Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• high enough to image them efficiently in the STEM, while it is low enough to avoid frequent occurrence of overlapping pores (see Supporting Information File 1). Irradiation was performed at three different kinetic energies (20, 180, and 260 keV) in order to evaluate the influence of the kinetic energy

• variations can make purely threshold-based edge detection unreliable. To ensure comparability with the suspended-layer reference data, which originate from our previous work, the same general procedure regarding sample preparation, STEM imaging, and image analysis was applied. Raman and PL spectroscopy Raman

• ) compared to monolayer on SiO2 (1L). (c) In trilayer MoS2, pores are predominantly non-perforating. STEM ADF images of SHI-irradiated (a) and HCI-irradiated (b) MoS2 reveal similar pore dimensions in 1L, but, as expected, vastly different perforation behavior. Schematics below each image illustrate

Interface-engineered Caco-2 cell culture on a collagen-coated liquid–liquid interface in a microfluidic device

• Satoru Kuriu and
• Soo Hyeon Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 760–768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.53

• (Figure S10vii). The samples were then incubated at room temperature for 3 h in a solution containing collagen antibody (5 μg/mL) (Figure S10ix). In the negative control experiment without collagen coating, the procedure was carried out in the same manner, except for the step shown in Figure S10ii. Image

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• a region with a lower film thickness at grain boundaries, which is well visible on the linear AFM profile in Figure 1 [45][46][47]. Figure 2a presents an exemplary scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of nanostructures formed as a result of annealing of a silver–platinum bilayer with a thickness

• were studied using UV–vis spectroscopy with a Thermo Fisher Scientific Evolution 220 double-beam spectrophotometer in transmittance mode over the range of 200–1000 nm. AFM image and profile of the as-deposited 4 nm Ag and 4 nm Pt bilayer. a) SEM image of nanostructures obtained by annealing at 650 °C

• systems was 8 nm. All samples were subsequently annealed at 650 °C for 15 min. HR-TEM image of a cross-section of a nanoisland obtained by annealing at 650 °C for 15 min, bilayers with a thickness of: a) 4 nm Ag/4 nm Pt and b) 7 nm Ag/1 nm Pt. Detailed EDS analysis of the cross-section of the nanoisland

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• as-prepared nanomaterials synthesized under different O2 concentrations. Peaks marked with • indicate the presence of secondary copper oxide phases (Cu2O). Deconvoluted AR-XPS spectra of Cu–Rh bimetallic oxides in the (a) Cu 2p and (b) Rh 3d regions. (a) Raman characterization and (b) HRTEM image of

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• cross sections for one dye 1 (green) or dye 2 (red) molecule, measured as dFONs molecular subunits of respectively dFONs(1) and dFONs(2) [11]. The beaker image in Figure 1b was reproduced from “Beaker” icon, Copyright 2019 by CHARIE Tristan from thenounproject.com, distributed under the terms of the

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• (1.00 wt %)@PCL in (a) EDX measurements (SEM image and elemental maps of C, O, N, and B) and (b) ToF SIMS measurements (total ion count and m/z = 11 ion map). Emission spectrum of singlet oxygen for 1(0.50 wt %)@PCL excited at λex = 520 nm. The emission spectrum of singlet oxygen for PCL@1(1.00 wt %) is

afspm: A framework for manufacturer-agnostic automation in scanning probe microscopy

• Nicholas J. Sullivan,
• Julio J. Valdés,
• Kirk H. Bevan and
• Peter Grutter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 653–667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.45

• the method “find_positions” invoking a pre-trained machine learning classifier, or predefined image processing logic. The determined positions are sent over IPC to the experiment script (“[experiment]” in Figure 7c), which, upon receipt, stores them in an internal data structure for later use. This

• (AM-AFM) or frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM)) and spectroscopic mode (e.g., IV curves or force spectroscopy), which we believe is justifiable as part of the experimental setup. This base set of operations gives the user a reasonable degree of flexibility: One could design an image

