Asymmetric synthesis of β-amino cyanoesters with contiguous tetrasubstituted carbon centers by halogen-bonding catalysis with chiral halonium salt

• Yasushi Yoshida,
• Maho Aono,
• Takashi Mino and
• Masami Sakamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 547–555, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.43

• of its unique interaction in organic synthesis. Chiral halonium salts have been found to have strong halogen-bonding-donor abilities and work as powerful asymmetric catalysts. Recently, we have developed binaphthyl-based chiral halonium salts and applied them in several enantioselective reactions

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

• product (Scheme 34). To date, only a few enantioselective reactions using metal catalysis and electrochemistry have been reported. Very recently, Ackermann and coworkers employed Co(OAc)2 as a catalyst and a salicyloxazoline derivative as a chiral ligand to achieve the electrochemical atroposelective C–H

Catalysing (organo-)catalysis: Trends in the application of machine learning to enantioselective organocatalysis

• Stefan P. Schmid,
• Leon Schlosser,
• Frank Glorius and
• Kjell Jorner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2280–2304, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.196

• Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland 10.3762/bjoc.20.196 Abstract Organocatalysis has established itself as a third pillar of homogeneous catalysis, besides transition metal catalysis and biocatalysis, as its use for enantioselective reactions has gathered significant

• including pyrimidines and pyrazines. The importance of mechanistic understanding for model building was underlined by Kuang et al. [126], where the authors considered multi-catalyst enantioselective reactions, where one catalyst was an organocatalyst, either CPA or an amine. The co-catalyst was included in

Primary amine-catalyzed enantioselective 1,4-Michael addition reaction of pyrazolin-5-ones to α,β-unsaturated ketones

• Pooja Goyal,
• Akhil K. Dubey,
• Raghunath Chowdhury and
• Amey Wadawale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1518–1526, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.136

• -covalent catalysis via bifunctional hydrogen-bonding organocatalysts. The C-4 nucleophilicity of pyrazolin-5-ones was also explored in enantioselective reactions with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds through covalent catalysis with chiral amine-based catalysts; however, it has achieved limited success

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of chiral thiophosphorus acids as organocatalysts

• Karen R. Winters and
• Jean-Luc Montchamp

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1471–1478, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.154

• , however, that the enantiomeric excess increases with an increase in bond length separation between the phosphorus and the R group. From the reaction evaluation we found that dual activation might be required from the catalyst in certain enantioselective reactions. Thus, CPA platforms that reintroduce a

Menadione: a platform and a target to valuable compounds synthesis

• Acácio S. de Souza,
• Ruan Carlos B. Ribeiro,
• Dora C. S. Costa,
• Fernanda P. Pauli,
• David R. Pinho,
• Matheus G. de Moraes,
• Fernando de C. da Silva,
• Luana da S. M. Forezi and
• Vitor F. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 381–419, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.43

• of asymmetric compound 50 catalyzed by a chiral oxazaborolidinium cation (49) [107]. This type of catalyst has been used in several Diels–Alder reactions proving to be an excellent choice for highly enantioselective reactions [108]. For instance, the reaction of menadione (10) with 2

Enantioenriched α-substituted glutamates/pyroglutamates via enantioselective cyclopropenimine-catalyzed Michael addition of amino ester imines

• Zara M. Seibel,
• Jeffrey S. Bandar and
• Tristan H. Lambert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2077–2084, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.134

• unusual di-tert-butylmethyl ester moiety and was limited solely to the alanine derivative [38]. Finally, a Baylis–Hillman-type approach has been employed to realize enantioselective reactions, albeit with a limited scope of substituents at the quaternary carbon [39]. Thus, the development of a general

Recent developments in enantioselective photocatalysis

• Callum Prentice,
• James Morrisson,
• Andrew D. Smith and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2363–2441, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.197

• them is varied. The nature of the light source and its wavelength (λexc) can have significant effects on the outcome of the reaction; therefore, this information is indicated in the reaction schemes when it is disclosed by the authors. As with many reviews on enantioselective reactions, the percentage

• catalyst 105, to generate intermediate 106, which can then turn over the NHC and release the desired acylated products 107 in good yields and enantioselectivities (13 examples, up to 96:4 er). There has been little development of enantioselective reactions using NHCs in photocatalysis since this work

Recent advances in Cu-catalyzed C(sp³)–Si and C(sp³)–B bond formation

• Balaram S. Takale,
• Ruchita R. Thakore,
• Elham Etemadi-Davan and
• Bruce H. Lipshutz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 691–737, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.67

