Biobased carbon dots as photoreductants – an investigation by using triarylsulfonium salts

• Valentina Benazzi,
• Arianna Bini,
• Ilaria Bertuol,
• Mariangela Novello,
• Federica Baldi,
• Matteo Hoch,
• Alvise Perosa and
• Stefano Protti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1024–1030, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.84

• typically exhibit excitation-dependent emission spectra and large Stokes shifts, features that are uncommon in traditional molecular fluorophores and semiconductor nanoparticles, and such behavior is attributed to the intrinsic heterogeneity of the CDs. The peculiar photophysics of carbon dots arises from

Origami with small molecules: exploiting the C–F bond as a conformational tool

• Patrick Ryan,
• Ramsha Iftikhar and
• Luke Hunter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 680–716, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.54

Photochemically assisted synthesis of phenacenes fluorinated at the terminal benzene rings and their electronic spectra

• Yuuki Ishii,
• Minoru Yamaji,
• Fumito Tani,
• Kenta Goto,
• Yoshihiro Kubozono and
• Hideki Okamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 670–679, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.53

• serves as a p-channel organic semiconductor [37], whereas perfluoropentacene can be used as an n-channel material [38]. It has been demonstrated that the molecular structure of [7]helicenes was modified by fluorination, thus, the helicenes’ pitch was manipulated by terminal fluorination modes [39][40

Deep-blue emitting 9,10-bis(perfluorobenzyl)anthracene

• Long K. San,
• Sebastian Balser,
• Brian J. Reeves,
• Tyler T. Clikeman,
• Yu-Sheng Chen,
• Steven H. Strauss and
• Olga V. Boltalina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 515–525, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.39

• ; perfluorobenzylation; photochemistry; Introduction The revolution of small organic molecules in the semiconductor industry continues to progress, replacing some silicon and metal-based electronic components. Acenes, such as anthracene (ANTH) and its higher homologues, represent some of the most studied materials that

Oxidation of [3]naphthylenes to cations and dications converts local paratropicity into global diatropicity

• Abel Cárdenas,
• Zexin Jin,
• Yong Ni,
• Jishan Wu,
• Yan Xia,
• Francisco Javier Ramírez and
• Juan Casado

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 277–285, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.20

• , National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 10.3762/bjoc.21.20 Abstract Oxidized states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are of importance as they represent charged conductive species in organic semiconductor substrates. In this work, we investigated the properties of

Synthesis of acenaphthylene-fused heteroarenes and polyoxygenated benzo[j]fluoranthenes via a Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura/C–H arylation cascade

• Merve Yence,
• Dilgam Ahmadli,
• Damla Surmeli,
• Umut Mert Karacaoğlu,
• Sujit Pal and
• Yunus Emre Türkmen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3290–3298, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.273

• from certain plant species (Figure 1) [12]. The acenaphthylene-fused thiophene-based heteroarene 3 is another heterocyclic fluoranthene analogue, which was used as an organic semiconductor in transistors [13]. The synthesis and coordination complexes of the acenaphthylene-fused N-heterocyclic (NHC

The charge transport properties of dicyanomethylene-functionalised violanthrone derivatives

• Sondos A. J. Almahmoud,
• Joseph Cameron,
• Dylan Wilkinson,
• Michele Cariello,
• Claire Wilson,
• Alan A. Wiles,
• Peter J. Skabara and
• Graeme Cooke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2921–2930, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.244

• , Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK 10.3762/bjoc.20.244 Abstract The study of organic small molecule semiconductor materials as active components of organic electronic devices continues to attract considerable attention due to the range of advantages these molecules can offer. Here, we report the synthesis of three

• field-effect transistor; organic semiconductor; violanthrone; Introduction Recently, organic semiconductors have received considerable attention due to their potential technological applications in semiconductor devices, such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) [1][2], organic light-emitting

• , organic semiconductor molecules with large fused conjugated systems have achieved high charge carrier mobility. Such molecular structures improve the intermolecular interactions (such as π–π stacking) that are required to facilitate the hopping of charge carriers between adjacent molecules [7][8][9

Machine learning-guided strategies for reaction conditions design and optimization

