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Search for "host" in Full Text gives 497 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.

Gold extraction at the molecular level using α- and β-cyclodextrins

  • Susana Santos Braga

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1116–1125, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.89

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  • protons, which makes it sufficiently hydrophobic to host apolar guest molecules, forming particular adducts called inclusion compounds. One obvious consequence of inclusion is increased solubility, with another important action being the protection of the included guests against degradation from light
  • the importance of a host–guest tight fit to obtain a precipitate with KAuBr4, which occurs only with α-CD. Lastly, tests with alternative alkali metals showed that two of the salts were able to afford co-precipitates with α-CD, as shown in Figure 2. In the adducts with the large-diameter alkali metal
  • diffraction of single crystals (Figure 3), showing, for both 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometries, cyanoaurate anions inside the host cavity and potassium cations interacting with hydroxy groups of adjacent cyclodextrins. The strong host–guest affinity and complex stability in the solution phase has been studied by
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Published 06 Jun 2025

Supramolecular assembly of hypervalent iodine macrocycles and alkali metals

  • Krishna Pandey,
  • Lucas X. Orton,
  • Grayson Venus,
  • Waseem A. Hussain,
  • Toby Woods,
  • Lichang Wang and
  • Kyle N. Plunkett

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1095–1103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.87

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  • solution contained the metal BArF20 or BArF24 at a concentration of 10 times that of the HIM concentration. Gradually adding the metal BArF20 or BArF24 stock solution to the HIM stock solution in an NMR tube allowed the host-to-guest ratio to be varied while keeping the host concentration constant. With
  • crystallographic confirmation of a 2:1 host–guest complex, titration data was fitted using a 2:1 model of HIM to metal BArF20 or BArF24 (Figure 7) [22][23]. The calculated cooperative association constants for 1 with LiBArF20 are 0.09 M−1 and 21522 M−1. The cooperative association constants for HIM with NaBArF24
  • fluctuation of the concentration of the host and the guest, which contribute to the x-axis in the fitting process. The isothermal fitting to 2:1 models is often prone to overfitting with NMR data and is noticeable with the fit for 1. However, the general trend does correlate with the strength of the
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Published 30 May 2025

On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals

  • Daniel Straub,
  • Markus Gross,
  • Mona E. Arnold,
  • Julia Zolg and
  • Alexander J. C. Kuehne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80

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Published 21 May 2025

Dicarboxylate recognition based on ultracycle hosts through cooperative hydrogen bonding and anion–π interactions

  • Wen-Hui Mi,
  • Teng-Yu Huang,
  • Xu-Dong Wang,
  • Yu-Fei Ao,
  • Qi-Qiang Wang and
  • De-Xian Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 884–889, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.72

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  • were synthesized via a one-pot strategy starting from macrocyclic precursors. Host–dicarboxylate binding was investigated using 1H NMR titrations, revealing that B4aH exhibits strong binding affinities toward a series of dicarboxylates, with association constants reaching up to 6896 M−1. The
  • carboxylate heads and the submacrocycles. Additionally, the protons Hd and He on the glycol chain showed initial downfield shifts followed by upfield shifts. These discontinuous chemical shift movements suggest the host–dicarboxylate interactions and the simultaneous conformational changes in the host upon
  • dicarboxylates interact with each subcavity of B4aH through their terminal anionic groups, utilizing cooperative hydrogen bonding and anion–π interactions. The optimal size matching between dicarboxylate and the host cavity, as seen with C72−, enhances the synergistic effect between the two subcavities
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Published 06 May 2025

Unraveling cooperative interactions between complexed ions in dual-host strategy for cesium salt separation

  • Zhihua Liu,
  • Ya-Zhi Chen,
  • Ji Wang,
  • Qingling Nie,
  • Wei Zhao and
  • Biao Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 845–853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.68