• reactions are discussed. Keywords: C–B bonds; copper catalysis; C–Si bonds; enantioselective reactions; sp3 carbon functionalization; Introduction Transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation are useful transformations [1], widely studied because organosilicon [2][3] and organoboron compounds [4

Synthesis of disparlure and monachalure enantiomers from 2,3-butanediacetals

• Adam Drop,
• Hubert Wojtasek and
• Bożena Frąckowiak-Wojtasek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 616–620, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.57

• enantioselective reactions, such as the Sharpless epoxidation [19][20][21][22][23][24], asymmetric dihydroxylation [25][26], chloroallyloboronation [27], or iodolactonization [28]. Most recently a method using the asymmetric chlorination of dodecanal by LiCl in the presence of a chiral imidazolidinone catalyst has

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate reduction of α,β-unsaturated esters with chiral phenol–carbene ligands

• Shohei Mimura,
• Sho Mizushima,
• Yohei Shimizu and
• Masaya Sawamura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 537–543, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.50

• generated copper hydride in situ, has successfully been utilized for enantioselective reactions with β,β-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The pioneering work of Buchwald and co-workers on the enantioselective conjugate reduction of α,β-unsaturated esters using a

α-Photooxygenation of chiral aldehydes with singlet oxygen

• Dominika J. Walaszek,
• Magdalena Jawiczuk,
• Jakub Durka,
• Olga Drapała and
• Dorota Gryko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2076–2084, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.205

• small molecule size, there are few examples of its use not only in diastereoselective synthesis but also in enantioselective reactions [9][10]. Inspired by Cόrdova’s work [11][12][13], we explored the idea of merging enamine catalysis with photocatalytic oxygenation with singlet oxygen for α

New α- and β-cyclodextrin derivatives with cinchona alkaloids used in asymmetric organocatalytic reactions

• Iveta Chena Tichá,
• Simona Hybelbauerová and
• Jindřich Jindřich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 830–839, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.80

• , Czech Republic 10.3762/bjoc.15.80 Abstract The preparation of new organocatalysts for asymmetric syntheses has become a key stage of enantioselective catalysis. In particular, the development of new cyclodextrin (CD)-based organocatalysts allowed to perform enantioselective reactions in water and to

• recycle catalysts. However, only a limited number of organocatalytic moieties and functional groups have been attached to CD scaffolds so far. Cinchona alkaloids are commonly used to catalyze a wide range of enantioselective reactions. Thus, in this study, we report the preparation of new α- and β-CD

• evaluated in several enantioselective reactions, specifically in the asymmetric allylic amination (AAA), which showed a promising enantiomeric excess of up to 75% ee. Furthermore, a new disubstituted α-CD catalyst was prepared as a pure AD regioisomer and also tested in the AAA. Our results indicate that (i

Synthesis of chiral 3-substituted 3-amino-2-oxindoles through enantioselective catalytic nucleophilic additions to isatin imines

• Hélène Pellissier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1349–1369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.114

• and organocatalysts. While isatins have been widely used as substrates in asymmetric Henry reactions, isatin imines have been less explored as aza-Henry acceptors in enantioselective reactions. Recently, several groups have developed enantioselective aza-Henry reactions of isatin imines catalyzed by

Recent developments in the asymmetric Reformatsky-type reaction

• Hélène Pellissier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 325–344, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.21

• enantioselective Reformatsky reactions [5][6][8]. In spite of this, only a few examples of highly efficient enantioselective reactions using only catalytic amounts of chiral ligands have been described so far. The first efficient examples were reported by Cozzi in 2006, dealing with ZnMe2-mediated reactions of

• reagents in enantioselective reactions with imines catalyzed by catalytic amounts of chiral 1,2-amino alcohol ligands in the presence of ZnEt2 as the zinc source. Moreover, the first use of cyclic imines, including low reactive cyclic ketimines, in enantioselective aza-Reformatsky reactions with ethyl

Mechanochemical enzymatic resolution of N-benzylated-β³-amino esters

• Mario Pérez-Venegas,
• Gloria Reyes-Rangel,
• Adrián Neri,
• Jaime Escalante and
• Eusebio Juaristi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1728–1734, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.167

• . Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico El Colegio Nacional, Luis Gonzáles Obregón 23, Centro Histórico, Ciudad de México, 06020, Mexico 10.3762/bjoc.13.167 Abstract The use of mechanochemistry to carry out enantioselective reactions has been explored in the last ten years with excellent results

Strategies in asymmetric catalysis

• Tehshik P. Yoon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 63–64, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.8

