Oxetanes: formation, reactivity and total syntheses of natural products

• Peter Gabko,
• Martin Kalník and
• Maroš Bella

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1324–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.101

• -aminooxetanes 169 through a defluorosulphonylative coupling of sulphonyl fluorides 168 (Scheme 41) [92]. Because this novel methodology mimics the classical amide coupling strategy, it allows for a direct use of the established amine libraries and thus provides a rapid access to benzamide bioisosteres. The

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and carbonic anhydrase inhibition activities of multifunctional pyrazolo-1,2-benzothiazine acetamides

• Ayesha Saeed,
• Shahana Ehsan,
• Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman,
• Erin M. Marshall,
• Sandra Loesgen,
• Abdus Saleem,
• Simone Giovannuzzi and
• Claudiu T. Supuran

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 348–357, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.25

• complex as the amide coupling agent with thionyl chloride [38] (Figure 1C). Recently, benzothiazine scaffolds of phenyl acetamides were synthesized as potent inhibitors for ureolytic infections [39] (Figure 1D). Saccharine (a sweetener) was reported to be a potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) by

• pain [48], cancer [41], hypertension (as diuretics) [41], and arthritis [49]. This article introduces a new approach to synthesize the targeted scaffolds from commercially available saccharine without using amide coupling agents to minimize the cost. This work is the first attempt to put pyrazolo-1,2

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

• Pablo Quijano Velasco,
• Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
• Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

Hypervalent iodine-catalyzed amide and alkene coupling enabled by lithium salt activation

• Akanksha Chhikara,
• Fan Wu,
• Navdeep Kaur,
• Prabagar Baskaran,
• Alex M. Nguyen,
• Zhichang Yin,
• Anthony H. Pham and
• Wei Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1405–1411, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.122

• simple lithium salts for hypervalent iodine catalyst activation. The activated hypervalent iodine catalyst allows the intermolecular coupling of soft nucleophiles such as amides onto electronically activated olefins with high regioselectivity. Keywords: amide coupling; hypervalent iodine catalysis

Synthesis of new representatives of A₃B-type carboranylporphyrins based on meso-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin transformations

• Victoria M. Alpatova,
• Evgeny G. Rys,
• Elena G. Kononova and
• Valentina A. Ol'shevskaya

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 767–776, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.70

• linkers capable to connect these porphyrins with biomolecules, thus improving their biomedical characteristics and theraputic efficacy for PDT and BNCT due to the combination of different substituents within porphyrin framework. Amide coupling of A3B-type carboranylporphyrin containing an amino

Phenanthridine–pyrene conjugates as fluorescent probes for DNA/RNA and an inactive mutant of dipeptidyl peptidase enzyme

• Josipa Matić,
• Tana Tandarić,
• Marijana Radić Stojković,
• Filip Šupljika,
• Zrinka Karačić,
• Ana Tomašić Paić,
• Lucija Horvat,
• Robert Vianello and
• Lidija-Marija Tumir

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 550–565, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.40

• Synthesis The phenanthridine derivative of the amino acid alanine (Phen-AA) has been prepared according to the procedure described earlier [19]. Phen-AA was deprotected under acidic conditions (TFA–H2O) at room temperature for 20 hours. The amide coupling reaction was performed in anhydrous acetonitrile

From amines to (form)amides: a simple and successful mechanochemical approach

• Federico Casti,
• Rita Mocci and
• Andrea Porcheddu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1210–1216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.126

• HCO2H derivatives and CH3CO2H and two activating agents for promoting amide coupling. Results and Discussion We started our investigation by reacting p-methoxyaniline (1.0 mmol) with ammonium formate (3.0 mmol) (Table 1, entry 1) in a zirconia jar in the presence of one milling ball of the same material

Derivatives of benzo-1,4-thiazine-3-carboxylic acid and the corresponding amino acid conjugates

• Péter Kisszékelyi,
• Tibor Peňaška,
• Klára Stankovianska,
• Mária Mečiarová and
• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1195–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.124

• the original convergent synthesis plan. Instead of the classical amide coupling, bromo derivative Int1 should allow the formation of the benzothiazine ring as the final step. As an α-halocarbonyl compound, we tried to prepare Int1 through the coupling of bromopyruvic acid and ester, respectively, with

Diametric calix[6]arene-based phosphine gold(I) cavitands

• Gabriele Giovanardi,
• Andrea Secchi,
• Arturo Arduini and
• Gianpiero Cera

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 190–196, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.21

• acid derivative through a user-friendly amide coupling in the presence of EDC·HCl and catalytic amounts of DMAP in CH2Cl2. Under these conditions, the corresponding diphosphine intermediates A (para), B (meta), and C (ortho) were isolated in moderate yields. Finally, gold(I) catalysts could be obtained

