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Search for "formaldehyde" in Full Text gives 162 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Lithium phosphonate umpolung catalysts: Do fluoro substituents increase the catalytic activity?
- Anca Gliga,
- Bernd Goldfuss and
- Jörg M. Neudörfl
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1189–1197, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.138
- ). The synthesis of diol 1 was conducted by an ortho lithiation of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-phenylpropan-2-ol and subsequent addition of the in situ generated carbanion to formaldehyde. For comparison, a nonfluorinated diol precursor 2 was synthesized. Diol 3 was used as the precursor to investigate the
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Proposed catalytic cycle of the lithium phosphonate catalyzed cross benzoin coupling [18].
Scheme 2: Phosphonate as precatalysts in benzoin coupling [18,26].
Scheme 3: Synthesis of diols 1–4, 6–7; diol 5 is commercially available.
Figure 1: X-ray crystal structure of 6. (M)-(S,S) and (P)-(R,R) pair of enantiomers; intermolecular O1–O2 dis...
Figure 2: X-ray crystal structure of 7. (M)-(S,S) and (P)-(R,R) pair of enantiomers; intermolecular O1–O2 dis...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of phosphonates 9–15.
Figure 3: 31P NMR of phosphonate 14 (a) and 15 (b).
Figure 4: X-ray crystal structure of 15. (M)-(R,S) diastereomer; ellipsoids correspond to 50% probability lev...
Scheme 5: Lithium phosphonate catalysts in cross benzoin coupling.
Figure 5: Phosphonate precatalysts 9–15 in cross benzoin coupling.
An overview of the key routes to the best selling 5-membered ring heterocyclic pharmaceuticals
- Marcus Baumann,
- Ian R. Baxendale,
- Steven V. Ley and
- Nikzad Nikbin
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 442–495, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.57
- formaldehyde as by-products [15]. Another possible approach is based on the direct displacement of a benzylic chloride by sodium sulfite and subsequent sulfonamide formation as shown in Scheme 13 [16]. A more recent method utilises a palladium-catalysed Negishi coupling to access a diverse library of benzylic
- of the imidazole 162 also forms the dichlorination product 164 (as shown in Scheme 33) with formaldehyde as a by-product which proved difficult to suppress and made purification of the reaction mixture problematic. Hence, a sequence involving silyl protection, chlorination and deprotection was
- introduced via a Friedel–Crafts/Mannich-type alkylation starting either from formaldehyde and dimethylamine or 2,2-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylacetamide (Scheme 45). In a recent study a more straightforward and general copper-catalysed three component coupling leading to imidazopyridines has been reported [69
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of atorvastatin and other commercial statins.
Figure 2: Structure of compactin.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of pentasubstituted pyrroles.
Scheme 2: [3 + 2] Cycloaddition to prepare 5-isopropylpyrroles.
Scheme 3: Regiospecific [3 + 2] cycloaddition to prepare the pyrrole scaffold.
Scheme 4: Formation of the pyrrole core of atorvastatin via [3 + 2] cycloaddition.
Scheme 5: Formation of pyrrole 33 via the Paal–Knorr reaction.
Scheme 6: Convergent synthesis towards atorvastatin.
Figure 3: Binding pocket of sunitinib in the TRK KIT.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of sunitinib.
Scheme 8: Alternative synthesis of sunitinib.
Scheme 9: Key steps in the syntheses of sumatriptan and zolmitriptan.
Scheme 10: Introduction of the N,N-dimethylaminoethyl side chain.
Scheme 11: Japp–Klingemann reaction in the synthesis of sumatriptan.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of the intermediate sulfonyl chlorides 62 and 63.
Scheme 13: Alternative introduction of the sulfonamide.
Scheme 14: Negishi-type coupling to benzylic sulfonamides.
Scheme 15: Heck reaction used to introduce the sulfonamide side chain of naratriptan.
Scheme 16: Synthesis of the oxazolinone appendage of zolmitriptan.