• broader field of organic synthesis. Despite the remarkable progress in this field over the years, however, the rational design and discovery of enantioselective reactions remains a challenging endeavor. Part of the difficulty is intrinsic: subtle energy differences of only a few kilocalories per mole can

• stereochemical outcome of organic reactions has thus long been recognized as a central concern across multiple sectors of modern synthetic chemistry. In 2001, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Knowles, Sharpless, and Noyori for their work on the use of chiral catalysts for highly enantioselective

• reactions. Those of us with research interests in stereoselective synthesis lauded this award because it celebrated the creative insights of these pioneers in asymmetric catalysis and because it marked a general recognition that enantioselective catalysis has had a significant practical impact on the

First DMAP-mediated direct conversion of Morita–Baylis–Hillman alcohols into γ-ketoallylphosphonates: Synthesis of γ-aminoallylphosphonates

• Marwa Ayadi,
• Haitham Elleuch,
• Emmanuel Vrancken and
• Farhat Rezgui

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2906–2915, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.290

• have been exploited as valuable building blocks in natural product syntheses, e.g., calyculins A and B as potent serine-threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors [6], as well as ligands in enantioselective reactions [7]. Furthermore, allylphosphonates are important bioactive compounds that exhibit

Copper-catalyzed asymmetric sp³ C–H arylation of tetrahydroisoquinoline mediated by a visible light photoredox catalyst

• Pierre Querard,
• Inna Perepichka,
• Eli Zysman-Colman and
• Chao-Jun Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2636–2643, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.260

• providing extremely important tools for potential transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective reactions of sp3 C–H bonds, which could be carried out at low temperature and under mild reaction conditions [13][14]. We envisioned that combining photoredox catalysis with typical cross-coupling methods will

Enantioconvergent catalysis

• Justin T. Mohr,
• Jared T. Moore and
• Brian M. Stoltz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2038–2045, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.192

• Enantioconvergent synthetic sequences are powerful methods which convert a racemic starting material to a highly enantioenriched product in up to 100% yield (Figure 1a) [1]. These routes circumvent the inefficiency inherent to many traditional enantioselective reactions with racemic materials (e.g., kinetic and

Multivalent polyglycerol supported imidazolidin-4-one organocatalysts for enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylations

• Tommaso Pecchioli,
• Manoj Kumar Muthyala,
• Rainer Haag and
• Mathias Christmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 730–738, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.83

• support in asymmetric organocatalysis. The use of chiral imidazolidinones in organocatalysis has been extensively reported for a wide range of enantioselective reactions involving α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, such as the Diels–Alder reactions [50], 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions [51] and Friedel–Crafts

Chiral phosphines in nucleophilic organocatalysis

• Yumei Xiao,
• Zhanhu Sun,
• Hongchao Guo and
• Ohyun Kwon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2089–2121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.218

• elements, thereby providing suitable chirality, nucleophilicity, basicity, functionality, and rigidity. 2 Enantioselective reactions catalyzed by chiral phosphines Using the chiral phosphines described above as catalysts, a number of highly enantioselective reactions have been achieved, offering a wide

Synthesis of a sucrose dimer with enone tether; a study on its functionalization

• Zbigniew Pakulski,
• Norbert Gajda,
• Magdalena Jawiczuk,
• Jadwiga Frelek,
• Piotr Cmoch and
• Sławomir Jarosz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1246–1254, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.124

• synthesis; sucrose; Introduction Molecular recognition is one of the most important phenomena in stereoselective processes. Chiral crown ethers (or analogs) are particularly useful in enantioselective reactions [1][2] as well as differentiation of chiral guests [3][4]. From all of the chiral platforms

Atherton–Todd reaction: mechanism, scope and applications

• Stéphanie S. Le Corre,
• Mathieu Berchel,
• Hélène Couthon-Gourvès,
• Jean-Pierre Haelters and
• Paul-Alain Jaffrès

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1166–1196, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.117

• studied the enantioselective crossed aldol reaction of aldehydes with trichlorosilyl enol ethers. They obtained the aldol products in high yields with moderate to good enantioselectivities [101]. The chiral phosphoramidates used in this study and tested in many other enantioselective reactions (aldol

Silver and gold-catalyzed multicomponent reactions

• Giorgio Abbiati and
• Elisabetta Rossi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 481–513, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.46

• “softer” chelating heteroatom (sulfur) with the late transition metal, which in turn resulted in improved enantiodifferentiation via a more organized transition state. Two more examples of enantioselective reactions involving silver catalysts have been recently reported. Both reactions involve amines