Cu(I)(dmp)(xantphos)]BF4.
Scheme 29: Photocatalytic synthesis of [5]helicene and phenanthrene.
Scheme 30: Oxidative carbazole synthesis using in situ-formed [Cu(I)(dmp)(xantphos)]BF4.
Scheme 31: Copper-photocatalyzed functionalization of N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Scheme 32: Bicyclic lactone synthesis using a copper-photocatalyzed PCET reaction.
Scheme 33: Photocatalytic Pinacol coupling reaction catalyzed by [Cu(I)(pypzs)(BINAP)]BF4. The ligands of the ...
Scheme 34: Azide photosensitization using a Cu-based photocatalyst.
Six-fold C–H borylation of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene
- Mai Nagase,
- Kenta Kato,
- Akiko Yagi,
- Yasutomo Segawa and
- Kenichiro Itami
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 391–397, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.37
- present method. The analyzed structure from X-ray crystallography confirmed the regioselective C–H borylations at the least sterically hindered C–H bonds of HBC. Optoelectronic measurements of 1 revealed bathochromic shifts of the absorption bands compared with unsubstituted HBC. DFT calculations also
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: C–H functionalization of HBCs. (a) Perchlorinated HBC. (b) Borylated HBC substituted by 2,4,6-trime...
Figure 2: Synthesis of hexaborylated HBC 1. (a) Solvent screening of six-fold C–H borylation of unsubstituted...
Figure 3: The structure of 1 confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. (a) ORTEP drawing of 1 with therma...
Figure 4: Photophysical properties of 1. (a) UV–vis absorption (solid lines) spectra, fluorescence (dotted li...
Copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to challenging Michael acceptors
- Delphine Pichon,
- Jennifer Morvan,
- Christophe Crévisy and
- Marc Mauduit
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 212–232, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.24
- CuBr∙SMe2/(R,S)-Josiphos (L9). However, the catalytic system was poorly selective toward sterically hindered organomagnesium nucleophiles (15–25% ee). The synthetic versatility of the thioester function was illustrated in the synthesis of (−)-lardolure (26% overall yield over 12 steps) via a relevant
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Competitive side reactions in the Cu ECA of organometallic reagents to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.
Scheme 2: Cu-catalyzed ECA of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with phosphoramidite- (a) and phosphine-based ligands...
Scheme 3: One-pot Cu-catalyzed ECA/organocatalyzed α-substitution of enals.
Scheme 4: Combination of copper and amino catalysis for enantioselective β-functionalizations of enals.
Scheme 5: Optimized conditions for the Cu ECAs of R2Zn, RMgBr, and AlMe3 with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.
Scheme 6: CuECA of Grignard reagents to α,β-unsaturated thioesters and their application in the asymmetric to...
Scheme 7: Improved Cu ECA of Grignard reagents to α,β-unsaturated thioesters, and their application in the as...
Scheme 8: Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of vicinal dialkyl arrays via Cu ECA of Grignard reagents to γ...
Scheme 9: 1,6-Cu ECA of MeMgBr to α,β,γ,δ-bisunsaturated thioesters: an iterative approach to deoxypropionate...
Scheme 10: Tandem Cu ECA/intramolecular enolate trapping involving 4-chloro-α,β-unsaturated thioester 22.
Scheme 11: Cu ECA of Grignard reagents to 3-boronyl α,β-unsaturated thioesters.
Scheme 12: Cu ECA of alkylzirconium reagents to α,β-unsaturated thioesters.
Scheme 13: Conversion of acylimidazoles into aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, amides, and amines.
Scheme 14: Cu ECA of dimethyl malonate to α,β-unsaturated acylimidazole 31 with triazacyclophane-based ligand ...
Scheme 15: Cu/L13-catalyzed ECA of alkylboranes to α,β-unsaturated acylimidazoles.
Scheme 16: Cu/hydroxyalkyl-NHC-catalyzed ECA of dimethylzinc to α,β-unsaturated acylimidazoles.
Scheme 17: Stereocontrolled synthesis of 3,5,7-all-syn and anti,anti-stereotriads via iterative Cu ECAs.
Scheme 18: Stereocontrolled synthesis of anti,syn- and anti,anti-3,5,7-(Me,OR,Me) units via iterative Cu ECA/B...
