Fifty years of oxacalix[3]arenes: A review

• Kevin Cottet,
• Paula M. Marcos and
• Peter J. Cragg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 201–226, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.22

Efficient synthesis of 1,3-diaryl-4-halo-1H-pyrazoles from 3-arylsydnones and 2-aryl-1,1-dihalo-1-alkenes

• Yiwen Yang,
• Chunxiang Kuang,
• Hui Jin,
• Qing Yang and
• Zhongkui Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1656–1662, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.195

• or phenylboronic acid was investigated (Scheme 3). Compounds 3b, 3h, and 3g were chosen as the model substrates. When compounds 3b and 3h were treated with 2 equiv each of iodobenzene and potassium carbonate in DMF with Pd(OAc)2 as a catalyst, the desired 5-aryl substituted products 4a and 4b were

• generated in 51% and 82% yields, respectively. When pyrazole 3g was treated with 2 equiv each of phenylboronic acid and potassium carbonate in DMF with Pd(OAc)2 as a catalyst, the desired 4-aryl substituted product 5 was formed in 86% yield. The three reactions mentioned above indicate that pyrazoles 3 are

Recent advances in direct C–H arylation: Methodology, selectivity and mechanism in oxazole series

• Cécile Verrier,
• Pierrik Lassalas,
• Laure Théveau,
• Guy Quéguiner,
• François Trécourt,
• Francis Marsais and
• Christophe Hoarau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1584–1601, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.187

• performance of the Herrmann–Beller precatalyst (HBP) as well as the (1-Ad)2P(O)H/Pd(OAc)2 combination for the direct coupling of ethyl oxazole-4-carboxylate, with iodides and bromides, respectively (Scheme 9) [51][52]. Greaney’s methodology was remarkably applied to the preparation of bis- and trisoxazoles

Synthesis of fluoranthenes by hydroarylation of alkynes catalyzed by gold(I) or gallium trichloride

• Sergio Pascual,
• Christophe Bour,
• Paula de Mendoza and
• Antonio M. Echavarren

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1520–1525, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.178

• (Table 2, entries 11 and 12). The reaction of 3a with Pd(OAc)2 as catalyst proceeded differently to give known (E)-9-(3-phenylallylidene)-9H-fluorene (9) [60], presumably via the formation of the corresponding allene as an intermediate (Scheme 2). Substrates 7b–j, prepared by alkylation of fluorenyl

• 6. Proposed metal catalyzed annulation for the synthesis of triaryldiacenaphtho[1,2-j:1',2'-l]fluoranthenes 2. Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed isomerization of 7a to form (E)-9-(3-phenylallylidene)-9H-fluorene (9). Gold(I)-catalyzed hydroarylation of 7k to give 1,10b-dihydrofluoranthene 9. Gold(I)-catalyzed

Amines as key building blocks in Pd-assisted multicomponent processes

• Didier Bouyssi,
• Nuno Monteiro and
• Geneviève Balme

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1387–1406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.163

• and Pd(OAc)2, and with CuI as the catalyst system. A first Sonogashira coupling reaction occurred, in the presence of Cs2CO3 as base, leading to ortho-alkynylchloroarene intermediates 51. A subsequent amination was possible due to the high catalytic activity of this palladiumcarbene complex in the

• results for this Pd-catalyzed tandem Sonogashira/double C–N coupling reaction were obtained when Pd(OAc)2 was used as the catalyst along with a bulky bidentate phosphine ligand such as Xantphos in the presence of Cs2CO3 as base. Most likely, the reaction proceeds through a Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira

Scaling up of continuous-flow, microwave-assisted, organic reactions by varying the size of Pd-functionalized catalytic monoliths

• Ping He,
• Stephen J. Haswell,
• Paul D. I. Fletcher,
• Stephen M. Kelly and
• Andrew Mansfield

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1150–1157, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.133

• with microwave heating. The silica monoliths were impregnated with a range of Pd precursors, namely Na2PdCl4, Pd(OAc)2, Pd(dba)2 and Pd(NO3)2, by a standard method described previously for the preparation of Pd-monoliths. The Pd-monolith-3.2 catalysts were evaluated using the previously optimized

Homocoupling of aryl halides in flow: Space integration of lithiation and FeCl₃ promoted homocoupling