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  • /bjoc.21.68 Abstract The dual-host strategy offers a straightforward approach to ion separation, yet the nature of cooperative interactions between receptor-complexed cations and anions remains poorly understood. In this study, we utilize 18-crown-6 as a cation receptor and a tripodal hexaurea receptor
  • dual-host systems for selective ion separation. Keywords: anion binding; cesium extraction; dual-host strategy; ion-pair interaction; solid–liquid extraction; Introduction Ion-pair interaction, defined as the electrostatic attraction between a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion
  • individual anion or cation receptors [21]. An alternative approach for ion separation involves the combination of an anion receptor and a cation receptor, known as the dual-host strategy [22][23][24]. Unlike ion-pair receptors, this strategy avoids the intricate, multi-step synthesis required for designing
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Published 29 Apr 2025

Acyclic cucurbit[n]uril bearing alkyl sulfate ionic groups

  • Christian Akakpo,
  • Peter Y. Zavalij and
  • Lyle Isaacs

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 717–726, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.55

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  • Christian Akakpo Peter Y. Zavalij Lyle Isaacs Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States 10.3762/bjoc.21.55 Abstract We report the synthesis and characterization of a new acyclic cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) host C1 that features four
  • alkyl sulfate ionic groups. The X-ray crystal structure of the C1·Me6CHDA complex is reported. Host C1 is significantly less soluble in water (4 mM) compared to the analogous acyclic CB[n] host M1 which features sulfonate ionic groups (346 mM). Host C1 does not undergo significant self-association
  • specific guest. C1 binds more tightly to quaternary ammonium guests compared to the corresponding primary ammonium ions. Keywords: cucurbituril; host–guest chemistry; isothermal titration calorimetry; molecular container; X-ray crystallography; Introduction Molecular recognition interactions are key
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Published 03 Apr 2025

Origami with small molecules: exploiting the C–F bond as a conformational tool

  • Patrick Ryan,
  • Ramsha Iftikhar and
  • Luke Hunter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 680–716, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.54

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Published 02 Apr 2025

Binding of tryptophan and tryptophan-containing peptides in water by a glucose naphtho crown ether

  • Gianpaolo Gallo and
  • Bartosz Lewandowski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 541–546, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.42

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  • tryptophan and Trp-containing peptides by 1 we performed NMR measurements on the 1:1 host–guest complexes in D2O. Upon binding of tryptophan by 1 a significant upfield shift of the aromatic protons and a slightly smaller shift, also upfield, of the α and β-Trp protons was observed (Figure 3). The aromatic
  • the host as well as Coulombic interactions between the crown ether and the ammonium could be involved. Furthermore, the ITC measurements revealed that the binding of 1 with both enantiomers of H-Trp-OH is predominantly entropy-driven suggesting that the hydrophobic effect plays an important role in
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Published 10 Mar 2025

Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions

  • Francesco Mele,
  • Ana M. Constantin,
  • Andrea Porcheddu,
  • Raimondo Maggi,
  • Giovanni Maestri,
  • Nicola Della Ca’ and
  • Luca Capaldo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33

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  • host to direct the photodimerization of 4.1 in a stereoselective fashion. The authors noted that, in stark contrast, the irradiation of 4.1 alone in a crystalline state yielded a mixture of isomers of 4.3 in low yield. Intriguingly, when a 4:1 ratio of 4.1 and 4.2 was used, 4.3 was obtained in 87
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Perspective
Published 03 Mar 2025

Beyond symmetric self-assembly and effective molarity: unlocking functional enzyme mimics with robust organic cages

  • Keith G. Andrews

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 421–443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.30

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  • the past few years [20][70][235][315], and true organocatalysis is exceedingly rare [316]. Instead, catalytic systems tend to be composed of cavities that increase substrate solubility [317], or host nanoparticles [318][319][320][321][322][323][324][325][326], metals [44][327][328], photoactive groups
  • host catalysis – (i) using the host as a “protecting group” to direct reactivity external to the host [187][346], and (ii) confinement of a transition-metal catalyst to take advantage of the restricted environment of the host [51][52] – neither of which resembles the enzyme-like possibility of a true
  • ]. Meanwhile, cages 1 and 4 have been studied in the solution state as hosts for diamines (Figure 8B) [38][39], guests which would ostensibly degrade host imine cages or metal-organic cages [345]. Indeed, imine cages are rarely viable as solution-phase hosts [263][342][343][345]. We were also able to study the
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Published 24 Feb 2025