• Lung-Yi Chen and
• Yi-Pei Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2476–2492, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.212

• algorithm for the shell growth of core-shell semiconductor nanoparticles. This involves various unit operations such as phase separation, washing, and continuous in-situ spectral monitoring. Although the process conditions for this reaction system do not have as extensive a literature base for training data

Kinetically stabilized 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans and the possibility of preparing large, persistent isoacenofurans with unusually small HOMO–LUMO gaps

• Qian Liu and
• Glen P. Miller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1099–1110, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.97

• gaps is achievable. As such, these molecules deserve increased attention as potential p-type organic semiconductors. Keywords: acene; DFT calculation; highly delocalized π-system; isoacenofuran; isobenzofuran; kinetically stabilized; organic semiconductor; small HOMO–LUMO gap; synthesis; Introduction

• hexacene (Figure 3). Thus, pentacene, a benchmark organic semiconductor, has a calculated HOMO–LUMO gap of 2.18 eV, nearly 0.5 eV greater than that of isotetracenofuran (13) with an isoelectronic π-system (22 π-electrons each). The incorporation of phenylthio groups (compound 16) further lowers the HOMO

Structure–property relationships in dicyanopyrazinoquinoxalines and their hydrogen-bonding-capable dihydropyrazinoquinoxalinedione derivatives

• Tural N. Akhmedov,
• Ajeet Kumar,
• Daken J. Starkenburg,
• Kyle J. Chesney,
• Khalil A. Abboud,
• Novruz G. Akhmedov,
• Jiangeng Xue and
• Ronald K. Castellano

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1037–1052, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.92

• both n- and p-type organic semiconductors [9][10][11][12]. The Würthner and Meijer groups presented an early example of the utility of hydrogen bonding in the fabrication of organic semiconductor devices. A thin-film device architecture was developed consisting of oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV) and

• DCPQs and DPQDs in this context. Overall, this work contributes to our overarching objective to investigate the influence of hydrogen-bonding functionality on optoelectronic material organization and next-generation organic semiconductor device performance. Experimental General methods Reagents and

Organic electron transport materials

• Joseph Cameron and
• Peter J. Skabara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 672–674, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.60

• transport materials for organic semiconductor devices due to their potential to be applied in various technologies. For example, such materials can be used to improve charge balance in the emissive layer of an organic light-emitting diode, charge extraction in perovskite solar cells or used as the

• semiconductor layer of n-type organic field-effect transistors. Typically, an electron transport material should have a high electron mobility and a low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) relative to vacuum. This is achieved by using electron-deficient units containing highly electronegative

• and allow for the construction of efficient, solution-processed devices. It is exciting to see how much of the work establishing n-type organic semiconductor materials for OFETs, for example, is now being applied to emerging technologies such as organic electrochemical transistors. In this case

Synthesis of π-conjugated polycyclic compounds by late-stage extrusion of chalcogen fragments

• Aissam Okba,
• Pablo Simón Marqués,
• Kyohei Matsuo,
• Naoki Aratani,
• Hiroko Yamada,
• Gwénaël Rapenne and
• Claire Kammerer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 287–305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.30

• , Yamada, Fukui, Shinokubo and co-workers tackled the synthesis of perylene bisimide (PBI), a valuable n-type semiconductor, via a “precursor approach” based on the late-stage extrusion of S-based fragments [57]. Dinaphthothiepine bisimides 3a and 3b, bearing octyl- and butylimide substituents respectively

• lower temperature (140 °C) than previously. These preliminary studies thus validated the suitability of the dinaphthothiepine core and particularly its S-oxide as soluble precursors for perylene, with three different activation modes to generate the target PBI semiconductor. This “precursor approach

Charge carrier transport in perylene-based and pyrene-based columnar liquid crystals

• Alessandro L. Alves,
• Simone V. Bernardino,
• Carlos H. Stadtlober,
• Edivandro Girotto,
• Giliandro Farias,
• Rodney M. do Nascimento,
• Sergio F. Curcio,
• Thiago Cazati,
• Marta E. R. Dotto,
• Juliana Eccher,
• Leonardo N. Furini,
• Hugo Gallardo,
• Harald Bock and
• Ivan H. Bechtold

