Learning from B₁₂ enzymes: biomimetic and bioinspired catalysts for eco-friendly organic synthesis

• Keishiro Tahara,
• Ling Pan,
• Toshikazu Ono and
• Yoshio Hisaeda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2553–2567, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.232

• also described, with a focus on radical-involved reactions in terms of organic synthesis. Keywords: dehalogenation; electrolysis; green chemistry; heptamethyl cobyrinate; methyl transfer; 1,2-migration; photosensitizer; vitamin B12; Review 1. Introduction 1-1. Redox and coordination chemistry of B12

• catalytic reactions We deeply investigated the electrochemical catalytic reactions mediated by 1 and related complexes and succeeded in the functional simulations of MMCM-type 1,2-migration reactions [42]. For example, when 2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-bromopropane was selected as a model substrate, the 1,2

• -migration of carboylic ester (80%) and some simple reduction product (20%) were obtained under controlled-potential electrolysis at −2.0 V vs SCE in the presence of catalyst 1 in DMF (Scheme 1b) [54]. There were different ratios for the simple reduced product and the ester-migrated product, depending on the

Comparative cell biological study of in vitro antitumor and antimetastatic activity on melanoma cells of GnRH-III-containing conjugates modified with short-chain fatty acids

• Eszter Lajkó,
• Sarah Spring,
• Rózsa Hegedüs,
• Beáta Biri-Kovács,
• Sven Ingebrandt,
• Gábor Mező and
• László Kőhidai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2495–2509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.226

• -targeting by application of a GnRH analog as a carrier to deliver a covalently linked chemotherapeutic drug directly to the tumor cells. In this study our aim was (i) to analyze the effects of GnRH-drug conjugates on melanoma cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, (ii) to study the mechanisms of tumor

• effect of a drug-containing GnRH conjugate (AN-207) clearly indicated that GnRH-R receptors are suitable for targeted tumor therapy [24][26]. Besides the well-established antitumor activity of GnRH variants (e.g., goserelin), their negative effects on tumor cell migration and invasion have been also

• activity but also modulatory effects on cell adhesion and migration of melanoma cells. In our present work the effects of 3 Dau-GnRH-III conjugates – those carrying 4Lys with acetyl or butyryl side chain a “second drug” ([4Lys(Ac)]-GnRH-III(Dau=Aoa), [4Lys(Bu)]-GnRH-III(Dau=Aoa)) and the parent conjugate

Cobalt- and rhodium-catalyzed carboxylation using carbon dioxide as the C1 source

• Tetsuaki Fujihara and
• Yasushi Tsuji

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2435–2460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.221

• metal occurs, and the alkenylzinc intermediate E is subsequently obtained, along with the regeneration of Co(I) species A (step d). After 1,4-migration of zinc in E, product 19 is obtained (step e). Visible-light-driven hydrocarboxylation of alkynes The Use of photoenergy to organic synthesis is of

A switchable [2]rotaxane with two active alkenyl groups

• Xiu-Li Zheng,
• Rong-Rong Tao,
• Rui-Rui Gu,
• Wen-Zhi Wang and
• Da-Hui Qu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2074–2081, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.181

• slightly downfield (ΔδH11 = 0.05 ppm and Δδ10 = 0.19 ppm) due to the deprotonation of the R2NH2+ and the migration of macrocycle. At the same time, the peaks for the protons around the amide site changed, for H4, H5, H6 with ΔδH4 = −0.26 ppm, ΔδH5 = −0.14 ppm and ΔδH6 = −0.09 ppm, respectively and H3 with

Cationic cobalt-catalyzed [1,3]-rearrangement of N-alkoxycarbonyloxyanilines

• Itaru Nakamura,
• Mao Owada,
• Takeru Jo and
• Masahiro Terada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1972–1979, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.172

• furnished through direct C–O bond formation at the para-position through ionic cleavage of the N–O bond by cationic Ru(III) as a much stronger Lewis acid, while it is also possible that the second migration of the alkoxycarbonyloxy group from ortho to para occurs prior to proton transfer (Scheme 5b) [25

Synthesis of new tricyclic 5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[b][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine derivatives by [3⁺ + 2]-cycloaddition/rearrangement reactions

• Lin-bo Luan,
• Zi-jie Song,
• Zhi-ming Li and
• Quan-rui Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1826–1833, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.155

• followed by a ring-expansion rearrangement. In the rearrangement reaction, the phenyl substituent in the initially formed spiro-triazolium adducts 16 underwent a [1,2]-migration from C(3) to the electron-deficient N(2). This led to the ring expansion from 6-membered piperidine to 7-membered diazepine