Scheme 17: Grandberg indole synthesis used in the preparation of rizatriptan.
Scheme 18: Improved synthesis of rizatriptan.
Scheme 19: Larock-type synthesis of rizatriptan.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of eletriptan.
Scheme 21: Heck coupling for the indole system in eletriptan.
Scheme 22: Attempted Fischer indole synthesis of elatriptan.
Scheme 23: Successful Fischer indole synthesis for eletriptan.
Scheme 24: Mechanistic rationale for the Bischler–Möhlau reaction.
Scheme 25: Bischler-type indole synthesis used in the fluvastatin sodium synthesis.
Scheme 26: Palladium-mediated synthesis of ondansetron.
Scheme 27: Fischer indole synthesis of ondansetron.
Scheme 28: Optimised Pictet–Spengler reaction towards tadalafil.
Figure 4: Structures of carvedilol 136 and propranolol 137.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of the carbazole core of carvedilol.
Scheme 30: Alternative syntheses of 4-hydroxy-9H-carbazole.
Scheme 31: Convergent synthesis of etodolac.
Scheme 32: Alternative synthesis of etodolac.
Figure 5: Structures of imidazole-containing drugs.
Scheme 33: Synthesis of functionalised imidazoles towards losartan.
Scheme 34: Direct synthesis of the chlorinated imidazole in losartan.
Scheme 35: Synthesis of trisubstituted imidazoles.
Scheme 36: Preparation of the imidazole ring in olmesartan.
Scheme 37: Synthesis of ondansetron.
Scheme 38: Alternative route to ondansetron and its analogues.
Scheme 39: Proton pump inhibitors and synthesis of esomeprazole.
Scheme 40: Synthesis of benzimidazole core pantoprazole.
Figure 6: Structure of rabeprazole 194.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of candesartan.
Scheme 42: Alternative access to the candesartan key intermediate 216.
Scheme 43: .Medicinal chemistry route to telmisartan.
Scheme 44: Improved synthesis of telmisartan.
Scheme 45: Synthesis of zolpidem.
Scheme 46: Copper-catalysed 3-component coupling towards zolpidem.
Figure 7: Structure of celecoxib.
Scheme 47: Preparation of celecoxib.
Scheme 48: Alternative synthesis of celecoxib.
Scheme 49: Regioselective access to celecoxib.
Scheme 50: Synthesis of pazopanib.
Scheme 51: Syntheses of anastrozole, rizatriptan and letrozole.
Scheme 52: Regioselective synthesis of anastrozole.
Scheme 53: Triazine-mediated triazole formation towards anastrozole.
Scheme 54: Alternative routes to 1,2,4-triazoles.
Scheme 55: Initial synthetic route to sitagliptin.
Figure 8: Binding of sitagliptin within DPP-IV.
Scheme 56: The process route to sitagliptin key intermediate 280.
Scheme 57: Synthesis of maraviroc.
Scheme 58: Synthesis of alprazolam.
Scheme 59: The use of N-nitrosoamidine derivatives in the preparation of fused benzodiazepines.
Figure 9: Structures of itraconazole, ravuconazole and voriconazole.
Scheme 60: Synthesis of itraconazole.
Scheme 61: Synthesis of rufinamide.
Scheme 62: Representative tetrazole formation in valsartan.
Figure 10: Structure of tetrazole containing olmesartan, candesartan and irbesartan.
Scheme 63: Early stage introduction of the tetrazole in losartan.
Scheme 64: Synthesis of cilostazol.
Figure 11: Structure of cefdinir.
Scheme 65: Semi-synthesis of cefdinir.
Scheme 66: Thiazole syntheses towards ritonavir.
Scheme 67: Synthesis towards pramipexole.
Scheme 68: Alternative route to pramipexole.
Scheme 69: Synthesis of famotidine.
Scheme 70: Efficient synthesis of the hyperuricemic febuxostat.
Scheme 71: Synthesis of ziprasidone.
Figure 12: Structure of mometasone.
Scheme 72: Industrial access to 2-furoic acid present in mometasone.