• Aiichiro Nagaki,
• Yuki Uesugi,
• Yutaka Tomida and
• Jun-ichi Yoshida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1064–1069, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.122

• most useful methods for the construction of biaryl frameworks [1]. Stoichiometric amounts of transition metal salts such as TiCl4 [2], TlCl [3], VO(OEt)Cl2 [4], CoCl2 [5], CuCl2 [6] and Pd(OAc)2 [7] have been used for homocoupling of arylmetals. In some cases catalytic processes in the presence of a

Synthesis, reactivity and biological activity of 5-alkoxymethyluracil analogues

• Lucie Brulikova and
• Jan Hlavac

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 678–698, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.80

• . Synthesis of 5-[alkoxy-(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]uracils 124. Synthesis of 5-[alkoxy-(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]uridines 126 and 127. Synthesis of phosphoramidite 134. Reaction conditions 1: (a) TBDMSCl, imidazole, pyridine, 33 h, 99%; (b) vinyl acetate, Pd(OAc)2, PPh3, Et3N, DMF, 70 °C, 16 h, 68%; (c) OsO4, 4

Gold-catalyzed heterocyclizations in alkynyl- and allenyl-β-lactams

• Benito Alcaide and
• Pedro Almendros

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 622–630, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.73

• palladium-based catalysts such as Pd(OAc)2, PdCl2, [Pd(PPh3)4], and [Pd2(dba)3]·CHCl3 failed to give the desired cyclized products, exposure of allenyl-β-lactams 1 to 5 mol % AuCl3 in CH2Cl2 produced the bicyclic β-lactam products, i.e., the Δ1-carbapenems 2 (Scheme 1). The desired products were produced in

Unusual behavior in the reactivity of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles in a resistively heated microreactor

• Bernhard Gutmann,
• Toma N. Glasnov,
• Tahseen Razzaq,
• Walter Goessler,
• Dominique M. Roberge and
• C. Oliver Kappe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 503–517, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.59

• publication we reported the Mizoroki–Heck coupling of 4-iodobenzonitrile (12) with n-butyl acrylate (13) under high-temperature continuous flow conditions (150–190 °C) employing Pd(OAc)2 as a homogeneous pre-catalyst and a stainless steel-based coil flow system (Scheme 4) [59]. With only 0.01 mol % of Pd(OAc

• of 1.0 mm i.d. coil) was “loaded” with Pd by processing ≈2 mL of the Mizoroki–Heck reaction mixture through the coil under reaction conditions (180 °C, 1.6 mL/min flow rate) with 1 mol % of the Pd(OAc)2 as pre-catalyst. As expected, the desired product 14 was obtained in 94% isolated yield after

• solvent [59]. We suspect that the Pd metal inside the steel coil is present in the form of a thin film of nanometer-sized Pd crystallites, very similar to the highly porous and catalytically active Pd films that can be generated very easily inside glass capillaries by the decomposition of Pd(OAc)2 under

Studies on Pd/NiFe₂O₄ catalyzed ligand-free Suzuki reaction in aqueous phase: synthesis of biaryls, terphenyls and polyaryls

• Sanjay R. Borhade and
• Suresh B. Waghmode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 310–319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.41

• nonaflates [53], Grignard reagents with dihalobenzenes [54][55][56]: Other methods give poor yields. The Suzuki cross coupling protocol has been used for the synthesis of terphenyls and polyaryls using Pd(OAc)2 or Pd(PPh3)4 with or without ligands in homogeneous medium [57][58][59][60]. Although, these

Palladium- and copper-mediated N-aryl bond formation reactions for the synthesis of biological active compounds

• Carolin Fischer and
• Burkhard Koenig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 59–74, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.10

• syntheses have been developed in which Pd(OAc)2 proved to be the best catalyst in comparison to the dba complex, and BINAP the best ligand. There was no difference if the racemic or the enantiomeric pure ligand was used. The use of Pd(OAc)2 is advantageous on a larger scale due to low cost and easy handling

Shelf-stable electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagents: A brief historical perspective

• Norio Shibata,
• Andrej Matsnev and
• Dominique Cahard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 65, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.65

• trifluoromethylated arenes by treatment with Umemoto reagents, 5a or 5b, in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and Cu(OAc)2 at 110 °C in a mixture of dichloroethane (DCE) and 10 equiv of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Arenes having other heterocycles such as thiazole, imidazole, or pyrimidine also reacted under the same

Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative Heck vinylation of 2-nitrobenzoates in the presence of CuF₂

• Lukas J. Gooßen,
• Bettina Zimmermann and
• Thomas Knauber

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 43, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.43

• acids is disclosed. In the presence of a catalyst system generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 (2 mol %), CuF2 (2 equiv), and benzoquinone (0.5 equiv) in NMP, a wide range of olefins were coupled with various 2-nitrobenzoates at 130 °C with the release of carbon dioxide to afford the corresponding vinyl

Preparation of pyridine-3,4-diols, their crystal packing and their use as precursors for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions

• Tilman Lechel,
• Irene Brüdgam and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 42, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.42

• possible palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings we performed several Sonogashira-reactions [28][29][30]. As described in Scheme 3, the pyridinyl-bistriflates or -nonaflates 3 were coupled with alkynes like phenylacetylene or (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene using Pd(PPh3)4 or alternatively, Pd(OAc)2/PPh3 as

• couplings of pyridinediyl bis(perfluoroalkanesulfonates) 3. a) Pd(PPh3)4 [or Pd(OAc)2/PPh3], CuI, iPr2NH, DMF, 70 °C, 4 h. b) TBAF, THF, rt, 1 h. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 1 contains the supplementary data for compounds 2d, 3a, 3c–d and 4b–c. Supporting Information File 90

A short and efficient synthesis of valsartan via a Negishi reaction

• Samir Ghosh,
• A. Sanjeev Kumar and
• G. N. Mehta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 27, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.27

• , THF, 70%; (c) n-BuLi, 25 °C, THF, anhyd ZnCl2, −20 °C, Q-phos, Pd(OAc)2, 75 °C, 2 h, 80%; (d) 3 N NaOH, MeOH, reflux, 90%. Acknowledgements We are grateful for the support of the Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat and Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur

Solvent-free and time-efficient Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in a ball mill: the solid reagent system KF–Al₂O₃ under inspection

• Franziska Bernhardt,
• Ronald Trotzki,
• Tony Szuppa,
• Achim Stolle and
• Bernd Ondruschka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 7, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.7

• pH measurements of aqueous suspension of the pure aluminas. Investigating the influence of different SRS, the Pd(OAc)2-assisted Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of phenylboronic acid (1) with different aryl bromides 2 furnishing p-substituted biphenyls 3 (Scheme 1) was chosen. Reactions were performed in a

• ; 5 mmol), phenylboronic acid (1; 6.19 mmol, 0.755 g, 124 mol %), Pd(OAc)2 (0.18 mmol, 0.04 g, 3.56 mol %) were added to the grinding beaker (agate, V = 45 ml) already equipped with the milling balls (6× agate, d = 15 mm) and placed inside the planetary ball mill Pulverisette 7 (Fritsch GmbH, Germany

• beakers (V = 45 ml), 6 agate milling balls (d = 15 mm) per beaker, 800 rpm, 10 min; batch: 5 mmol 2a, 124 mol % 1, 3.6 mol % Pd(OAc)2]. Results of the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction according to Scheme 1 assisted by pure aluminas [5 g SRS1–3: cf. Table 2; ball milling: 2 agate milling beakers (V = 45 ml), 6

Diastereoselective functionalisation of benzo-annulated bicyclic sultams: Application for the synthesis of cis-2,4-diarylpyrrolidines

• Susan Kelleher,
• Pierre-Yves Quesne and
• Paul Evans

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 69, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.69

• mixture of the compound 24a (500 mg, 1.75 mmol, 1 equiv), phenylboronic acid (1.073 g, 8.80 mmol, 5 equiv), Pd(OAc)2 (20 mg, 0.09 mmol, 5 mol %), PPh3 (47 mg, 0.18 mmol, 10 mol %) and Cs2CO3 (1.714 g, 5.26 mmol, 3 equiv) in a mixture of THF:H2O (10:1) (25 mL) was heated to reflux for 15 h. On cooling Et2O

Pd/C-mediated synthesis of α-pyrone fused with a five-membered nitrogen heteroaryl ring: A new route to pyrano[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-ones

• Dhilli Rao Gorja,
• Venkateswara Rao Batchu,
• Ashok Ettam and
• Manojit Pal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 64, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.64