Scheme 19: Cu-catalyzed ECA of dialkylzinc reagents to α,β-unsaturated N-acyloxazolidinones.
Scheme 20: Cu/phosphoramidite L16-catalyzed ECA of dialkylzincs to α,β-unsaturated N-acyl-2-pyrrolidinones.
Scheme 21: Cu/(R,S)-Josiphos (L9)-catalyzed ECA of Grignard reagents to α,β-unsaturated amides.
Scheme 22: Cu/Josiphos (L9)-catalyzed ECA of Grignard reagents to polyunsaturated amides.
Scheme 23: Cu-catalyzed ECA of trimethylaluminium to N-acylpyrrole derivatives.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of 2-substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-thiazepines from 4-aminobutanol
- María C. Mollo,
- Natalia B. Kilimciler,
- Juan A. Bisceglia and
- Liliana R. Orelli
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 32–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.5
- . Using the optimized protocol, compounds 1a–k were synthesized in high to excellent yields (Table 1). The more sterically hindered derivatives 1l,m required significantly longer reaction times. Thionation of the resulting amidoester 1a with Lawesson's reagent (LR) was then examined. Using the reagent in
- /water (30 min, 70 °C) afforded thioamido alcohol 3a (95%). Thioaroyl derivatives 3b–k were prepared in high to quantitative yields under these experimental conditions, except for the more sterically hindered 2-methylphenyl derivative 2h, which required a longer reaction time (1 h) to achieve complete
- products (Table 2). Ring closure of the more sterically hindered isobutyryl and pivaloyl thioamidoalcohols 3l,m was also successful, requiring slightly higher temperatures. Mechanistic considerations The cyclization of 4-amidobutanols promoted by PPA esters leads exclusively to N-acylpyrrolidines instead
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Chemical shift data for N-thiobenzoylpiperidine and compound 4a.
Scheme 2: PPSE promoted ring closure reactions of amido- and thioamido alcohols.
SnCl4-catalyzed solvent-free acetolysis of 2,7-anhydrosialic acid derivatives
- Kesatebrhan Haile Asressu and
- Cheng-Chung Wang
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2990–2999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.295
- in the synthesis of inhibitors for N-acetylneuraminidases from different sources [42]. The ring opening of 5 was not trivial since the substrate had a sterically hindered quaternary anomeric center, unlike the tertiary anomeric center C-1 of 1,6-anhydro sugars [29][30][31][32][33][43]. Furthermore
- disaccharides were cleaved and acetylated, as shown in Scheme 5. The difficulty of these reactions might have been attributed to the more liable nature of the tertiary acetal center C-1 of fucose as compared to the sterically hindered quaternary ketal functionality C-2 of the 2,7-anhydro skeleton. To our
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative structures of bacterial glycans containing sialic acid.
Scheme 1: Concise synthesis of 2,7-anhydrosialic acid derivatives 2–6. Conditions for the preparation of 2 an...
Figure 2: a) ORTEP diagram of compound 4. Thermal ellipsoids indicate 50% probability. b) HMBC spectrum of 6.
Scheme 2: N- and C-1-functionalization of 2.
Scheme 3: Mechanism of the SnCl4-catalyzed acetolysis of 2,7-anhydro derivatives 15. R = Me, Bn, PG = electro...
Scheme 4: Synthesis and acetolysis of 2,7-anhydro derivatives 21 and 25.
Figure 3: HMBC spectrum of carbohydrate 22.
Scheme 5: Attempted acetolysis of 2,7-anhydro-NeuN3-based disaccharides 29, 33, and 37.
Construction of trisubstituted chromone skeletons carrying electron-withdrawing groups via PhIO-mediated dehydrogenation and its application to the synthesis of frutinone A
- Qiao Li,
- Chen Zhuang,
- Donghua Wang,
- Wei Zhang,
- Rongxuan Jia,
- Fengxia Sun,
- Yilin Zhang and
- Yunfei Du
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2958–2965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.291
- was converted to the desired product 2j. The substrates bearing various R2 substituents, including electron-withdrawing, electron-donating, sterically hindered, and heterocyclic groups, all reacted smoothly and afforded the desired chromone derivatives 2k–v in acceptable to good yields. Furthermore
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically active chromone derivatives.
