Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• the mechanical and crystalline properties of such natural waxes, blended composite materials (e.g., candelilla/beeswax or candelilla/PBTPA mixtures) have been investigated for their potential use as barrier coatings [86]. A 300 μm thick edge-encapsulated mixture film was found to protect a 300 nm

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• pulsed laser ablation, and used the NPs to fabricate Cu–In composite NPs and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells through EPD [134][135]. They used cathodic EPD, where the substrate serves as the cathode, to prevent potential oxidation of the metallic NPs and substrate that could occur on the anode

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• lifespan of the membranes. The widely used antimicrobial nanoparticles can be categorized based on their composition and properties as follows: metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, oxide nanoparticles, and composite nanomaterials. Zheng’s group used an in situ synthesis method to embed AgNPs

• PAN nanofibers, enhancing the hydrophilicity and antibacterial properties of the membrane [20]. Elimelech’s group introduced copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) onto the surface of thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide RO membranes through a method involving electrostatic functionalization. The functionalized

• primarily due to the particularly low content of PDA in the PCTA composite membrane, which significantly impacts the detection of PDA in NMR. The low concentration of PDA results in signal intensities that are much lower compared to the dominant signals from other components in the sample, such as CTA

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• on the laser intensity. In the linear regime, pure metals such as copper, aluminum, and silver, which have low electrical resistivity, exhibit a low penetration depth for EM waves. In contrast, composite alloys such as stainless steel have higher resistivity and show a higher penetration depth than

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• develop composite materials with superior properties. Compared to other inorganic nanomaterials, nanocellulose (NC) has been noted to be a highly potential sustainable and bio-based filler that can be obtained from otherwise wasted agricultural byproducts like rice straw [11][19]. NC can enhance polymer

• and enhanced food safety [30]. Results and Discussion Physicochemical properties FTIR spectroscopy (Figure 1a) was used to study the PVA/glycerol biopackaging (BP), NC-reinforced BP (rBP), and PE-CEO-containing rBP (rCBP) composite films. BP exhibited characteristic peaks at 3330 cm−1 (O–H stretching

• composite, delaying its decomposition [24]. CEO did not significantly alter the thermal degradation pattern, confirming that its incorporation did not compromise the thermal stability of the samples. These findings indicate that PVA-NC films are thermally suitable for applications like food packaging, where

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• biological optical window (wavelengths from 650 to 1000 nm) and have recently attracted attention for applications in biomedical research such as photoacoustic imaging of tissues and PDT of tumors [2][3]. Porphyrins and Pcs are hydrophobic hydrocarbons that are insoluble in water. Hence, polymer composite

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• influence on cell proliferation driven by its piezoelectric characteristics [17][24]. It is particularly suitable for tissue engineering applications, especially in promoting osteogenesis [25]. Furthermore, BaTiO3 can be combined with other materials to create composite scaffolds with osteoconductive

• properties due to its noncentrosymmetric crystal structure, making it a promising material for biomedical applications such as bone regeneration, where it can convert mechanical stimuli into bioelectrical signals. Additionally, the biocompatibility and ability of hBN to be integrated into composite scaffolds

• , pharmaceutical lubricants, and tissue engineering [33]. In bone tissue engineering, hBN is valued for its stability and boron-containing compounds, which support bone regeneration, especially in fracture healing [34]. For example, Atila et al. (2016) developed an hBN–hydroxyapatite (HA) composite, demonstrating

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• of LLZO. Furthermore, the incorporation of LLZO has been observed to enhance the nanoindentation stiffness of the composite. These findings suggest that the application of organic ionic plastic crystals as solid electrolytes is feasible when the concentrations of lithium salt and LLZO are optimized

• formation of more ordered, hydrophobic coatings, while the incorporated polymers retain their electroactive properties. Ion transport through the film is still possible. Nanoarchitectonics polymer composite films can incorporate bioelectroactive proteins such as glucose oxidase. The high hydrophobicity

• layer-by-layer fashion. LbL methods provide a nanoarchitectonics approach to the construction of functional composite nanomaterials with exceptional electrocatalytic properties. Azzaroni, Rafti, Marmisollé, and colleagues optimized the electrocatalytic properties of a conducting polymer by

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• . Results and Discussion The bio(nano)composite based on PBS containing 0.5 wt % of CNTs (denoted PBS/CNT_0.5) was successfully prepared via dilution of a pre-compounded masterbatch with 10 wt % CNTs (denoted PBS/CNT_10). This specific CNT content was identified as optimal, balancing enhanced material