Cationic oligonucleotide derivatives and conjugates: A favorable approach for enhanced DNA and RNA targeting oligonucleotides

• Mathias B. Danielsen and
• Jesper Wengel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1828–1848, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.125

• post-ON synthesis conjugation chemistry. The first method was used to attach 1-piperazinepropionic acid through an amide coupling onto 2’-amino-LNA. This monomer (51) induced high binding affinity towards complementary targets upon incorporation into a 9-mer ON. In DNA, an increase of 7.0 °C and 17.5

• ]. In a follow-up study, after being introduced into bisLNAs, the piperazino-modified 2'-amino-LNA-T nucleotide was compatible with invasion into dsDNA targets in vitro [56]. In further studies utilizing the same amide coupling, nor-spermidine with different group lengths (52 and 53), a glycol-amine

Beyond ribose and phosphate: Selected nucleic acid modifications for structure–function investigations and therapeutic applications

• Christopher Liczner,
• Kieran Duke,
• Gabrielle Juneau,
• Martin Egli and
• Christopher J. Wilds

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 908–931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.76

• synthesize the nucleoside dimer phosphoramidite with the appropriate amide linkage, which can then be introduced into the strand by solid-phase synthesis. These dimers are synthesized by using an amide coupling reagent to condense a 3'-carboxylic acid nucleoside with a 5'-amine nucleoside, where the

Novel library synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted pyridin-2(1H)-ones via cleavage of pyridine-2-oxy-7-azabenzotriazole ethers under ionic hydrogenation conditions at room temperature

• Romain Pierre,
• Anne Brethon,
• Sylvain A. Jacques,
• Aurélie Blond,
• Sandrine Chambon,
• Sandrine Talano,
• Catherine Raffin,
• Branislav Musicki,
• Claire Bouix-Peter,
• Loic Tomas,
• Gilles Ouvry,
• Rémy Morgentin,
• Laurent F. Hennequin and
• Craig S. Harris

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 156–165, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.16

• library building block acid chloride 2. The libraries were prepared in a 3-step manner: 1) amide coupling; 2) deprotection of the 2-methoxypyridine through hydrolysis at elevated temperatures; and 3) the final SNAr or Ullman step to introduce the amine vector with variable yields and chromatographic

• morpholine amide 7. The synthesis started by selective SNAr reaction with 4 and tert-butyl ((cis)-4-aminocyclohexyl)carbamate affording the intermediate nicotinic acid 5 in 70% yield without the need for chromatography. Subsequent amide coupling using TBTU afforded 2-chloro precursor 6 in excellent yield

• introduce a significant amount of steric and electronic diversity from the C-3 amide vector, we switched the amide coupling agent from TBTU to the more reactive HATU [8][9]. To our surprise, the amide coupling step furnished almost quantitatively the C2–OAt ether 15 [10] and only traces of the expected C2

Progress in the total synthesis of inthomycins

• Bidyut Kumar Senapati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 58–82, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.7

• -opening reactions (Scheme 11) [58]. The synthesis commenced with the smooth ring opening of the methyl-substituted lactone 90 using lithium bromide, which gave a single trans-cyclobutenyl bromide 91. Then, the bromocyclobutene 91 was submitted to further amide coupling and 4π electrocyclic ring opening to

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

A chemically contiguous hapten approach for a heroin–fentanyl vaccine

• Yoshihiro Natori,
• Candy S. Hwang,
• Lucy Lin,
• Lauren C. Smith,
• Bin Zhou and
• Kim D. Janda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1020–1031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.100

• . General strategy and coupling partners for the chemically contiguous series. aGeneral conditions for reductive amination of 1 with indicated aldehyde: NaBH(OAc)3 (2.5 equiv), AcOH, 0 °C → rt. bConditions for 1,4-addition of 1 to 10: Zn(OTf)2 (0.2 equiv), CH3CN, rt. cGeneral conditions for amide coupling

Design and synthesis of multivalent α-1,2-trimannose-linked bioerodible microparticles for applications in immune response studies of Leishmania major infection

• Chelsea L. Rintelmann,
• Tara Grinnage-Pulley,
• Kathleen Ross,
• Daniel E. K. Kabotso,
• Angela Toepp,
• Anne Cowell,
• Christine Petersen,
• Balaji Narasimhan and
• Nicola Pohl

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 623–632, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.58

• dendrimer. Therefore, we settled on first coupling Nα-Fmoc-Nε-(4-methyltrityl)-L-lysine (17) to the dendrimeric amine 18 by standard HATU amide coupling conditions (Scheme 3). The protecting groups were chosen specifically for selective deprotection and compatibility with the TAMRA fluorophore, which is

Novel solid-phase strategy for the synthesis of ligand-targeted fluorescent-labelled chelating peptide conjugates as a theranostic tool for cancer