Scheme 1: Methods for the synthesis of chromones via dehydrogenative oxidation of chromanones.
Scheme 2: Substrate scope studies. Reaction conditions: 1 (1.0 mmol), PhIO (2.0 mmol), DMF (6 mL), rt. Isolat...
Scheme 3: Control experiments for mechanistic studies.
Scheme 4: Proposed reaction mechanism.
Scheme 5: Application of the reported method to the synthesis of frutinone A.
Design, synthesis and investigation of water-soluble hemi-indigo photoswitches for bioapplications
- Daria V. Berdnikova
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2822–2829, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.275
- shifted relative to the one of the Z-isomer. Depending on the substitution pattern, the thermal lifetimes of metastable E-isomers at 25 °C vary from hours to days and sometimes even years [12][13][14]. Remarkably, for sterically hindered hemi-indigo derivatives, thermal lifetimes of the metastable states
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of hemi-indigo derivatives Z-1a–c.
Scheme 2: Synthetic routes to alkylamino-substituted dimethoxy hemi-indigo Z-1c.
Figure 1: Photoswitching of hemi-indigo derivatives: (A) Z-1a, c = 20 μM in H2O with 10% (v/v) DMSO, λex = 42...
Scheme 3: Photoswitching of hemi-indigo derivatives.
Figure 2: Absorption spectra of the Z-isomer (black), two photostationary states obtained upon irradiation wi...
Unexpected one-pot formation of the 1H-6a,8a-epiminotricyclopenta[a,c,e][8]annulene system from cyclopentanone, ammonia and dimethyl fumarate. Synthesis of highly strained polycyclic nitroxide and EPR study
- Sergey A. Dobrynin,
- Igor A. Kirilyuk,
- Yuri V. Gatilov,
- Andrey A. Kuzhelev,
- Olesya A. Krumkacheva,
- Matvey V. Fedin,
- Michael K. Bowman and
- Elena G. Bagryanskaya
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2664–2670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.259
- cyclopentanone and ammonia. The polycyclic amine product was then converted into a sterically shielded polycyclic nitroxide. Sterically hindered nitroxides have high chemical stability [5] and can be used as spin labels to study biopolymers in cells [6]. The introduction of spirocyclic moieties has a smaller
- effect on the reduction rates of nitroxides than does the introduction of linear alkyl substituents. However, spirocyclic nitroxides may have much longer spin relaxation times at 70–150 K which make them attractive agents for spin labeling [7][8][9]. Sterically hindered nitroxides can be used as spin
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of compound 1.
Figure 1: X-ray structure of compound 1 (one of the two enantiomers present in the crystal).
Scheme 2: Possible mechanism for the formation of 1.
Figure 2: A possible mechanism for the trans-position of the methyne hydrogens in the azepine ring: the elect...
Figure 3: Selective formation of a single diastereomer in the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of nitroxide 6.
Figure 4: X-ray structure of compound 6 (one of the two enantiomers present in the crystal).
Scheme 4: A proposed mechanism for nitroxide 6 synthesis.
Figure 5: A, B) Temperature dependence of the electron spin relaxation times in water/glycerol at X-band freq...
Regioselective Pd-catalyzed direct C1- and C2-arylations of lilolidine for the access to 5,6-dihydropyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline derivatives
- Hai-Yun Huang,
- Haoran Li,
- Thierry Roisnel,
- Jean-François Soulé and
- Henri Doucet
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2069–2075, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.204
- para-substituted aryl bromides, high regioselectivities in favor of the α-arylations were observed. The meta-substituted 3-bromoacetophenone and methyl 3-bromobenzoate also afforded the α-arylated lilolidines 10 and 11 with high regioselectivities. Conversely, with the more sterically hindered aryl
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of lilolidine, tivantinib and tarazepide.
Scheme 1: Access to α- and β-arylated lilolidine derivatives.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of α-arylated lilolidine derivatives.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of α,β-di(hetero)arylated lilolidine derivatives.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of α,β-diarylated lilolidine derivatives via successive direct arylations.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[a,c]pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazoles via successive direct arylations.