• products. This rearrangement falls into the uncommon class of migration of a substituent from a carbon atom to an electron-deficient nitrogen atom [50]. The assignment of the structures for all of 5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[b][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepinium salts 10 and the free base counterparts 13 was

Glycosylation reactions mediated by hypervalent iodine: application to the synthesis of nucleosides and carbohydrates

• Yuichi Yoshimura,
• Hideaki Wakamatsu,
• Yoshihiro Natori,
• Yukako Saito and
• Noriaki Minakawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1595–1618, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.137

• glycosylation with glycals. Rationale for the intramolecular migration of the amino acid unit. Synthesis of 4’-thioDMDC. Synthesis of 4’-thioribonucleosides by Minakawa and Matsuda. Synthesis of 4’-thioribonucleosides by Yoshimura. Oxidative glycosylation of 4-thioribose mediated by hypervalent iodine

[3 + 2]-Cycloaddition reaction of sydnones with alkynes

• Veronika Hladíková,
• Jiří Váňa and
• Jiří Hanusek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1317–1348, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.113

• absence of light. Depending on the temperature, a new reaction pathway involving benzylic group migration, CO2 extrusion and final cycloaddition was proposed (Scheme 4). Kinetics and mechanism of thermal cycloaddition The kinetics and reaction mechanism of the thermal cycloaddition between 4-methyl-3

Atom-economical group-transfer reactions with hypervalent iodine compounds

• Andreas Boelke,
• Peter Finkbeiner and
• Boris J. Nachtsheim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1263–1280, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.108

• ) [44]. The reaction presumably proceeds via an ortho-addition of the λ3-iodane 20b, followed by an iodine-to-oxygen 1,3-aryl migration via a concerted mechanism through the five-membered intermediate TS2 to afford the corresponding diaryl ether 24. A mechanistically similar ortho-iodination/O-arylation

• the stable N-arylated intermediate B via an iodine-to-nitrogen 1,3-phenyl migration. An equilibrium with its enol form B’ is proposed, which affords the aromatization product 28 via H-shift to intermediate C and subsequent dehydroiodination under basic conditions. Although the iodine atom is not

A survey of chiral hypervalent iodine reagents in asymmetric synthesis

• Soumen Ghosh,
• Suman Pradhan and
• Indranil Chatterjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1244–1262, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.107

•  16, upper part) [57][58]. The reaction proceeds via the formation of the phenyliodinate intermediate 82 followed by a stereoselective 1,2-aryl migration. Elegantly, they utilized the 1,2-aryl migration approach to develop an enantioselective oxidative rearrangement of 1,1-disubstituted olefins 83

On the design principles of peptide–drug conjugates for targeted drug delivery to the malignant tumor site

• Eirinaios I. Vrettos,
• Gábor Mező and
• Andreas G. Tzakos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 930–954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.80

• general, the ‘integrin’ nomenclature was first used in 1987 to describe a family of receptors, appearing as heterodimers of noncovalently associated α and β subunits, able to link the extracellular matrix (ECM) with the intracellular cytoskeleton to mediate cell adhesion, migration and proliferation [42

• carcinogenesis is highly dependent on migration, invasion and angiogenesis renders integrins important anticancer targets. Integrin αvβ3 is an important factor in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis [45], two common characteristics of cancer that discriminates it from other diseases. Notably, integrin αvβ3 (also

Development of novel cyclic NGR peptide–daunomycin conjugates with dual targeting property

• Andrea Angelo Pierluigi Tripodi,
• Szilárd Tóth,
• Kata Nóra Enyedi,
• Gitta Schlosser,
• Gergely Szakács and
• Gábor Mező

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 911–918, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.78

• zinc-dependent metalloprotease that functions in cell proliferation, cell migration and angiogenesis [1][3][4]. However, it is known that the Asn-Gly moiety is subject to Asn deamidation through succinimide formation leading to isoaspartic acid (isoAsp, isoD) and aspartic acid derivatives usually in a

Volatiles from three genome sequenced fungi from the genus Aspergillus

• Jeroen S. Dickschat,
• Ersin Celik and
• Nelson L. Brock

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 900–910, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.77

• alternative to a previously suggested cyclisation of A to a less stable secondary cation, followed by 1,4-hydride migration to yield the same intermediate F [36]. Again, the dihydrobenzene derivative H is not observed, but instead its autoxidation product 14 is detected. Finally, the main product 15 arises

