Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds

• Babak Kaboudin,
• Milad Behroozi,
• Sepideh Sadighi and
• Fatemeh Asgharzadeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61

• resistance, and maintain ion balance (e.g., LiClO4, n-Bu4NBF4), and active electrolytes, which participate directly in redox reactions, acting as oxidizing or reducing agents (e.g., H2SO4, Et4NOH). Choosing the proper electrolyte affects reaction efficiency, selectivity, and overall performance. Electrodes

• was performed. The use of graphite and RVC gave good results. Nickel, graphite, and platinum electrodes were examined as the cathodes. Results showed that platinum and nickel performed better than graphite in the cathode due to their higher conductivity and lower electrical resistance. When platinum

Photocatalyzed elaboration of antibody-based bioconjugates

• Marine Le Stum,
• Eugénie Romero and
• Gary A. Molander

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 616–629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.49

• diseases: ADCs have shown remarkable success in treatment of highly refractory diseases. Their ability to overcome resistance makes them valuable options for patients who previously had limited treatment choices. ADCs consist of three main components (Figure 1): (1) Monoclonal antibody (mAb): The antibody

Semisynthetic derivatives of massarilactone D with cytotoxic and nematicidal activities

• Rémy B. Teponno,
• Sara R. Noumeur and
• Marc Stadler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 607–615, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.48

• ; nematicidal activity; Introduction Cancer continues to be responsible for morbidity and mortality all over the world. Endophytic fungi have been shown to be an important source of secondary metabolites endowed with interesting cytotoxic activities. However, resistance to cancer therapies is a persistent

• challenge in clinical practice. This resistance often leads to treatment failure and poor survival outcomes for patients [1]. Another ongoing problem is the excessive use of chemical pesticides such as methyl bromide, carbamates, and organophosphates to control plant-parasitic nematodes that has shown a

• negative impact on the environment and human health. Prolonged and widespread applications of these substances have also increased the development of nematode resistance to pesticides [2][3][4]. However, advancements in natural products chemistry have shown that chemical modifications of certain natural

Cryptophycin unit B analogues

• Thomas Schachtsiek,
• Jona Voss,
• Maren Hamsen,
• Beate Neumann,
• Hans-Georg Stammler and
• Norbert Sewald

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 526–532, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.40

• amines still show nanomolar activity against the MDR cell line KB-V1 (Table 1) with resistance factors FR (being the ratio between IC50 (KB-V1) and IC50 (KB-3-1)) of 25 (1) and 34 (2), thus being comparably much more potent against KB-V1 cells than for example the unit D analogues (FR ≈ 103) [19

• cryptophycins 1 and 2 showed high cytotoxicity with 313 pM (1) and 6.36 nM (2) and outstandingly low resistance factors. Furthermore, the new cryptophycin 1 confirms the correlation between degree of alkylation and cytotoxicity of m-chloro-p-amino unit B derivatives. Since MDR is responsible for over 90% of

Deep-blue emitting 9,10-bis(perfluorobenzyl)anthracene

• Long K. San,
• Sebastian Balser,
• Brian J. Reeves,
• Tyler T. Clikeman,
• Yu-Sheng Chen,
• Steven H. Strauss and
• Olga V. Boltalina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 515–525, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.39

• Barnstead NANOpure Ultrapure Water system, producing water with a final resistance of at least 18 MΩ); and silica gel (Sigma-Aldrich, 70–230 mesh, 60 Å). For HPLC separations: acetonitrile (Fisher Scientific ACS grade); toluene (Fisher Scientific, ACS grade); and heptane (Mallinckrodt Chemicals, ACS grade

Synthesis of the aggregation pheromone of Tribolium castaneum

• Biyu An,
• Xueyang Wang,
• Ao Jiao,
• Qinghua Bian and
• Jiangchun Zhong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 510–514, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.38

• harmful to human health and this became a significant challenge to food security [6]. Long-term synthetic pesticide applications to control the red flour beetle has resulted in the development of resistance to organophosphates, pyrethroids, methyl carbamates, and neonicotinoids [7][8]. It became critical

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and carbonic anhydrase inhibition activities of multifunctional pyrazolo-1,2-benzothiazine acetamides

• Ayesha Saeed,
• Shahana Ehsan,
• Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman,
• Erin M. Marshall,
• Sandra Loesgen,
• Abdus Saleem,
• Simone Giovannuzzi and
• Claudiu T. Supuran

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 348–357, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.25