Scheme 73: Synthesis of ranitidine from furfuryl alcohol.
Scheme 74: Synthesis of nitrofurantoin.
Scheme 75: Synthesis of benzofuran.
Scheme 76: Synthesis of amiodarone.
Scheme 77: Synthesis of raloxifene.
Scheme 78: Alternative access to the benzo[b]thiophene core of raloxifene.
Scheme 79: Gewald reaction in the synthesis of olanzapine.
Scheme 80: Alternative synthesis of olanzapine.
Figure 13: Access to simple thiophene-containing drugs.
Scheme 81: Synthesis of clopidogrel.
Scheme 82: Pictet–Spengler reaction in the preparation of tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine (422).
Scheme 83: Alternative synthesis of key intermediate 422.
Figure 14: Co-crystal structures of timolol (left) and carazolol (right) in the β-adrenergic receptor.
Scheme 84: Synthesis of timolol.
Scheme 85: Synthesis of tizanidine 440.
Scheme 86: Synthesis of leflunomide.
Scheme 87: Synthesis of sulfamethoxazole.
Scheme 88: Synthesis of risperidone.
Figure 15: Relative abundance of selected transformations.
Figure 16: The abundance of heterocycles within top 200 drugs (5-membered rings).
The cross-metathesis of methyl oleate with cis-2-butene-1,4-diyl diacetate and the influence of protecting groups
- Arno Behr and
- Jessica Pérez Gomes
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.1
- synthesised by the catalytic reaction of 1,3-butadiene with acetic acid on a large scale. The classical preparative method for 1,4-butanediol is the copper catalysed reaction of acetylene with formaldehyde and subsequent hydrogenation of the intermediate [23]. Currently, the symmetric acylated substrate 2 is
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Cross-metathesis of methyl oleate (1) with cis-2-butene-1,4-diyl diacetate (2) and the self-metathe...
Figure 1: The ruthenium metathesis catalysts used. (SIMes: 1,3-bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazo...
ROMP-Derived cyclooctene-based monolithic polymeric materials reinforced with inorganic nanoparticles for applications in tissue engineering
- Franziska Weichelt,
- Solvig Lenz,
- Stefanie Tiede,
- Ingrid Reinhardt,
- Bernhard Frerich and
- Michael R. Buchmeiser
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1199–1205, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.137
- third passage hATSC of three individuals were pooled for the experiment and seeded onto the discs at a density of 20,000 cells per cm². After 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days of culture, the discs were harvested and fixed in 4 wt % formaldehyde in PBS (phophate buffered saline, Serva, Heidelberg, Germany) for
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Nanoscale HAp: calcium phosphate hydroxide (Ca5(PO4)3OH) as evidenced by XRD measurements (a), SEM ...
Scheme 1: ROMP-based synthesis of cis-5-cyclooctene-trans-1,2-diol based polymeric monolithic scaffolds.
Figure 2: (a) Cell growth of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Each data point is the average of 12...
Intramolecular hydroxycarbene C–H-insertion: The curious case of (o-methoxyphenyl)hydroxycarbene
- Dennis Gerbig,
- David Ley,
- Hans Peter Reisenauer and
- Peter R. Schreiner
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1061–1069, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.121
- surprisingly, several hydroxycarbenes exhibit remarkable [1,2]H-tunneling under cryogenic conditions in solid noble gas matrices, even at temperatures as low as 11 K: Hydroxymethylene (1) [13] and phenylhydroxycarbene (3) [14] yield formaldehyde (2) and benzaldehyde (4), respectively, as a result of facile
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Unimolecular reactivity of hydroxycarbenes under cryogenic conditions: [1,2]H-Tunneling of 1 and 3 (...
Scheme 2: A selection of heterocarbenes that undergo intramolecular C–H insertions.
Scheme 3: Attempted generation of 5 and d-5 as well as their corresponding insertion products.
Scheme 4: Proposed mechanism for the generation of 8 and 9. The [1,2]H-tunneling process apparently cannot co...