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1755–1765, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.128

• derivatives are among the most investigated due to their easy functionalization, high chemical and thermal stability, strong photoluminescence, and n-type semiconductor character. They tend to adopt columnar organization due to the strong π–π interaction of the rigid cores, providing a path for the efficient

Quinoxaline derivatives as attractive electron-transporting materials

• Zeeshan Abid,
• Liaqat Ali,
• Sughra Gulzar,
• Faiza Wahad,
• Raja Shahid Ashraf and
• Christian B. Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1694–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.124

• processability compared to their inorganic counterparts [1][2]. Charge transport in organic semiconductors is a fundamental aspect that governs the performance and functionality of various organic semiconductor devices, such as organic solar cells (OSCs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic light

• chromophores in the development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), sensors, and electrochromic devices [8][13][14]. In this review, we have comprehensively examined the recent advancements of Qx-derived ETMs in various applications within the organic semiconductor device field over the past five to six

• materials, offering a range of properties specifically tailored for OFET applications. The tunable properties of Qxs as n-type semiconductor materials, including high electron mobility, optimal energy levels, broad absorption spectra, and processing compatibility, position them as promising candidates for

A deep-red fluorophore based on naphthothiadiazole as emitter with hybridized local and charge transfer and ambipolar transporting properties for electroluminescent devices

• Suangsiri Arunlimsawat,
• Patteera Funchien,
• Pongsakorn Chasing,
• Atthapon Saenubol,
• Taweesak Sudyoadsuk and
• Vinich Promarak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1664–1676, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.122

• proper energy levels will benefit the efficient charge injections from the electrodes in OLEDs. To evaluate charge-carrier mobility in TPECNz, hole (μh) and electron (μe) mobilities were initially measured using metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) diodes in combination with charge extraction in linearly

Benzoimidazolium-derived dimeric and hydride n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials: impact of substitution on structures, electrochemistry, and reactivity

• Swagat K. Mohapatra,
• Khaled Al Kurdi,
• Samik Jhulki,
• Georgii Bogdanov,
• John Bacsa,
• Maxwell Conte,
• Tatiana V. Timofeeva,
• Seth R. Marder and
• Stephen Barlow

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1651–1663, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.121

• strength and their reactivity with organic semiconductors (SC) does not depend solely on the SC reduction potential, since the first step, at least in many cases, is a hydride transfer rather than an electron transfer [8][9]. Moreover, as well forming the desired semiconductor radical anion SC•−, and the

• stable DMBI+ (1+) species, a hydrogen atom must be lost from the dopant, in some cases resulting in the incorporation of hydrogen-reduced side products into the semiconductor film [9], although in other cases it may be lost as H2 [8][10][11]. The first report of a (DMBI)2 dimer (12, Figure 1) was of 1a2

• , whereby the dimer is in equilibrium with a small concentration of the corresponding odd-electron monomer, which can then rapidly react with an acceptor such as an organic semiconductor (SC) through an exergonic electron transfer (ET), has been observed for the reactions of several relatively weakly bonded

Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• materials. Radical depolymerization, an efficient approach to destroy polymers, finds applications in two distinct fields, semiconductor industry and environmental protection. Polymer chemistry has largely diverged from organic chemistry with the fine division of modern science but polymer chemists

• in the post-polymerization modification. However, it is also an important chemical process in several circumstances. Photoresist is one of the bedrocks of the semiconductor industry [188][189]. There are two types of photoresists, positive and negative photoresists, and they become more or less

Enabling artificial photosynthesis systems with molecular recycling: A review of photo- and electrochemical methods for regenerating organic sacrificial electron donors

• Grace A. Lowe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1198–1215, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.88

• photocatalysts. Unlike photocatalysis with unrecycled sacrificial donors, the reaction does not depend on the total consumption of the donor. Z-schemes are generally achieved by transfer of electrons to semiconductor particles with photocharged interfaces that can accumulate charge and provide a potential

• photoreduction, with their energy levels arranged so that they operate together to transfer electrons from one substrate to another (Figure 3). Artificial Z-schemes were used for photochemical water splitting before carbon dioxide reduction and are mainly being investigated using particulate semiconductor