Antibiofilm and cytotoxic metabolites from the entomopathogenic fungus Samsoniella aurantia

  • Rita Toshe,
  • Syeda J. Khalid,
  • Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou,
  • Esteban Charria-Girón,
  • Paul Eckhardt,
  • Birthe Sandargo,
  • Kunlapat Nuchthien,
  • J. Jennifer Luangsa-ard,
  • Till Opatz,
  • Hedda Schrey,
  • Sherif S. Ebada and
  • Marc Stadler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 327–339, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.23

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  • conditions on either biotic or abiotic surfaces. Structurally, biofilms are polymicrobial consortia embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that plays a pivotal role in surface adhesion, enhancement of gene exchange, antimicrobial resistance, and protection against host immune and inflammatory
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Published 11 Feb 2025

Hydrogen-bonded macrocycle-mediated dimerization for orthogonal supramolecular polymerization

  • Wentao Yu,
  • Zhiyao Yang,
  • Chengkan Yu,
  • Xiaowei Li and
  • Lihua Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 179–188, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.10

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  • effectively applied to form orthogonal supramolecular polymers. The macrocycle-mediated connectivity was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which revealed a unique 2:2 binding motif between host and guest, bridged by two cationic pyridinium end groups through π-stacking interactions and other
  • materials. Keywords: hydrogen-bonded macrocycle; orthogonal self-assembly; shape-persistent; supramolecular polymer; Introduction Host–guest interactions, particularly those involving macrocycles as hosts [1], have found a myriad of applications in supramolecular chemistry [2][3][4] owing to their ability
  • ., metal coordination interactions and hydrogen bonding), providing access to various multiresponsive orthogonal self-assemblies or smart supramolecular polymers [24][25]. For example, the discovery of cucurbit[8]uril complexation in a 1:2 and 2:2 host–guest stoichiometry leads to a wide spectrum of
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Published 17 Jan 2025

Chemical structure metagenomics of microbial natural products: surveying nonribosomal peptides and beyond

  • Thomas Ma and
  • John Chu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3050–3060, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.253

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  • morphology of the host, etc. [25]. Sequence and function metagenomic approaches have been reviewed elsewhere and will not be covered herein [26][27][28]. This Perspective focuses on chemical structure metagenomics (Figure 2c), an emerging field that integrates bioinformatics, chemical synthesis, molecular
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Published 20 Nov 2024
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  • molecule a good host molecule that interacts with guest molecules via hydrophobic interactions. To maximize the host–guest hydrophobic interaction, suitable guest molecules for CDs generally fit well with their cavity sizes. Put differently, α-CD fits well with a linear aliphatic chain, β-CD does with a
  • substituted benzene ring, and γ-CD can host further bigger guest molecules, such as pyrene or two aliphatic chains, in one cavity. The ability of CD to form an inclusion complex structure is drastically affected by the cavity size or the modification strategy for the hydroxy groups on CD. To evaluate the
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Published 19 Nov 2024

Tailored charge-neutral self-assembled L2Zn2 container for taming oxalate

  • David Ocklenburg and
  • David Van Craen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3007–3015, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.250

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  • selectively over other dicarboxylates by maintaining the receptor stability. This study highlights the importance of a highly modular receptor design so that tailored hosts can be designed to tackle the recognition of challenging competitive analytes. Keywords: anion recognition; charge-neutral host
  • this issue is to exchange the counteranions with less competitive ones, such as replacing tetrafluoroborate with tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate [64]. Alternatively, an emerging solution is the utilization of ligand–metal combinations that self-assemble into charge-neutral host systems
  • be volatile to simplify complex purification. Second, the solubility of the neutral host complexes usually needs to be improved by the installation of solubility groups, which must be considered during ligand design. The biggest strength of metallocages and metallocontainers, whether they are
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Published 18 Nov 2024

4,6-Diaryl-5,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxanes as chiral dopants for liquid crystal compositions

  • Maurice Médebielle,
  • Peer Kirsch,
  • Jérémy Merad,
  • Carolina von Essen,
  • Clemens Kühn and
  • Andreas Ruhl

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2940–2945, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.246