• absence of PPh3 (Entry 3, Table 1). The use of other catalysts, e.g. PdCl2(PPh3)2, Pd(PPh3)4 or Pd(OAc)2-PPh3, afforded the product 3a in inferior yield (Entries 4-6, Table 1). Ethanol was found to be the best solvent in our study as the use of other solvents, e.g. 1,4-dioxane or DMF, decreased the

Palladium- catalyzed cross coupling reactions of 4-bromo- 6H-1,2-oxazines

• Reinhold Zimmer,
• Elmar Schmidt,
• Michal Andrä,
• Marcel-Antoine Duhs,
• Igor Linder and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 44, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.44

• contrast, when the same reaction conditions were applied to the coupling of 2a and methyl propargyl ether, product 9d was obtained only in very low yield. In addition, Sonogashira coupling of 2a and methyl propargyl ether performed by an alternative protocol (Pd(OAc)2, CuI, PPh3, NHiPr2 in DMF) afforded

Synthesis of dihydrophenanthridines by a sequence of Ugi-4CR and palladium- catalyzed intramolecular C-H functionalization

• Florence Bonnaterre,
• Michèle Bois-Choussy and
• Jieping Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 10, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.10

• ]. Parallel to our work, Chen, Yang and co-workers have independently developed a similar strategy for the synthesis of this type of heterocycle [22]. In their work, Chen and Yang demonstrated the importance of ligand structure on the outcome of the cyclization [optimized conditions: Pd(OAc)2, PCy3, K2CO3

• compounds that involved a CH-arylation step [DMSO, Pd(OAc)2, KOAc, 110 °C] afforded compound 1a in 58% yield (entry 1) [11][12]. Using other bases such as Ag2CO3, K3PO4 and Cs2CO3 under otherwise identical conditions gave inferior results (entries 2–4). Solvent played also an important role and among those

Shape- persistent macrocycle with intraannular alkyl groups: some structural limits of discotic liquid crystals with an inverted structure

• Sigurd Höger,
• Jill Weber,
• Andreas Leppert and
• Volker Enkelmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 1, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-4-1

• synthesis of the corresponding PAH building block and the subsequent macrocycle synthesis is displayed in Scheme 2. Treating the aromatic dibromo compound 10 with Pd(OAc)2 (20 mol%) and Cy2P(2,2′MeO)biph (30 mol%) in DMA gave the corresponding dibenzonaphthacene in 40-45% yield. Although a detailed

• of macrocycles with intraannular alkyl chains and extraannular PAH substituents. i) Pd(OAc)2, ligand, DBU, DMA (49%); BBr3, CH2Cl2 (99%); iii) I2/KI, ethylene diamine (quant.); iv) dimethyl sulfate, KOH, THF/water (50%); v) PdCl2(PPh3)2, CuI, piperidine/THF (71%); vi) Bu4NF, THF (97%); vii) CuCl

Synthesis of the Benzo- fused Indolizidine Alkaloid Mimics

• Daniel L. Comins and
• Kazuhiro Higuchi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 42, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-42

• -dihydropyridones via palladium mediated cross-coupling and carboalkoxylation. [23] Initially, non-reductive Heck cyclization of 1l [24] was carried out in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and AgNO3 in CH3CN. [22] Treatment of the product 11 with ICl in CH2Cl2 at 0°C gave the iodinated dihydropyridone 12 in 86% yield

Development of potential manufacturing routes for substituted thiophenes – Preparation of halogenated 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid derivatives as building blocks for a new family of 2,6-dihaloaryl 1,2,4-triazole insecticides

• John W. Hull Jr.,
• Duane R. Romer,
• David E. Podhorez,
• Mezzie L. Ash and
• Christine H. Brady

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 23, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-23

• -methylthiophene. Initial Bromination Approaches. Routes to 4-Bromo-3-methyl-2-thiopheneacid Chloride, 1, From 3-Methylthiophene, 4. (a) NBS/AcOH, 64%; (b) Pd(OAc)2/DPPP, Na2CO3, abs EtOH, 33 bar CO; or Mg turnings, THF, then dimethylcarbonate; (c) Br2/AcOH, NaOH; 60°C; then Zn dust, 85°C; (d) NaOH,/H2O, 91%; (e