• -schemes are usually developed independently with different donors. Recently Ma et al. have developed a carbon dioxide reduction photosystem composed of a cobalt–quaterpyridine catalyst anchored to carbon nitride semiconductor particles [55]. Rather than an inorganic sacrificial donor, they developed this

Selective and scalable oxygenation of heteroatoms using the elements of nature: air, water, and light

• Damiano Diprima,
• Hannes Gemoets,
• Stefano Bonciolini and
• Koen Van Aken

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1146–1154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.82

• electrochemistry, the electron transfer occurs locally at the surface of the physical electrodes (typically located at a distance in the range of 200 μm to 2 cm) on which a potential is induced by an external potentiostat (Scheme 2). While for photoredox chemistry, the light-activated semiconductor catalyst

• . A) Effect of the addition of 1 equiv of various acids and bases to the standard solution. B) Effect of the addition of 1 equiv of various salts to the standard solution. Oxidation of heteroatoms. Graphical representation comparing A electrochemistry and B photoredox catalysis using a semiconductor

Construction of hexabenzocoronene-based chiral nanographenes

• Ranran Li,
• Di Wang,
• Shengtao Li and
• Peng An

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.54

• this [7]helicene family by introducing different linkers such as nitrogen, sulfur, sulfone, ketone, methylene, and derivatives of ketone [44]. Due to the varied nature of the different linkers, the photophysical and semiconductor properties can be effectively tuned. Feng and co-workers reported a

Preparation of β-cyclodextrin-based dimers with selectively methylated rims and their use for solubilization of tetracene

• Konstantin Lebedinskiy,
• Volodymyr Lobaz and
• Jindřich Jindřich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1596–1606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.170

• unstable, for example, towards oxidation. So, we have chosen tetracene as the object of our research. This molecule is also known as an organic semiconductor and is poorly soluble, but it demonstrates some stability to oxidation, making it easier to work with. We assumed these results might be extended to

Molecular and macromolecular electrochemistry: synthesis, mechanism, and redox properties

• Shinsuke Inagi and
• Mahito Atobe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1505–1506, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.158

• of organic electrochemistry for energy material applications. Organic semiconductor design for electron or hole transport is important for transistor and solar cell applications, and redox-active (but stable) organic and polymeric materials are promising for secondary batteries and redox flow

Ionic multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for light emitting electrochemical cells

• Merve Karaman,
• Abhishek Kumar Gupta,
• Subeesh Madayanad Suresh,
• Tomas Matulaitis,
• Lorenzo Mardegan,
• Daniel Tordera,
• Henk J. Bolink,
• Sen Wu,
• Stuart Warriner,
• Ifor D. Samuel and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1311–1321, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.136

• University, Cigli, 35620-Izmir, Turkey Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK, KY16 9ST Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol

• fluorescence; Introduction Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEECs) are thin film light-emitting devices typically consisting of an emissive layer containing ionic species that facilitate charge transport and an emissive semiconductor material. The emissive layer is sandwiched between two air-stable

Electrochemical formal homocoupling of sec-alcohols

• Kosuke Yamamoto,
• Kazuhisa Arita,
• Masashi Shiota,
• Masami Kuriyama and
• Osamu Onomura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1062–1069, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.108

• ][16][17][18]. In addition to the reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds, oxidative homocoupling reactions of benzyl alcohols under transition metal- or semiconductor-based photoredox catalysis have been demonstrated as attractive approaches to access vic-1,2-diols [19][20][21][22][23

Introducing a new 7-ring fused diindenone-dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene unit as a promising component for organic semiconductor materials

• Valentin H. K. Fell,
• Joseph Cameron,
• Alexander L. Kanibolotsky,
• Eman J. Hussien and
• Peter J. Skabara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 944–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.94

• s−1. Keywords: dithienothiophene (DTT); fused ring system; organic field-effect transistor (OFET); organic semiconductor; thienoacene; Introduction In recent years, organic molecules with several fused aromatic rings have gained much attention. Fusing aromatic rings leads to planar structures