• 10.3762/bjoc.21.25 Abstract The advent of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms requires the discovery and synthesis of novel antibiotics. At the same time, human pathogens are contributing to chronic and persistent inflammation. Motivated by these two concerning issues, new antibiotic drug candidates

• prepared scaffolds are valuable additions to the class of pyrazolo-1,2-benzothiazine antibiotics with selective antistaphylococcal activity. Keywords: acetamides; antibiotics; antimicrobial; benzothiazines; Staphylococcus aureus; Introduction The global crisis of antibiotic resistance has been

• progressing for decades. Reasons behind this issue include over-prescribing of FDA-approved drugs, agricultural use, rapid resistance development, and declining rates of novel antibiotic discovery [1]. In fact, the rate of discovery of new classes of antibiotics is low compared to the development of

Antibiofilm and cytotoxic metabolites from the entomopathogenic fungus Samsoniella aurantia

• Rita Toshe,
• Syeda J. Khalid,
• Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou,
• Esteban Charria-Girón,
• Paul Eckhardt,
• Birthe Sandargo,
• Kunlapat Nuchthien,
• J. Jennifer Luangsa-ard,
• Till Opatz,
• Hedda Schrey,
• Sherif S. Ebada and
• Marc Stadler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 327–339, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.23

• conditions on either biotic or abiotic surfaces. Structurally, biofilms are polymicrobial consortia embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that plays a pivotal role in surface adhesion, enhancement of gene exchange, antimicrobial resistance, and protection against host immune and inflammatory

• infections are associated with biofilm formation, respectively, including serious infections affecting mucosal membranes or on implants yielding serious threats in hospitalized patients [3][4]. Consequently, biofilm-based antibiotic resistance poses a major threat to human health and substantially

• anticancer properties [6]. With concerns about biofilm formation and resistance escalating in the medical field, entomopathogenic fungi have emerged as a promising source of novel bioactive compounds [5]. Our recent exploration of B. neobassiana highlighted this growing interest, affording one tetramic acid

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• ). Despite this, their catalytic performance was not compromised. The key to their success lies in their resistance to photobleaching, which is a common issue for metal-based photocatalysts that degrade under prolonged exposure to light. The silicon-based phthalocyanin complexes maintained their structural

Synthesis of the 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole-methanesulfonylindole hybrid system via high-order multicomponent reaction

• Cesia M. Aguilar-Morales,
• América A. Frías-López,
• Nadia V. Emilio-Velázquez,
• Alejandro Islas-Jácome,
• Angelica Judith Granados-López,
• Jorge Gustavo Araujo-Huitrado,
• Yamilé López-Hernández,
• Hiram Hernández-López,
• Luis Chacón-García,
• Jesús Adrián López and
• Carlos J. Cortés-García

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3077–3084, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.256

• are found in a plethora of compounds with significant biological and pharmacological relevance [1][2][3][4]. These moieties are indispensable in the design and synthesis of novel drugs aimed at overcoming drug resistance, which is a global health threat [5][6][7]. To date, a strategy to access novel

Chemical structure metagenomics of microbial natural products: surveying nonribosomal peptides and beyond

• Thomas Ma and
• John Chu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3050–3060, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.253

• (Figure 2b). The former analyzes nucleic acid sequences to prioritize BGCs that are worth exploring [20]. For example, it has been shown that tracking characteristic biosynthetic or self-resistance gene(s) can facilitate the discovery of new congeners of a natural product family [21][22]. Function

The charge transport properties of dicyanomethylene-functionalised violanthrone derivatives

• Sondos A. J. Almahmoud,
• Joseph Cameron,
• Dylan Wilkinson,
• Michele Cariello,
• Claire Wilson,
• Alan A. Wiles,
• Peter J. Skabara and
• Graeme Cooke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2921–2930, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.244

• where some devices failed due to high resistance and testing was carried out using 5 μm channel length due to the low currents measured at higher channel lengths. Testing was carried out using a Keithley 4200 Semiconductor Characterisation System. Charge mobility was calculated in the saturation regime

Synthesis of pyrrole-fused dibenzoxazepine/dibenzothiazepine/triazolobenzodiazepine derivatives via isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions

• Marzieh Norouzi,
• Mohammad Taghi Nazeri,
• Ahmad Shaabani and
• Behrouz Notash

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2870–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.241

• gloves with high chemical resistance. The reactions should be carried out in a hood with a strong suction and with a protective explosion shield, which in this test should be as low as possible. Since exposure to water and strong acids leads to the formation of hydrazoic acid, which is very toxic