• instruments’ communication interfaces, and may benefit from similar frameworks. We particularly highlight optical and electron microscopy as these instruments share common experimental workflows (e.g., searching a wider region to determine where to image) and may benefit from direct repurposing of automation

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• the titanium plate are given in Figure 2a and Figure 3a alongside the distribution of titanium (pink) and oxygen (blue), and silver (yellow) according to the elemental mapping obtained from the EDS analysis. SEM-SE images generated using a focused electron beam to image sample surfaces at high

• photocatalyst (Ag@TiO2 200p or Ag@TiO2 2000p) was deposited onto a carbon-coated copper grid and left to dry under ambient conditions. ImageJ software, version 1.54 g, was used for image analysis and interplanar distance computations. Measurements of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• MoS2 on the rough substrate is determined by combining the cross-sectional height profile and the Raman spectra. The height profiles in topographic image are carefully located in the fluctuation direction of rough substrate. Thus, the thicknesses of MoS2 on the rough substrate along the black and red

• height profiles are about 0.7 and 1.8 nm, respectively. Figure 1a shows an experimentally obtained typical AFM topographic image of atomically thin MoS2 on the SiO2/Si substrate, with cross-sectional height profiles measured from the same sample in the insets. The rough substrate (Ra = 0.605 ± 0.079 nm

• -friction coatings, high-efficiency lubricants, and durable MEMS/NEMS. (a) AFM topographic image of atomically thin MoS2 along with the cross-sectional height profiles in the insets. (b) AFM phase image corresponding to the topographic image along with the cross-sectional profiles in the insets. (c, d

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• , showing that the annealing produces a replacement of one peak by the other rather than a continuous spectral shift of the peak. One can notice a small shoulder at 711 nm already present before any annealing (Figure 1a, blue curve). The hyperspectral 1D image (Figure 1b) shows that at optical spatial

• substrate) the ZnPc STM image recenters on the central Zn atom and the visibility of the TSB35-C12 conjugated cores, relative to ZnPc, is improved. Such a better resolution (i.e., a smaller spot size produced by the central Zn atom) is also characteristic of reduced fluctuations through a tighter anchoring

• ) as the input illumination. The reference was acquired on a clean glass cover plate. The transmitted signal was collected through the objective lens and sent to the detection chain to construct a 1D hyperspectral image reported either in dark-background-corrected absorption (100 × (1 − T/Treference

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• -101/rGO with various mass ratios, (c) Raman spectra of GO, rGO and MIL-101, and (d) Raman spectra of MIL-101/rGO with various mass ratios. EDX elemental mapping and elemental composition of MIL-101/rGO (3.3), (a) EDX spectrum, (b) electron image, (c) chromium element mapping, (d) oxygen element

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• phase diagram based on the D/G ratio and the G band linewidth to disentangle and quantify the amount of point and line defects in graphene (Figure 6) [114]. We have not achieved, so far, the capability to image the atomic structure of the defects with Raman spectroscopy. Even nano-Raman still lacks

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation

• Keita Nishida,
• Yuuki Yasui and
• Yoshiaki Sugimoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21

• -dimensional force maps obtained using vertical oscillation. (a) Schematic image of a model cantilever. (b) Side view of the cantilever. A tip with a moment of inertia μI is at x = l. (c) Displacement in the torsional direction for the static deformation (blue) and the dynamic deformation in fundamental mode

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• conductivity and mobility. Reversing the bias in a standard LAO setup enables the restoration of conductivity in GO layers or flakes through a localized reduction reaction [87][103] or a localized catalytic reaction [104]. In Figure 5a,b, we show a conductive AFM image of a single restored rGO feature [87

• material is crucial for achieving high image and pattern resolution during LAO. A suitable tip must meet three key criteria: (i) high electrical conductivity, (ii) strong mechanical stability (durability), and (iii) an optimal geometry characterized by a sharp apex and appropriate cone angle. Traditional