Figure 1: Unmodified matrix IR spectrum (Ar, 11 K) of the pyrolysis (600 °C) of 5. Traces of 9 are indicated ...
Figure 2: Unmodified matrix IR spectrum (Ar, 11 K) of the pyrolysis (600 °C) of d-5. Traces of 9 are indicate...
Scheme 5: Decay of the 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-ol molecular radical cation (8+•).
Scheme 6: Attempted generation of 12 and the actual pyrolysis product 11.
Scheme 7: Unanticipated reaction of 6 upon heating in xylenes.
Scheme 8: Potential energy hypersurface of (o-methoxyphenyl)hydroxycarbene (5) (not drawn to scale; ZPVE incl...
Scheme 9: Acid-catalyzed generation of 7 by unreacted 6.
Novel 2-(ω-phosphonooxy-2-oxaalkyl)acrylate monomers for self-etching self-priming one part adhesive
- Joachim E. Klee and
- Uwe Lehmann
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 766–772, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.95
- acrylate and formaldehyde, and subsequent etherification of the obtained product with diols and phosphorylation using POCl3. The polymerization enthalpy of 2-(ω-phosphonooxy-2-oxaalkyl)acrylates 3 as measured by DSC ranges from −29 to −53 kJ·mol−1. The shear bond strength of adhesive compositions 4
- , comprising of phosphoric acid ester moieties, were synthesized via a three step synthesis via Baylis–Hillman reaction of ethyl acrylate and formaldehyde, and subsequent etherification of the obtained product with diols and phosphorylation using POCl3 (Scheme 1, Table 1). The double bonds in 3 are evident in
- -phosphonooxy-2-oxaalkyl)acrylate monomers 3 with phosphoric acid moieties and alkyl as well as oxyalkyl spacers were synthesized in three steps via Baylis–Hillman reaction of ethyl acrylate and formaldehyde, and subsequent etherification of the obtained product with diols and phosphorylation using POCl3. The
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of novel ethyl 2-(ω-phosphonooxy-2-oxaalkyl)acrylates 3.
Figure 1: Adhesion of an adhesive composition 4, comprising of polymerizable acids 3, on enamel and dentin.
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
Comparison of zwitterionic N-alkylaminomethanesulfonic acids to related compounds in the Good buffer series
- Robert D. Long,
- Newton P. Hilliard Jr,
- Suneel A. Chhatre,
- Tatiana V. Timofeeva,
- Andrey A. Yakovenko,
- Daniel K. Dei and
- Enoch A. Mensah
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 31, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.31
- were synthesized in aqueous solution by reaction of primary or secondary amines with formaldehyde/sodium hydrogensulfite addition compound. The pKa values of the ammonium ions of this series of compounds (compared to existing Good buffers) was found to correlate well with the length of the carbon chain
- approach previously reported in the literature for the specific synthesis of aminomethanesulfonates. In this approach amines are reacted with the product of addition of sodium hydrogensulfite to formaldehyde [9][10]. The sodium hydrogensulfite/formaldehyde addition product 7 (sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate
- solution titrimetry (min. 5 repetitions from low to high, then high to low pH) using standardized NaOH and HCl solutions. General synthetic procedure The compounds were prepared by dissolving 0.200 mol (26.8 g) of sodium hydrogensulfite-formaldehyde addition product in 250 mL deionized water in a 500 mL
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of some currently available Good buffers (and their reported pKa values) for the low end o...
Figure 2: Aminomethanesulfonic acids in this study and their proposed acronyms.
Figure 3: Possible ionization states of 1.
Scheme 1: Routes reported previously for the synthesis of Good buffers.
Scheme 2: Synthetic routes investigated.
Figure 4: Crystal structure of HEPMS 2 with displacement ellipsoids at the 30% probability level.
Figure 5: Hydrogen bonded molecular ribbon in solid phase 2 along [101].