Synthesis of 1-azaspiro[4.4]nonan-1-oxyls via intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
- Yulia V. Khoroshunova,
- Denis A. Morozov,
- Andrey I. Taratayko,
- Polina D. Gladkikh,
- Yuri I. Glazachev and
- Igor A. Kirilyuk
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2036–2042, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.200
- 7c. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones to alkenes is known to be reversible [13][14]. We recently reported a similar reversibility of the intramolecular cyclization of sterically hindered pent-4-enylnitrone of the 2H-imidazole series [15]. Treatment with Zn in an AcOH/EtOH/EDTA/Na2 mixture was
- in the side chain, the hydroxymethyl group in 9a–c was protected via acylation. Heating of 9a–c with an excess of acetic anhydride in chloroform quantitatively afforded the corresponding esters 10a–c. The products of acylation of the sterically hindered amino group were not detected in the reaction
- general synthetic approach to sterically hindered spirocyclic nitroxides based on an intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in alkenylnitrones followed by isoxazolidine ring opening. The resulting asymmetric pyrrolidine nitroxides have unexpectedly high rates of reduction with ascorbate. These
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structure of nitroxide 1.
Scheme 1: The synthesis of aldonitrones 5a–c.
Scheme 2: The principal synthetic scheme for nitroxides 12a–c.
Scheme 3: A possible pathway of ketonitrone 7c self-transformations.
Scheme 4: Oxidation of aminoalcohol 9a.
Scheme 5: The synthesis of alkoxyamines 16a–c.
Scheme 6: The alkoxyamine 18 synthesis.
Scheme 7: A possible mechanism of nitroxide 17 formation.
Scheme 8: Optimisation of the synthesis of nitroxide 1.
Figure 2: Kinetics of the reduction of nitroxides 1 and 12a–c (0.3 mM) with ascorbate (50 mM) in 50 mM phosph...
Metal-free mechanochemical oxidations in Ertalyte® jars
- Andrea Porcheddu,
- Francesco Delogu,
- Lidia De Luca,
- Claudia Fattuoni and
- Evelina Colacino
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1786–1794, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.172
- 4-phenyl-2-butanol into benzylacetone in only 30 min (Scheme 6, ketone 11b). This protocol was successfully extended to other secondary alcohols to afford the corresponding ketones 11b–19b in high conversions and yields. The oxidation of sterically hindered secondary alcohols such as adamantan-2-ol
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Oxidation of 3-pheny-1-propanol (1a) with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) in the presence of (2,2,6,6-tet...
Scheme 2: Hypothesized pathways for the TEMPO-assisted oxidation of alcohols in a) basic or b) acidic reactio...
Scheme 3: TEMPO-assisted oxidation of 3-pheny-1-propanol (1a) under mechanical activation conditions. aPercen...
Scheme 4: Scope of primary alcohol oxidation under mechanical activation conditions. aAll yields refer to iso...
Scheme 5: Proposed mechanism for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols 6a and 7a under mechanochemical condition...
Scheme 6: Scope of secondary alcohols in the oxidation under mechanical activation conditions. aAll yields re...
Scheme 7: Possible mechanism for the TEMPO-mediated oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols by using NaOC...
Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage
- Gagandeep Kour Reen,
- Ashok Kumar and
- Pratibha Sharma
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165
- this methodology resulted in homocoupling of bromoalkynes. Among the examined Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts, Cu(OTf)2 was proven to be the optimal one. Both EW and EDGs were well tolerated except 2-amino-6-methylpyridine which might be sterically hindered due to methyl group at 6-position. The use of
- EDGs at p- and m-positions gave a higher yield than sterically hindered o-substituents and EWGs. Moreover, the absence of metal leaching as tested by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) demonstrated the heterogeneous nature of the used catalyst. Recently, a robust, ligand and additive-free
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Various drugs having IP nucleus.
Figure 2: Participation percentage of various TMs for the syntheses of IPs.
Scheme 1: CuI–NaHSO4·SiO2-catalyzed synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 2: Experimental examination of reaction conditions.
Scheme 3: One-pot tandem reaction for the synthesis of 2-haloimidazopyridines.
Scheme 4: Mechanistic scheme for the synthesis of 2-haloimidazopyridine.
Scheme 5: Copper-MOF-catalyzed three-component reaction (3-CR) for imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 6: Mechanism for copper-MOF-driven synthesis.
Scheme 7: Heterogeneous synthesis via titania-supported CuCl2.
Scheme 8: Mechanism involving oxidative C–H functionalization.