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  • appears, the more efficient is the induction of chirality in a nematic host. Additionally, the location of the chiral substructure within the dopant molecule seems to play a role. A more ‘central’ location within in the mesogenic core structure corresponds to a higher HTP of the resulting chiral compound
  • -1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanediol (rac-2). These enantiomers were then evaluated as chiral dopants using two commercially available liquid crystal host mixtures (Host 1 and Host 2 from Merck KGaA) (Scheme 2). Results and Discussion Racemic anti-2,2-difluoro-1,3-diol rac-2 was easily prepared through a
  • two achiral nematic host mixtures (Host 1 and Host 2 from Merck) (Table 1). (R,R)-3 and (S,S)-3 with a more liquid crystal-like shape have higher HTP [16 µm−1 (Host 1), 38 µm−1 (Host 2)] than the dimethylacetal analogues (R,R)-4 and (S,S)-4 [8 µm−1 (Host 1), 15 µm−1 (Host 2)]. The difference between
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Published 14 Nov 2024

Investigation of a bimetallic terbium(III)/copper(II) chemosensor for the detection of aqueous hydrogen sulfide

  • Parvathy Mini,
  • Michael R. Grace,
  • Genevieve H. Dennison and
  • Kellie L. Tuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2818–2826, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.237

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  • program, was used to determine the binding constant of Cu2+ ions to Tb.1 in both Tris-HCl buffer and HEPES buffer. The host–guest binding modes (1:1, 1:2 or 2:1) were evaluated using the luminescent data (λex = 250 nm, λem = 450–650 nm) from the respective titration experiments. In both cases the 1:1 host
  • ), anion/sulfur compound (50 µM) and Na2S (15 µM), n = 3. Chemical structure and mode of action of [Tb(DPA-N3)3]3− for detection of H2S(g) [11]. Synthesis of Tb.1. Binding constant determination for the 1:1 host–guest interaction (Tb.1 + Cu2+ ions), determined using supramolecular.org [18]. Supporting
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Published 05 Nov 2024

Deciphering the mechanism of γ-cyclodextrin’s hydrophobic cavity hydration: an integrated experimental and theoretical study

  • Stiliyana Pereva,
  • Stefan Dobrev,
  • Tsveta Sarafska,
  • Valya Nikolova,
  • Silvia Angelova,
  • Tony Spassov and
  • Todor Dudev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2635–2643, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.221

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  • Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria 10.3762/bjoc.20.221 Abstract Cyclodextrins (CDs) are host systems with inherent capability for inclusion complex formation with various molecular entities, mostly hydrophobic
  • substances. Host CDs are highly accommodative to water molecules as well and usually contain water in the native state. There is still an ongoing discussion on both the total number of water molecules and their preferred binding position inside the cavities of the CDs. To understand the hydration/dehydration
  • residues, but α-CDs with 6 and γ-CDs with 8 glucopyranose units, respectively, have also been widely used as potent host structures encapsulating various substances of interest to science and industry. The shape of CDs is toroid-like with one opening (lower rim) wider than the other (upper rim). These
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Published 17 Oct 2024

Cell-free protein synthesis with technical additives – expanding the parameter space of in vitro gene expression

  • Tabea Bartsch,
  • Stephan Lütz and
  • Katrin Rosenthal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2242–2253, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.192

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  • biocatalysts [1][2]. The open environment allows easy manipulation of the protein synthesis [3] and coupling to subsequent enzyme activity assays, e.g., for substrate screening [4][5]. The CFPS system is advantageous for proteins that are difficult to express in a viable host cell, e.g., due to toxic effects
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Published 04 Sep 2024

Natural resorcylic lactones derived from alternariol

  • Joachim Podlech

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2171–2207, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.187

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Published 30 Aug 2024

Computational toolbox for the analysis of protein–glycan interactions

  • Ferran Nieto-Fabregat,
  • Maria Pia Lenza,
  • Angela Marseglia,
  • Cristina Di Carluccio,
  • Antonio Molinaro,
  • Alba Silipo and
  • Roberta Marchetti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2084–2107, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.180