A short synthesis of (±)-cherylline dimethyl ether
- Bhima Y. Kale,
- Ananta D. Shinde,
- Swapnil S. Sonar,
- Bapurao B. Shingate,
- Sanjeev Kumar,
- Samir Ghosh,
- Soodamani Venugopal and
- Murlidhar S. Shingare
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 80, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.80
- moderate yield. Immediate reduction of the isocyanate 10 by lithium aluminium hydride in tetrahydrofuran gave N-methylamine 6 in 90% yield. The crude amine 6, on Pictet–Spengler reaction with formaldehyde in acetic acid, gave (±)-cherylline dimethyl ether [15] 5 in 45% yield. In short, we have devised a
- ). A mixture of 6 (2.0 g, 0.006 mol), formaldehyde (0.64 g, 0.007 mol) and acetic acid (5 mL) was stirred at 90 °C under nitrogen atmosphere for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was basified using saturated NaHCO3 solution. This basified solution was extracted ethyl acetate
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Scheme 1: Retrosynthetic analysis of 5.
Scheme 2: (a) 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene, TFA, reflux, 3 h, 90%; (b) DIBAL-H, CH2Cl2, −78 °C, 3 h, 65%; (c) (i) NaN3...
An expedient synthesis of 5-n-alkylresorcinols and novel 5-n-alkylresorcinol haptens
- Kirsti Parikka and
- Kristiina Wähälä
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 22, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.22
- preparation of stilbenes from benzyltriphenylphosphonium salts and aryl aldehydes [30][31] and also include reactions of stabilized ylids with aryl aldehydes or short alkyl chain alkanals [32][33][34][35][36] and the preparation of o- and p-nitrostyrenes from the highly reactive formaldehyde [37]. To provide
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: 5-n-Alkylresorcinols 1 and new hapten derivatives 2.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of AR derivatives and haptens. a) sealed vessel: MW, 0.1M K2CO3, 100–150°C, 100–150 W, 4–...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of 5-n-AR and haptens. a) PPh3, toluene, reflux, 79–87%; b) open vessel: MW, DMSO/H2O 10:...
Synthesis of methylenebisamides using CC- or DCMT- activated DMSO
- Qiang Wang,
- Lili Sun,
- Yu Jiang and
- Chunbao Li
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 51, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.51
- ], hexamethylenetetramine [21] or activated DMSO [6], or by the reaction of nitriles with formaldehyde [22] or activated sulfoxides [23]. However, each method has certain limitations with regards to scope and reaction conditions, for example, longer reaction time [20], lower yield [6], purification problems [21][23] and
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of N,N′-methylenedibenzamide using CC-activated DMSO.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of N,N′-methylenebisamide using CC-activated DMSO.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of N,N′-methylenedibenzamide using DCMT-activated DMSO.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of N,N′-methylenebisamide using DCMT-activated DMSO.
Scheme 5: Plausible reaction mechanism of amide with CC- or DCMT-activated DMSO.
Expedient syntheses of the N-heterocyclic carbene precursor imidazolium salts IPr·HCl, IMes·HCl and IXy·HCl
- Lukas Hintermann
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 22, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-22
- behind such differences of the reaction outcome? To our knowledge, the mechanism of the Arduengo imidazolium salt synthesis has not been discussed in the literature. We propose that alkylation of the DADs A by formaldehyde and HCl (or TMSCl) leads to an iminium salt B (Scheme 2); analogous alkylations
- (Scheme 3a). [21] This is one potential side-reaction, but brown colored side-products can also derive from electrophilic aromatic alkylations of arylamine units by iminium salts from formaldehyde or protonated DADs (as in the bakelite reaction). Such side-reactions will be most prominent with DADs from
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: The carbenes IPr, IMes, IXy and their imidazolium salt precursors
Scheme 1: Synthetic routes to and diazadiene precursors for imidazolium salts.
Scheme 2: The imidazolium salt synthesis as a 1, 5-dipolar electrocyclization.
Scheme 3: Potential side-reactions in the imidazolium salt synthesis.