Scheme 9: Heterogeneous synthesis of IPs.
Scheme 10: One-pot regiospecific synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 11: Vinyl azide as an unprecedented substrate for imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 12: Radical pathway.
Scheme 13: Cu(I)-catalyzed transannulation approach for imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines.
Scheme 14: Plausible radical pathway for the synthesis of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines.
Scheme 15: A solvent-free domino reaction for imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 16: Cu-NPs-mediated synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 17: CuI-catalyzed synthesis of isoxazolylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 18: Functionalization of 4-bromo derivative via Sonogashira coupling reaction.
Scheme 19: A plausible reaction pathway.
Scheme 20: Cu(I)-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative C–H amidation reaction.
Scheme 21: One-pot synthetic reaction for imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine.
Scheme 22: Plausible reaction mechanism.
Scheme 23: Cu(OAc)2-promoted synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 24: Mechanism for aminomethylation/cycloisomerization of propiolates with imines.
Scheme 25: Three-component synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Figure 3: Scope of pyridin-2(1H)-ones and acetophenones.
Scheme 26: CuO NPS-promoted A3 coupling reaction.
Scheme 27: Cu(II)-catalyzed C–N bond formation reaction.
Scheme 28: Mechanism involving Chan–Lam/Ullmann coupling.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of formyl-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 30: A tandem sp3 C–H amination reaction.
Scheme 31: Probable mechanistic approach.
Scheme 32: Dual catalytic system for imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 33: Tentative mechanism.
Scheme 34: CuO/CuAl2O4/ᴅ-glucose-promoted 3-CCR.
Scheme 35: A tandem CuOx/OMS-2-based synthetic strategy.
Figure 4: Biomimetic catalytic oxidation in the presence of electron-transfer mediators (ETMs).
Scheme 36: Control experiment.
Scheme 37: Copper-catalyzed C(sp3)–H aminatin reaction.
Scheme 38: Reaction of secondary amines.
Scheme 39: Probable mechanistic pathway.
Scheme 40: Coupling reaction of α-azidoketones.
Scheme 41: Probable pathway.
Scheme 42: Probable mechanism with free energy calculations.
Scheme 43: MCR for cyanated IP synthesis.
Scheme 44: Substrate scope for the reaction.
Scheme 45: Reaction mechanism.
Scheme 46: Probable mechanistic pathway for Cu/ZnAl2O4-catalyzed reaction.
Scheme 47: Copper-catalyzed double oxidative C–H amination reaction.
Scheme 48: Application towards different coupling reactions.
Scheme 49: Reaction mechanism.
Scheme 50: Condensation–cyclization approach for the synthesis of 1,3-diarylated imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines.
Scheme 51: Optimized reaction conditions.
Scheme 52: One-pot 2-CR.
Scheme 53: One-pot 3-CR without the isolation of chalcone.
Scheme 54: Copper–Pybox-catalyzed cyclization reaction.
Scheme 55: Mechanistic pathway catalyzed by Cu–Pybox complex.
Scheme 56: Cu(II)-promoted C(sp3)-H amination reaction.
Scheme 57: Wider substrate applicability for the reaction.
Scheme 58: Plausible reaction mechanism.
Scheme 59: CuI assisted C–N cross-coupling reaction.
Scheme 60: Probable reaction mechanism involving sp3 C–H amination.
Scheme 61: One-pot MCR-catalyzed by CoFe2O4/CNT-Cu.
Scheme 62: Mechanistic pathway.
Scheme 63: Synthetic scheme for 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 64: Plausible mechanism for CuBr-catalyzed reaction.
Scheme 65: Regioselective synthesis of halo-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 66: Synthesis of 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 67: Synthesis of diarylated compounds.
Scheme 68: CuBr2-mediated one-pot two-component oxidative coupling reaction.
Scheme 69: Decarboxylative cyclization route to synthesize 1,3-diarylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridines.
Scheme 70: Mechanistic pathway.
Scheme 71: C–H functionalization reaction of enamines to produce diversified heterocycles.
Scheme 72: A plausible mechanism.
Scheme 73: CuI-promoted aerobic oxidative cyclization reaction of ketoxime acetates and pyridines.
Scheme 74: CuI-catalyzed pathway for the formation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine.