• Sagnik Sengupta,
• Mena Asha Krishnan,
• Premansh Dudhe,
• Ramesh B. Reddy,
• Bishnubasu Giri,
• Sudeshna Chattopadhyay and
• Venkatesh Chelvam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2665–2679, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.244

• diagnosis and deep tissue imaging of cancers and inflammatory diseases. Near infrared fluorophores containing a free or activated carboxylic group (e.g., IRDye 800CW NHS ester) can also be conjugated with the peptidic spacer using this methodology through amide coupling reaction. Moreover, the bioconjugates

• can be employed as potential theranostic tools by attaching macromolecules, cytotoxic warheads, radioactive tracers, nanomaterials etc., via the chelating core. Experimental Materials and methods H-Cys-2-ClTrt resin, Fmoc amino acids and amide coupling agents, reagents and solvents used in solid-phase

Applications of organocatalysed visible-light photoredox reactions for medicinal chemistry

• Michael K. Bogdos,
• Emmanuel Pinard and
• John A. Murphy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2035–2064, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.179

• environmentally benign process, when compared to traditionally used amide coupling methods where acid activating agents are needed, e.g., HATU or DCC, as the only byproduct is water. Only arylaldehydes can be converted into amides and all but one of the examples of the amines used are secondary cyclic amines

• , in a similar manner to the amide coupling by Leow. The demonstrated oxidation of the free thiols to a disulfide to afford oxytocin (3c) as the product in quantitative yield shows the value of this procedure. Medicinal chemists who specialise in creating artificial peptides could find much use for

Mechanochemistry of nucleosides, nucleotides and related materials

• Olga Eguaogie,
• Joseph S. Vyle,
• Patrick F. Conlon,
• Manuela A. Gîlea and
• Yipei Liang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 955–970, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.81

• vessel (and its shape); the mass of the ball(s); and the hardness of the colliding materials. In order of descending hardness, zirconia, stainless steel, copper and PTFE have all been used to effect mechanochemical transformation of nucleoside or nucleotide substrates. During a study of amide coupling

5-Aminopyrazole as precursor in design and synthesis of fused pyrazoloazines

• Ranjana Aggarwal and
• Suresh Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 203–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.15

• presence of methanolic sodium hydroxide to give corresponding carboxylic acids 134. Aminobenzothiazoles 135 were linked with carboxylic acids 134 to provide the amide derivatives (benzothiazolyl derivatives, 136) using amide coupling reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide

Fluorescent carbon dots from mono- and polysaccharides: synthesis, properties and applications

• Stephen Hill and
• M. Carmen Galan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 675–693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.67

• treat various types of cancer including lung cancer, was then conjugated via EDC-mediated amide coupling chemistry (Scheme 6) [37]. The MTX-CDs were internalised into H157 lung cancer cells and compared with cells exposed to unfunctionalised amine-bearing CDs. While the amine-CDs showed no cellular

Adsorption mechanism and valency of catechol-functionalized hyperbranched polyglycerols

• Stefanie Krysiak,
• Qiang Wei,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Rainer Haag and
• Thorsten Hugel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 828–836, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.92

• acrylic acid molecules were grafted onto the amine groups by amide coupling to introduce catechol groups [22]. Different molecules with different numbers of amine and catechol end groups were prepared, including hPG with 2% amine groups and 8% catechol groups and hPG with 60% amine groups and 40% catechol

Multivalent dendritic polyglycerolamine with arginine and histidine end groups for efficient siRNA transfection

• Fatemeh Sheikhi Mehrabadi,
• Hanxiang Zeng,
• Mark Johnson,
• Cathleen Schlesener,
• Zhibin Guan and
• Rainer Haag

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 763–772, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.86

• negative phosphates groups of the DNA [21]. Here, we chose dendritic polyglycerolamine (dPG-NH2) with moderate amine loading (50% of all hydroxy groups on a 10 kDa dPG core) and introduced both amino acids via amide coupling to mimic DNA histones interactions. In a recent study, our group demonstrated the

• on dPG (Mn = 8.4 kDa, PDI = 1.7) were converted to amino groups according to an earlier published procedure (Scheme S1, Supporting Information File 1) [27]. The high density of amines on dPG facilitates the introduction of groups like amino acids by feasible strategies like amide coupling. Here, we

NAA-modified DNA oligonucleotides with zwitterionic backbones: stereoselective synthesis of A–T phosphoramidite building blocks

• Boris Schmidtgall,
• Claudia Höbartner and
• Christian Ducho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 50–60, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.8

• envisioned that target compounds (S)-7 and (R)-7 could be obtained from protected 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine 8 and the N-Fmoc-protected thymidine-derived nucleosyl amino acids (S)-9 and (R)-9, respectively, via amide coupling, protecting group manipulation and phosphitylation. The stereoselective