Phosphodiester models for cleavage of nucleic acids

• Satu Mikkola,
• Tuomas Lönnberg and
• Harri Lönnberg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 803–837, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.68

• stabilizing a rotamer that favors intramolecular attack of the neighboring hydroxy function on phosphorus, while this kind of acceleration evidently plays a minor role, if any, with ribonucleoside 3´-phosphodiesters. Finally, phosphate migration in 1 takes place between a primary and secondary hydroxy group

One-pot preparation of 4-aryl-3-bromocoumarins from 4-aryl-2-propynoic acids with diaryliodonium salts, TBAB, and Na₂S₂O₈

• Teppei Sasaki,
• Katsuhiko Moriyama and
• Hideo Togo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 345–353, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.22

• -alkynoates with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) at rt [34], where those reactions proceed via radical spiro-cyclization and then radical 1,2-carboxyl group migration, were reported. On the other hand, diaryliodonium salts are very useful for the C-arylation of active CH groups, the O-arylation of OH groups, and the

• deprotonation of cation intermediate V occurs to generate 4-aryl-3-bromocoumarin 3 (2nd step). The radical ipso-cyclization of the formed vinyl radical and its 1,2-carboxyl group migration agree with previously reported results [31][32][33][34]. Conclusion The successive treatment of 3-aryl-2-propynoic acids

Volatiles from the tropical ascomycete Daldinia clavata (Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales)

• Tao Wang,
• Kathrin I. Mohr,
• Marc Stadler and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 135–147, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.9

• with DIBAl-H to 26 that was converted into the epoxide 27a by Sharpless epoxidation with (+)-L-DET. Treatment with TBSOTf and Hünig’s base resulted in opening of the epoxide with concomitant hydride migration to yield 28a. The stereochemical course for this reaction has been reported by Jung and

Aminosugar-based immunomodulator lipid A: synthetic approaches

• Alla Zamyatina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 25–53, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.3

• performed by treatment with Pd(PPh3)4 in the presence of formic acid and butylamine to provide 3’-OH – containing precursor ready for the acylation by the long-chain acyloxyacyl acid. To avoid migration of the phosphotriester group from position 4’ to position 3’ and the formation of the acyloxy-chain

• migration and/or elimination of the secondary acyl chain. TfOH-mediated 1,2-trans glycosylation smoothly provided β(1→6)-linked diglucosamine, the free OH group in position 3 was protected as Alloc carbonate and the benzylidene acetal protecting group was regioselectively reductively opened to furnish 6’-O

CF₃SO₂X (X = Na, Cl) as reagents for trifluoromethylation, trifluoromethylsulfenyl-, -sulfinyl- and -sulfonylation and chlorination. Part 2: Use of CF₃SO₂Cl

• Hélène Chachignon,
• Hélène Guyon and
• Dominique Cahard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2800–2818, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.273

• most widely described type of reactions in which CF3SO2Cl and molecules carrying a C=C double bond are involved are actually cascade reactions that include a cyclisation or a group migration step. In this context, the acrylamide motif was a notably popular object of research, and served in several

• species 7 then underwent an aryl migration/desulfonylation cascade reaction to furnish intermediate 8. In the case of an aryl substituted substrate, this nitrogen radical being stabilised, it directly performed an hydrogen abstraction on acetonitrile to lead to the corresponding α-aryl-β-trifluoromethyl

• -cyanotrifluoromethylations [22] of alkenes under photoredox catalysis. These reactions proceeded through a formyl or a cyano group migration triggered by the addition of the trifluoromethyl radical onto the alkene moiety. Both methodologies were developed using Togni’s hypervalent iodine reagent as the CF3 source, but it

CF₃SO₂X (X = Na, Cl) as reagents for trifluoromethylation, trifluoromethylsulfenyl-, -sulfinyl- and -sulfonylation. Part 1: Use of CF₃SO₂Na

• Hélène Guyon,
• Hélène Chachignon and
• Dominique Cahard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2764–2799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.272

• Scheme 10. β-Trifluoromethyl ketones could also be obtained from allylic alcohols 25 by a cascade trifluoromethylation/1,2-aryl migration. Yang, Xia and co-workers employed sodium triflinate under metal-free conditions with ammonium persulfate as the oxidant that was necessary to generate the CF3 radical