N-Glycosides of indigo, indirubin, and isoindigo: blue, red, and yellow sugars and their cancerostatic activity

• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2840–2869, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.240

• preexisting and inducible TRAIL resistance. Similarly, as in case of the activity of selenoindirubin-N-glycosides 38 against lung cell carcinoma (Scheme 23), inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation and loss of cell viability were significantly increased by the presence of the death ligand TRAIL. The

• antitumor effects were related to the inhibition of the survival pathway of c-Jun and JNK2 (Jun N-terminal kinase). In an additional study, it was shown that treatment with derivative E-β-46b results in an increase of melanoma cell sensitivity for death ligands and allows to overcome resistance against

• and Bad and to downregulation of Mcl-1. In fact, the presence of compound E-β-46b in combination with TRAIL was also able to overcome apoptosis resistance, due to overexpression of ectopic Bcl-2. The proapoptotic effects of compound E-β-46e in melanoma cells were investigated in more detail. In fact

Synthesis and antimycotic activity of new derivatives of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines

• Dmitriy Yu. Vandyshev,
• Daria A. Mangusheva,
• Khidmet S. Shikhaliev,
• Kirill A. Scherbakov,
• Oleg N. Burov,
• Alexander D. Zagrebaev,
• Tatiana N. Khmelevskaya,
• Alexey S. Trenin and
• Fedor I. Zubkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2806–2817, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.236

• Candida infections has favored the selection and/or emergence of Candida strains with advanced resistance in patients suffering from life-threatening disseminated forms of the disease, especially in the presence of serious comorbidities or immunodeficiency. The emergence of resistance to azoles [44][45

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

• . However, it should be noted that anodic oxidations often require electrodes with high resistance to oxidation, such as platinum electrodes, or inert electrodes with a highly developed surface, like reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC). Anodic oxidations generally involve the evolution of hydrogen (indicated

Homogeneous continuous flow nitration of O-methylisouronium sulfate and its optimization by kinetic modeling

• Jiapeng Guo,
• Weike Su and
• An Su

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2408–2420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.205

• 10.3762/bjoc.20.205 Abstract Nitration of O-methylisouronium sulfate under mixed acid conditions gives O-methyl-N-nitroisourea, a key intermediate of neonicotinoid insecticides with high application value. The reaction is a fast and highly exothermic process with a high mass transfer resistance, making

• its control difficult and risky. In this paper, a homogeneous continuous flow microreactor system was developed for the nitration of O-methylisouronium sulfate under high concentrations of mixed acids, with a homemade static mixer eliminating the mass transfer resistance. In addition, the kinetic

• reaction system. Therefore, it is feasible to model homogeneous nitrification and optimize the reaction in a continuous flow system based on NO2+. An important prerequisite for kinetic modeling is the elimination of issues related to mass and heat transfer. The effect of mass transfer resistance is greater

Efficient one-step synthesis of diarylacetic acids by electrochemical direct carboxylation of diarylmethanol compounds in DMSO

• Hisanori Senboku and
• Mizuki Hayama

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2392–2400, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.203

• due to heat generation by electric resistance. With these results in hand, the substrate scope was investigated. First, the applicability of halogen-containing diphenylmethanol compounds 1b and 1c to the electrochemical carboxylation under the reaction conditions shown in Table 1, entry 8 was

• /cm2) under atmospheric pressure of bubbling carbon dioxide at room temperature. The temperature of the reaction mixture increased to 40–50 °C at the end of the electrolysis in every case due to generation of heat by electric resistance during the electrolysis. After 8 F/mol of electricity had been

Negishi-coupling-enabled synthesis of α-heteroaryl-α-amino acid building blocks for DNA-encoded chemical library applications

• Matteo Gasparetto,
• Balázs Fődi and
• Gellért Sipos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1922–1932, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.168

• proceeded smoothly yielding 4j in quantitative yield. However, obtaining compound 4r presented some challenges due to the resistance of ester 2r towards conventional oxidation methods (see Table S5 in Supporting Information File 1). Consequently, a multi-step process involving ester hydrolysis and

Discovery of antimicrobial peptides clostrisin and cellulosin from Clostridium: insights into their structures, co-localized biosynthetic gene clusters, and antibiotic activity