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  • interaction with host proteins [5][6]. Notably, the complexity of the glycome far surpasses that of the genome, transcriptome, and proteome, not only due to the structural and conformational diversity of glycans, whose synthesis is not template driven, but also due to their dynamic nature [5][6]. Although
  • for humans, animals and plants, including drug design [14][15], vaccine development [15][16] and numerous other possibilities in the field of carbohydrate chemistry and biology. Notably, the regulation of the host immune response is often mediated by glycans, particularly through their recognition by
  • class of GBP is represented by anti-carbohydrate antibodies, that are generally produced by the host organism for example against bacterial, fungal, and viral carbohydrates [35]. Given the wide variety of biological processes influenced by the protein–glycan interplay, an increasing attention has been
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Published 22 Aug 2024

The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction in its maturity: innovation and improvements since its 21st birthday (2019–2023)

  • Cristina Martini,
  • Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan and
  • Andrea Basso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1839–1879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.162

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  • a [1,5]-H shift [19], indazolo[3’,2’:2,3]imidazo[1,5-c]quinazolin-6(5H)-one 18 (Scheme 7) [20]. The favorable host–guest interaction between 14 and the reactants (demonstrated by 2D NMR and FTIR spectroscopy as well as by scanning electron micrography), combined with the acidity of the succinyl
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Published 01 Aug 2024

Discovery of antimicrobial peptides clostrisin and cellulosin from Clostridium: insights into their structures, co-localized biosynthetic gene clusters, and antibiotic activity

  • Moisés Alejandro Alejo Hernandez,
  • Katia Pamela Villavicencio Sánchez,
  • Rosendo Sánchez Morales,
  • Karla Georgina Hernández-Magro Gil,
  • David Silverio Moreno-Gutiérrez,
  • Eddie Guillermo Sanchez-Rueda,
  • Yanet Teresa-Cruz,
  • Brian Choi,
  • Armando Hernández Garcia,
  • Alba Romero-Rodríguez,
  • Oscar Juárez,
  • Siseth Martínez-Caballero,
  • Mario Figueroa and
  • Corina-Diana Ceapă

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1800–1816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.159

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  • -peptide accumulation did not impact the expression host. This assumption was made due to reports of auto-proteolysis for other lanthipeptides during production in this cell system. This leads us to believe that at least a few mature peptides might have been present. Despite this, the growth curves of the
  • . These peptides were expressed in an E. coli host and produced in sufficient concentrations to perform bioactivity assays. The C39-associated domain was purified to facilitate the transformation from pre-peptide to the mature configuration. The mature clostrisin and cellulosin exhibited antimicrobial
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Published 30 Jul 2024

Polymer degrading marine Microbulbifer bacteria: an un(der)utilized source of chemical and biocatalytic novelty

  • Weimao Zhong and
  • Vinayak Agarwal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1635–1651, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.146

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  • enzyme RagaA7 was produced in a Bacillus subtilis host and characterized to be a neoagarotetraose-producing GH-16 family endo-type β-agarase with a pH and temperature optima being 7.0 and 50 °C, respectively. Another thermostable neoagarotetraose-producing GH-16 endo-type β-agarase rAgaA was identified
  • and cloned from deep-sea-derived Microbulbifer sp. JAMB-A94 with pH and temperature optima being 7.0 and 55 °C, respectively [26]. The recombinant enzyme was likewise produced using a B. subtilis host. The crystal structure of the catalytic domain was determined to show a β-jelly roll fold with
  • –12 against Staphlyococcus aureus indicated that 7 and 12 were bacteriostatic, while 9 and 10 were bactericidal. Compound 9 was also active towards another two commensal Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus sp. and Planococcus sp. isolated from the host sponge. Compound 9 can be detected in situ in the
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Published 17 Jul 2024

Benzylic C(sp3)–H fluorination

  • Alexander P. Atkins,
  • Alice C. Dean and
  • Alastair J. J. Lennox

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1527–1547, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.137

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  • of a host of functional groups [68]. This approach can also be applied for nucleophilic fluorination of benzylic substrates. This occurs via sequential electron-transfer and proton-transfer steps, as outlined in Figure 35 [87]. Single-electron oxidation of benzylic substrate I at the anode generates
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Published 10 Jul 2024
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