• performance with processability and cost-effectiveness. Increasing the CNT concentration beyond this level resulted in a marked rise in melt viscosity and the formation of agglomerates within the polymer matrix, which adversely affected both the processing behavior and the final properties of the composite

• original PBS, CNTs, and the masterbatch PBS/CNT_10 (Figure 3), as well as of the bio(nano)composite PBS/CNT_0.5 (Figure 4). The numerical results of the TG measurements are provided in Table 1. Based on the TG curve, the T5% value was determined, representing the temperature at which 5% of the initial mass

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• energies of 285 and 368 eV, respectively. The high-resolution individual elemental XPS spectra of C 1s and Ag 3d are exhibited in Figure 2c–d. As shown in Figure 2d, the C 1s spectrum of the PG-CDs-AgNPs composite exhibited four primary peaks at binding energies of 282.9, 285.3, 287.1, and 288.5 eV. These

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• Fe2O3 nanoparticles and VO2 nanorods on the 2D rGO surface. Notably, the ternary composite displayed good magnetic properties for its potential biomedical applications. Overall, this work explores an efficient and cost-effective synthetic approach for developing graphene-based magnetic nanocomposites

• biological applications. Further optimization of MW power and other reaction conditions can improve the characteristics of the composite, which could be the future prospects of the current work. Lastly, the current work opens a new door for synthesizing magnetic composites based on graphene materials along

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• FEL was also exploited to investigate the electron transfer process in a composite plasmonic/semiconductor system, based on silver NPs embedded in a CeO2 film [63]. Pump–probe XANES measurements were performed at the Ce N4,5 edge upon photoexcitation of plasmonic resonances in the metal NPs by visible

• N4,5 XANES acquired using synchrotron radiation on the composite film and two reference spectra of Ce4+ and Ce3+ from literature [64]. Also, it evidences the photon energies used for the pump–probe FEL measurements. The transient XANES intensity after pumping the Ag plasmonic resonance, exhibits an

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• microhardness without compromising biocompatibility [7]. In another work, the formulation of an injectable calcium phosphate cement–chitosan–graphene oxide (GO) composite was found to be effective. This composite fostered the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells [8]. Despite these promising findings

• capability of the FLG–TA system. Ultimately, we examine if these antioxidant features play a role in preserving the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells (PDL). As our ultimate objective is to incorporate the composite into dental cements, various biological assays were conducted to evaluate the

• , rising from 0.17 in graphite to 0.45 in the FLG–TA material. In addition, the high-resolution C 1s and O 1s spectra of the FLG–TA composite show the presence of carbonyl, ether, and hydroxy groups (Figure 2C,D). The percentage of those moieties in the FLG–TA material increases significantly with respect

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• offers a number of enhanced properties. The study offers a comprehensive overview of the advanced developments and applications of PU/SF composites, highlighting their significant potential in wound healing. These composite membranes present promising advancements in wound healing and skin regeneration

• improved osteoblastic differentiation as evidenced by the upregulation of specific osteogenic genes [88]. Zhou et al. improved bone tissue engineering by creating a composite biomimetic scaffold incorporating autologous concentrated growth factor (CGF) to repair bone defects. Freeze drying and chemical

• synergistic composite. A wide range of composite materials, with both chitosan and PU, have been thoroughly studied. The findings show that these two materials work well together, each making up for the deficiencies of the other material [159][160]. PU-based scaffolds were also investigated as a platform for

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• Abstract This study investigates the recovery of the B1 phase from the high-pressure B2 phase, at atmospheric pressure, in cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles incorporated within sol–gel synthesized CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.40) composite thin films. The recovery process is investigated using electronic excitations

• electromagnetic spectrum [5]. Composite semiconducting thin films have garnered significant attention as their bandgap can be lowered without compromising mobility and conductivity. Beyond optoelectronic applications, CdO–ZnO-based alloys are also employed in gas-sensing technologies [6]. In prior investigations

• , we reported a local pressure-driven structural phase transformation (PT) from B1 (NaCl) to B2 (CsCl) in CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.4) composite binary oxide thin films [1]. The radiation stability of these phases is crucial for optoelectronic applications in space, where the exposure to high-energy particles

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• directed away from the monolayer. Density of states of a system composed of water and rhombic pore (black line), isolated water molecule (red line), and projected density (PDOS) for the water molecule in the composite system (violet line). Distances between water molecule atoms and a hydrogen atom at N–H

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution in aqueous bicarbonate reduction. Keywords: catalysis; composite; electroreduction; gold nanoparticles; impedance; Introduction The main challenge in the manufacturing of nanocatalyst-containing electrodes is the attachment of nanoparticles on electrode supports. Nanoparticles