• Moisés Alejandro Alejo Hernandez,
• Katia Pamela Villavicencio Sánchez,
• Rosendo Sánchez Morales,
• Karla Georgina Hernández-Magro Gil,
• David Silverio Moreno-Gutiérrez,
• Eddie Guillermo Sanchez-Rueda,
• Yanet Teresa-Cruz,
• Brian Choi,
• Armando Hernández Garcia,
• Alba Romero-Rodríguez,
• Oscar Juárez,
• Siseth Martínez-Caballero,
• Mario Figueroa and
• Corina-Diana Ceapă

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1800–1816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.159

• Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616 Institute of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 04510, México 10.3762/bjoc.20.159 Abstract Antimicrobial resistance presents a

• associated bioactive peptides. Keywords: antimicrobials; genome mining; lantibiotics; lanthipeptides; multi-drug resistant bacteria; natural products; Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health challenge. Only in 2019, there were 4.95 million deaths associated with AMR [1

• ], a number expected to increase exponentially. One fundamental objective of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the investment in developing new drugs, diagnostic tools, vaccines, and other interventions [2]. In this context, many antibiotics

Synthesis of polycyclic aromatic quinones by continuous flow electrochemical oxidation: anodic methoxylation of polycyclic aromatic phenols (PAPs)

• Hiwot M. Tiruye,
• Solon Economopoulos and
• Kåre B. Jørgensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1746–1757, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.153

• alternative to classical synthesis [25][26][27][28]. Electrochemical oxidation reactions are further used to emulate enzymatic oxidations of drugs and explore potential metabolites [29][30][31]. Electrochemical flow systems provide fast electrosynthesis with low cell resistance, large electrode area, and good

Methyltransferases from RiPP pathways: shaping the landscape of natural product chemistry

• Maria-Paula Schröder,
• Isabel P.-M. Pfeiffer and
• Silja Mordhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1652–1670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.147

• section. N-Methyltransferases N-Methylations of peptides offer several advantages for peptide therapeutics, including conformational modulation, influence on receptor subtype specificity, increased proteolytic resistance, and improved oral bioavailability and cell permeability [82][83]. N-Methylation can

New triazinephosphonate dopants for Nafion proton exchange membranes (PEM)

• Fátima C. Teixeira,
• António P. S. Teixeira and
• C. M. Rangel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1623–1634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.145

• 10 mV, over a frequency range of 65 kHz to 5 Hz. The bulk resistance (Rb) of the membranes were calculated using the ZView software (Version 2.6b, Scribner Associates). A Binder KBF 115 climatic chamber was used to perform the measurements at a temperature of 60 °C and different relative humidity (RH

• ) conditions (40, 60 and 80%). The measurements were performed directly from the temperature-controlled humidity chamber, after a 2 h equilibration period. The proton conductivity (σ) was calculated using Equation 1 where L – distance between the two electrodes (cm), Rb – bulk resistance (Ω), and A - cross

Supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts as macroscopic soft scaffolds

• Ka-Lung Hung,
• Leong-Hung Cheung,
• Yikun Ren,
• Ming-Hin Chau,
• Yan-Yi Lam,
• Takashi Kajitani and
• Franco King-Chi Leung

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1590–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.142

• cycle (Figure S1a and S1b, Supporting Information File 1). In contrast, the previously studied reversibility of the photoswitching of DA10 had revealed 10% absorbance decreases per cycle [37], indicating a mild improvement to the fatigue resistance of DA11. To further investigate the photostability and

• , possibly due to the reduced stabilization and improved fatigue resistance of the cyclized-isomer in a polar environment. Photochemical properties of DAn in aqueous medium Delighted by the good photoswitchability performance of DAn in organic solvent, the photochemical properties and supramolecular assembly

Photoswitchable glycoligands targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa LecA

• Yu Fan,
• Ahmed El Rhaz,
• Stéphane Maisonneuve,
• Emilie Gillon,
• Maha Fatthalla,
• Franck Le Bideau,
• Guillaume Laurent,
• Samir Messaoudi,
• Anne Imberty and
• Juan Xie

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1486–1496, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.132

• formation is one of main causes of bacterial antimicrobial resistance infections. It is known that the soluble lectins LecA and LecB, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, play a key role in biofilm formation and lung infection. Bacterial lectins are therefore attractive targets for the development of new

• ; lectin A; photoswitchable ligands; Introduction Bacterial infection is a growing health problem due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among others. AMR causes approximately 33,000 deaths per annum in Europe only [1], and costs between €1.5 and €9 billion in healthcare and associated activities. Many

• the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised patients and as one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections [1]. Due to the existence of numerous molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, therapeutic options are