Scheme 75: Mechanistic pathway.
Scheme 76: Mechanistic rationale for the synthesis of products.
Scheme 77: Copper-catalyzed synthesis of vinyloxy-IP.
Scheme 78: Regioselective product formation with propiolates.
Scheme 79: Proposed mechanism for vinyloxy-IP formation.
Scheme 80: Regioselective synthesis of 3-hetero-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with different reaction su...
Scheme 81: Mechanistic pathway.
Scheme 82: CuI-mediated synthesis of 3-formylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 83: Radical pathway for 3-formylated IP synthesis.
Scheme 84: Pd-catalyzed urea-cyclization reaction for IPs.
Scheme 85: Pd-catalyzed one-pot-tandem amination and intramolecular amidation reaction.
Figure 5: Scope of aniline nucleophiles.
Scheme 86: Pd–Cu-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction.
Scheme 87: One-pot amide coupling reaction for the synthesis of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines.
Scheme 88: Urea cyclization reaction for the synthesis of two series of pyridines.
Scheme 89: Amidation reaction for the synthesis of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines.
Figure 6: Amide scope.
Scheme 90: Pd NPs-catalyzed 3-component reaction for the synthesis of 2,3-diarylated IPs.
Scheme 91: Plausible mechanistic pathway for Pd NPs-catalyzed MCR.
Scheme 92: Synthesis of chromenoannulated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 93: Mechanism for the synthesis of chromeno-annulated IPs.
Scheme 94: Zinc oxide NRs-catalyzed synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]azines/diazines.
Scheme 95: Zinc oxide-catalyzed isocyanide based GBB reaction.
Scheme 96: Reaction pathway for ZnO-catalyzed GBB reaction.
Scheme 97: Mechanistic pathway.
Scheme 98: ZnO NRs-catalyzed MCR for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]azines.
Scheme 99: Ugi type GBB three-component reaction.
Scheme 100: Magnetic NPs-catalyzed synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 101: Regioselective synthesis of 2-alkoxyimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines catalyzed by Fe-SBA-15.
Scheme 102: Plausible mechanistic pathway for the synthesis of 2-alkoxyimidazopyridine.
Scheme 103: Iron-catalyzed synthetic approach.
Scheme 104: Iron-catalyzed aminooxygenation reaction.
Scheme 105: Mechanistic pathway.
Scheme 106: Rh(III)-catalyzed double C–H activation of 2-substituted imidazoles and alkynes.
Scheme 107: Plausible reaction mechanism.
Scheme 108: Rh(III)-catalyzed non-aromatic C(sp2)–H bond activation–functionalization for the synthesis of imid...
Scheme 109: Reactivity and selectivity of different substrates.
Scheme 110: Rh-catalyzed direct C–H alkynylation by Li et al.
Scheme 111: Suggested radical mechanism.
Scheme 112: Scandium(III)triflate-catalyzed one-pot reaction and its mechanism for the synthesis of benzimidazo...
Scheme 113: RuCl3-assisted Ugi-type Groebke–Blackburn condensation reaction.
Scheme 114: C-3 aroylation via Ru-catalyzed two-component reaction.
Scheme 115: Regioselective synthetic mechanism.
Scheme 116: La(III)-catalyzed one-pot GBB reaction.
Scheme 117: Mechanistic approach for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 118: Synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine using LaMnO3 NPs under neat conditions.
Scheme 119: Mechanistic approach.
Scheme 120: One-pot 3-CR for regioselective synthesis of 2-alkoxy-3-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 121: Formation of two possible products under optimization of the catalysts.
Scheme 122: Mechanistic strategy for NiFe2O4-catalyzed reaction.
Scheme 123: Two-component reaction for synthesizing imidazodipyridiniums.
Scheme 124: Mechanistic scheme for the synthesis of imidazodipyridiniums.
Scheme 125: CuI-catalyzed arylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 126: Mechanism for arylation reaction.
Scheme 127: Cupric acetate-catalyzed double carbonylation approach.
Scheme 128: Radical mechanism for double carbonylation of IP.
Scheme 129: C–S bond formation reaction catalyzed by cupric acetate.
Scheme 130: Cupric acetate-catalyzed C-3 formylation approach.