• the need for synthesizing, collecting, and attaching nanoparticles separately. This way, composite fabrication becomes more time-saving, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. A premier electrode support material is carbon because it is affordable, scalable, and stable under many

• nanoparticles and supports, lowering electrical contact fidelity and energy efficiency of the composite electrodes. Surfactants alter nanoparticle surfaces, complicating understanding and often lowering catalytic performance by blocking active sites. Surfactants (like binders) partake in electrochemical

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• release time of substances by exploiting the surface properties and interactions between hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers [86]. This sequential method of producing composite fibers is generally easier than the other methods as the different materials are electrospun separately, eliminating concerns

• , multinozzle, and blend electrospinning. The resultant composite was made up of chitosan fibers as the bottom layer, co-electropun chitosan and PVA fibers as the middle layer, and blended PVA/nanobioglass fibers as the top layer. Emulsion electrospinning of chitosan/PVA was reported by Mouro’s research group

• PVA fiber mat failed at approximately 100% elongation, while the breaking strain increased to about 220% with the addition of chitosan and silk in the composite fibrous mat. Another technique for improving mechanical properties is the addition of fillers, such as nanomaterials. Reinforced polymeric

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• with a suitable transition metal and synthesizing composite materials. Several advanced photocatalysts have been developed and successfully used to prevent antibiotics contamination, a list of which is shown below in Table 1. These modifications have led to improved charge separation rates, reduced

• pore sizes, fast charge transfer, high density and long lifetime of photoinduced charges, and strong interaction between ZnO and N,O-containing biochar [81]. Roy and colleagues [82] effectively synthesized a rGO-ZnO composite functionalized with ferrocene through a simple hydrothermal method. This Fc

• endeavors have been undertaken, including the creation of heterojunctions or the introduction of metal doping. Wang et al. [84] synthesized BiOCl/Mt photocatalysts in which montmorillonite (Mt), which is naturally rich in iron, was combined with bismuth nitrate. According to the authors, the composite

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• boundaries of thermal therapy, achieving unparalleled therapeutic effects through their diverse composite structures and demonstrating enormous potential in promoting retinal drug delivery and photoacoustic imaging. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the structure–activity relationship between

• enhancing global visual health. Keywords: multifunctional composite; ophthalmology; photothermal nanomaterial; thermal field distribution; vapor nanobubble; Review 1 Introduction The human eye, serving as a primary organ for information acquisition, is vulnerable to various diseases over a lifetime [1

• machine learning to accelerate material development, exploring more types of photothermal nanomaterials, exploring more diverse composite photothermal material formulations, utilizing advanced characterization techniques, and collaborating with multidisciplinary researchers, more advanced and effective

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• improve CO2 permeability and selectivity to enhance the efficiency of CO2 capture. A promising approach in this field involves hybrid polymer composite membranes known as mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Among the diverse range of inorganic fillers integrated into MMMs

• inorganic additive can be integrated into an organic polymer membrane simply by mixing the inorganic particles with a membrane solution of the specific polymer. This composite solution is then cast to obtain the membrane. However, the general limitation of most inorganic filler-based MMMs is the

• Pebax® 1657-based selective layer containing UiO-66, and a top pure Pebax® 1657 protective layer, illustrated in Figure 5. The thickness of the Pebax® layers reached 1.0–1.5 μm, and the tensile strength of the MOF-loaded membrane was comparable to that of the composite membrane with a pure Pebax® layer

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• that direct synthesis of TiO2 in mesoporous silica or zeolites provides strong immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles through Ti–O–Si bonding [21][22][23]. Previously, we reported the results of the trial synthesis of a new TiO2/2D mordenite nanocomposite [28]. The material was obtained from a composite

• A series of pillared TiO2/2D mordenite nanocomposites were successfully synthetized from the initial lamellar CTAB/2D mordenite by introducing TEOT, hydrolyzing the resulting composite in either water or 70% ethanol solution with hydrolysis reaction times of 6, 12, and 24 h, and subsequent

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78216, México 10.3762/bjnano.16.5 Abstract The electronic and optical properties of a composite created by introducing a magnetite cluster into NaA zeolite have been investigated in this work

• using DFT calculations. The results obtained indicate that the electronic and optical properties of the composite are enhanced because of the cluster. However, the properties exhibited by the cluster outside the zeolite differ from those it presents when it is part of the composite. It is noteworthy

• that the composite exhibits magnetic properties of a half-semiconductor and a strong optical response within the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. Keywords: magnetic cluster; NaA zeolite; optical properties; Introduction Zeolites are crystalline materials made up of aluminosilicates

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126