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• after four wash cycles. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge Fabian Humberto Alonso and M. C. Pedro Casillas Figueroa for technical support. The image of the mask in the Graphical Abstract was created by Dacreativo via Pixabay (https://pixabay.com/). This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• oscillator as a starting material for Au, and with TiO2 with Cody–Lorentz oscillators as starting material for TiO2. Scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi SU8030) was used to obtain the cross-sectional image (below in Figure 4a), with the sample oriented to expose the ENZ material edge to the electron beam

• the deposited layers. In Table 1, we can see that we have widths for every stack that are different from the ones proposed for the simulated ENZ points. This change in thickness was also seen in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In Figure 4a we present a SEM image of the ML800 structure; we see that

• dm = 10 nm gold layer measured using spectral ellipsometry compared to the one reported in literature. We observe that the resulting permittivity is almost similar to the one used for the simulations. (a) Scanning electron microscopy image of the ML800 structure. We see that the deposited layers have

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• , Pdet = 6.5 µm pixel size, 2048 × 2048 pixel, 16 bit image depth) with a 10 µm Gadox scintillator was used as the detector. For high-contrast and low-dose imaging, holotomography was applied as the phase contrast technique. Here, a gold Fresnel zone plate with a diameter of 300 µm was used [30]. By

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen gas sorption surface area analysis using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory were employed to evaluate the surface structure, porosity, and overall texture of the materials. The SEM image in Figure 2a reveals the typical structure of AC, characterized by

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• of 30 nA were used for sputtering cycles. The interleaved image spectra were acquired using 25 keV Bi3+ ions from a liquid metal ion gun, orientated at 45° to the sample surface. This was operated at an ion current of 0.1 pA, in an interlaced mode with a cycle time of 100 µs, in spectroscopy mode to

• sputtered depth as shown in Figure 3, with all images from the first ≈50 nm of the profile combined into a single image on the left, and the corresponding 3D image on the right. Regions where there was no obvious graphene-related signal were excluded from the reconstructions for clarity and are seen in the

• image as black. In the case of the BO sample, where we observed clear evidence of individual graphene domains (>100 µm) on the surface in Figure 1a, there is virtually no observable oxygen signal (O−) detected under the graphene layer, with only trace amounts related to surface contamination from

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• images were captured using the Nanosurf C3000i software and subsequently processed and analyzed with the Gwyddion v 2.66 software, which was used for image leveling, coloring, 3D visualization of the specimens, and roughness analysis [26]. 2.3.5.1 Atomic force microscopy roughness calculation. Roughness

• analyses were done by using the Gwyddion software. Each z-axis (height) of the image was previously processed to level it, which included shifting the minimum data value to zero, mean plane subtraction, and row alignment using the median of the differences function. After these steps, the statistical

• quantities tool provided in the Gwyddion software calculated single values for Rq and Ra (the root mean square roughness and arithmetic mean roughness, respectively) for each image obtained, considering the entire scanned area without any masking. These values and their standard deviation were calculated

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• , several independent areas were measured on each sample, ranging from 1 × 1 µm2 to 10 × 10 µm2. To obtain high-quality images, the scan speed was set to 750 nm·s−1 with 512 lines per frame, typically taking 30–35 min for a 10 × 10 µm2 image. The wedge method measurements were conducted at 60% relative

• in Figure 2a was measured to 7 nm, as evidenced by the corresponding 3D image in Figure 2d. The NP features visible in Figure 2a appear to have uniform shape and size. This indicates that the NPs are smaller than the AFM tip (tip radius ≤ 10 nm), and the tip-convolution effect [41] results in images

• representing rather the tip shape than the actual NPs. Figure 2b indicates that the number of NPs is reduced after each scan. The streaky features at the lower area of the image, highlighted by red, green, and white circles, represent signatures of pushing events. These streaks indicate where NPs have been