Scheme 131: Control experiments for signifying the role of DMSO and oxygen.
Scheme 132: Mechanism pathway.
Scheme 133: Copper bromide-catalyzed CDC reaction.
Scheme 134: Extension of the substrate scope.
Scheme 135: Plausible radical pathway.
Scheme 136: Transannulation reaction for the synthesis of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines.
Scheme 137: Plausible reaction pathway for denitrogenative transannulation.
Scheme 138: Cupric acetate-catalyzed C-3 carbonylation reaction.
Scheme 139: Plausible mechanism for regioselective C-3 carbonylation.
Scheme 140: Alkynylation reaction at C-2 of 3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines.
Scheme 141: Two-way mechanism for C-2 alkynylation of 3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines.
Scheme 142: Palladium-catalyzed SCCR approach.
Scheme 143: Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction.
Scheme 144: Reaction mechanism.
Scheme 145: A phosphine free palladium-catalyzed synthesis of C-3 arylated imidazopyridines.
Scheme 146: Palladium-mediated Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling reaction.
Figure 7: Structure of the ligands optimized.
Scheme 147: Palladium acetate-catalyzed direct arylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 148: Palladium acetate-catalyzed mechanistic pathway.
Scheme 149: Palladium acetate-catalyzed regioselective arylation reported by Liu and Zhan.
Scheme 150: Mechanism for selective C-3 arylation of IP.
Scheme 151: Pd(II)-catalyzed alkenylation reaction with styrenes.
Scheme 152: Pd(II)-catalyzed alkenylation reaction with acrylates.
Scheme 153: A two way mechanism.
Scheme 154: Double C–H activation reaction catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2.
Scheme 155: Probable mechanism.
Scheme 156: Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling.
Scheme 157: Mechanistic cycle for decarboxylative arylation reaction.
Scheme 158: Ligand-free approach for arylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxylic acids.
Scheme 159: Mechanism for ligandless arylation reaction.
Scheme 160: NHC-Pd(II) complex assisted arylation reaction.
Scheme 161: C-3 arylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with aryl bromides catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2.
Scheme 162: Pd(II)-catalyzed C-3 arylations with aryl tosylates and mesylates.
Scheme 163: CDC reaction for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 164: Plausible reaction mechanism for Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 165: Pd-catalyzed C–H amination reaction.
Scheme 166: Mechanism for C–H amination reaction.
Scheme 167: One-pot synthesis for 3,6-di- or 2,3,6-tri(hetero)arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
Scheme 168: C–H/C–H cross-coupling reaction of IPs and azoles catalyzed by Pd(II).
Scheme 169: Mechanistic cycle.
Scheme 170: Rh-catalyzed C–H arylation reaction.
Scheme 171: Mechanistic pathway for C–H arylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine.
Scheme 172: Rh(III)-catalyzed double C–H activation of 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and alkynes.
Scheme 173: Rh(III)-catalyzed mechanistic pathway.
Scheme 174: Rh(III)-mediated oxidative coupling reaction.
Scheme 175: Reactions showing functionalization of the product obtained by the group of Kotla.
Scheme 176: Mechanism for Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative coupling reaction.
Scheme 177: Rh(III)-catalyzed C–H activation reaction.
Scheme 178: Mechanistic cycle.
Scheme 179: Annulation reactions of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and alkynes.
Scheme 180: Two-way reaction mechanism for annulations reaction.
Scheme 181: [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2-catalyzed C–C bond formation reaction.
Scheme 182: Reported reaction mechanism.
Scheme 183: Fe(III) catalyzed C-3 formylation approach.
Scheme 184: SET mechanism-catalyzed by Fe(III).
Scheme 185: Ni(dpp)Cl2-catalyzed KTC coupling.
Scheme 186: Pd-catalyzed SM coupling.
Scheme 187: Vanadium-catalyzed coupling of IP and NMO.
Scheme 188: Mechanistic cycle.
Scheme 189: Selective C3/C5–H bond functionalizations by mono and bimetallic systems.
Scheme 190: rGO-Ni@Pd-catalyzed C–H bond arylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine.
Scheme 191: Mechanistic pathway for heterogeneously catalyzed arylation reaction.
Scheme 192: Zinc triflate-catalyzed coupling reaction of substituted propargyl alcohols.