• difunctionalisation of unactivated alkenes with CF3SO2Na and an heteroaryl group in which the heteroarylation was realised by a distal heteroaryl ipso-migration was provided in 2017 by Zhu and co-workers (Scheme 32) [54]. A variety of nitrogen containing heteroaryl groups showcased the migratory aptitude selectively

Binding abilities of polyaminocyclodextrins: polarimetric investigations and biological assays

• Marco Russo,
• Daniele La Corte,
• Annalisa Pisciotta,
• Serena Riela,
• Rosa Alduina and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2751–2763, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.271

• with more appropriate N/P ratios (Figure 8b). The results obtained indicate that CD1 has the best binding abilities towards pDNA with respect to CD2 and CD3 (pDNA lacks migration in the gel due to AmCD binding). In fact, CD1 bound the supercoiled conformation of pDNA almost completely at N/P 16.5 and

• the linear one at 38.5. Both, CD2 and CD3 bound the supercoiled conformation of pDNA almost completely at N/P 49.5, the linear one at 38.5 and 27.5, respectively. The lack of RNA migration occurred at N/P 16.5, 27.5 and 16.5 for CD1, CD2 and CD3, respectively. The minimum N/P ratios for complete

Ring-size-selective construction of fluorine-containing carbocycles via intramolecular iodoarylation of 1,1-difluoro-1-alkenes

• Takeshi Fujita,
• Ryo Kinoshita,
• Tsuyoshi Takanohashi,
• Naoto Suzuki and
• Junji Ichikawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2682–2689, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.266

• elimination from 2a, 1,2-migration of the phenyl group, and deprotonation, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting doubly activated benzylic difluoromethylene unit (Scheme 2). Neither a combination of bis(pyridine)iodonium (IPy2BF4) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid nor a combination of I2 and silver(I

Rh(II)-mediated domino [4 + 1]-annulation of α-cyanothioacetamides using diazoesters: A new entry for the synthesis of multisubstituted thiophenes

• Jury J. Medvedev,
• Ilya V. Efimov,
• Yuri M. Shafran,
• Vitaliy V. Suslonov,
• Vasiliy A. Bakulev and
• Valerij A. Nikolaev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2569–2576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.253

• -migration of the alkoxycarbonyl moiety to produce the corresponding thiophenes. These reactions represent a new facile one-pot preparative method for the synthesis of 2,4-(diamino)thiophenes from the available reagents. The known findings on the synthesis of (diamino)thiophenes are limited to several

Fluorination of some highly functionalized cycloalkanes: chemoselectivity and substrate dependence

• Attila Márió Remete,
• Melinda Nonn,
• Santos Fustero,
• Matti Haukka,
• Ferenc Fülöp and
• Loránd Kiss

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2364–2371, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.233

• ), followed by oxazine-ring opening through olefinic-bond migration (T10) then gives the highly conjugated amino acid ester (±)-11 (Scheme 5). Noteworthy, the presence of DBU in the experiment of (±)-8 with Deoxofluor did not have a significant effect on the ratio of the products. However, in the presence of

• as the expected product, with the ring N-atom in the β-position to the ester group and compound (±)-23, having the N-atom in the γ-position relative to the carboxylate. The latter being formed by N-migration, through an aziridinium ion opening reaction with fluoride. Finally, the fluorination

Solvent-free copper-catalyzed click chemistry for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic hybrids based on quinoline and 1,2,3-triazole

• Martina Tireli,
• Silvija Maračić,
• Stipe Lukin,
• Marina Juribašić Kulcsár,
• Dijana Žilić,
• Mario Cetina,
• Ivan Halasz,
• Silvana Raić-Malić and
• Krunoslav Užarević

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2352–2363, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.232

• constituent of compounds with diverse applications, some of which display potent cytostatic activity through different mechanisms of action such as DNA intercalation, apoptosis, abrogation of cell migration, inhibition of angiogenesis and disregulation of nuclear receptor signaling [34][35]. Moreover, it was

Homologated amino acids with three vicinal fluorines positioned along the backbone: development of a stereoselective synthesis

• Raju Cheerlavancha,
• Ahmed Ahmed,
• Yun Cheuk Leung,
• Aggie Lawer,
• Qing-Quan Liu,
• Marina Cagnes,
• Hee-Chan Jang,
• Xiang-Guo Hu and
• Luke Hunter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.228

• clear evidence that a gem-difluorinated compound had also formed: presumably this was compound 34 arising through neighbouring group participation and migration of the phenyl group [38]. A similar problem was encountered in the synthesis of α,β-difluorinated-γ-amino acids (e.g., 5, Figure 1), which was