Uniform Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃-DHCA nanocubes for dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging

• Miao Qin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Mengjie Xu,
• Hui Yan,
• Yizhu Cheng,
• Xiumei Zhang,
• Di Huang,
• Weiyi Chen and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1000–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.84

• diagnostics due to its high spatial resolution and capability to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy soft tissues [1][2][3][4][5]. However, due to the substantial increase in the number and complexity of diseases, and also to the fact that MRI has low sensitivity in the absence of contrast, many

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• spatial resolution [5][6]. The image quality of biological structures under fluorescence microscopy also depends on the performance of the fluorophores. Furthermore, bioimaging of cells and tissues faces additional challenges due to background autofluorescence generated from the intrinsic emission of

• bioimaging in preclinical, clinical evaluation and patient treatment has encouraged extensive investigation to develop new imaging methods [3][4]. Among several imaging techniques, fluorescence microscopy has evolved as a widely used non-invasive method to visualize real-time biological processes with high

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• networks phase-segregated at the 10 nm scale. Consequently, if one aims at investigating the interplay of the morphology and the photocarrier dynamics in BHJs (and by extension in other nanostructured photovoltaic materials), it is necessary to probe SP transients upon pulsed illumination at a high spatial

• resolution. Similar to the study of OFETs [23], a first option may consist in recording successive sequences of pp-KPFM images of the same sample area using a variable pump–probe delay time. However, at room temperature, as usually defined for studies of solar cells, it is hardly possible to record a stack

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• is rarely used. Scanning NV center probe and scanning magnetic tip magnetic sensing with high spatial resolution [36] have also been proposed. Recent advances in diamond fabrication for scanning tip magnetometry have been achieved by a functionalized ND with NV center magnetic spins scanned by

• computation and quantum network protocol applications. Nitrogen implantation through lithography-style mask apertures allows the creation of NV centers with high spatial resolution and fine pitch due to the achievable aperture closeness. Such a method used to create an array of NV centers in diamond for

• conditions with high spatial resolution. Another demonstration of ambient temperature in-cell imaging of biomagnetic nanostructures with resolution down to 400 nm has been given by layering magnetotactic bacteria on diamond with a superficial array of NV centers. Optical detection of quantum spin states

Engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for dual-modality imaging of intracranial glioblastoma via EGFRvIII targeting

• Xianping Liu,
• Chengjuan Du,
• Haichun Li,
• Ting Jiang,
• Zimiao Luo,
• Zhiqing Pang,
• Daoying Geng and
• Jun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1860–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.181

• multimodal imaging nanoprobe, which has both high sensitivity and high spatial resolution for early and precise detection and localization of glioblastoma, is constructed in this work. The multimodal imaging of EGFRvIII overexpression in glioblastoma was performed using Cy7.5-labeled SPIONs with EGFRvIII

Subsurface imaging of flexible circuits via contact resonance atomic force microscopy

• Wenting Wang,
• Chengfu Ma,
• Yuhang Chen,
• Lei Zheng,
• Huarong Liu and
• Jiaru Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1636–1647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.159

• forth. However, defects and fractures may emerge during either the fabrication or with repeated usage. As a result, detecting buried structures in the circuits with high spatial resolution is of critical importance. Traditional optical imaging is on the one hand not applicable for opaque cover layers

• using CR-AFM, which indicates its excellent capability of imaging tiny defects smaller than 100 nm. These investigations demonstrate a nondestructive yet high spatial resolution CR-AFM method for systematic, in situ and ex situ diagnosis of flexible circuits. (a) Schematic illustration of CR-AFM imaging

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

• , and predictive models of failure. Dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one technique that is well suited for experimentally measuring the mechanical properties of materials with high spatial resolution [10][11][12]. More specifically, a focus on two dynamic AFM modes, force modulation microscopy

• samples. Moreover, in comparison to static mode AFM or other experimental techniques used to measure the mechanical properties of materials, such as nanoindentation, the material property maps resulting from FMM and CR modes can have high spatial resolution and can be acquired at relatively high speeds

Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

• Aaron Mascaro,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Tyler Enright,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

• techniques have been developed aimed at measuring local electronic and ionic properties on a wide range of samples. By carefully controlling the electric field between the tip and sample many properties can be measured with high spatial resolution including static properties such as local contact potential

• rapid data acquisition while scanning and high spatial resolution, but suffers from a nonlinear variation of the measured signal with the time constant of the sample response for fast responses. Phase-kick EFM provides a pathway to extract sample dynamics indirectly by observing cumulative changes in

Sub-wavelength waveguide properties of 1D and surface-functionalized SnO₂ nanostructures of various morphologies

• Venkataramana Bonu,
• Binaya Kumar Sahu,
• Arindam Das,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Sandip Dhara and
• Harish C. Barshilia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 379–388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.37

• InP tapered NW were demonstrated as a single photon emitter [11]. Yang et al. [3] demonstrated living mammalian single cell endoscopy with high spatial resolution using SnO2 waveguides that allowed detection of optical signals from subcellular regions. They attached SnO2 NWs of size 100 to 250 nm to

In situ characterization of nanoscale contaminations adsorbed in air using atomic force microscopy

• Jesús S. Lacasa,
• Lisa Almonte and
• Jaime Colchero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2925–2935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.271

• more detail see previous works of our group [42][50][51][52]. The tip–sample distance is estimated to be between 5 and 10 nm, ensuring low-noise imaging with high spatial resolution, not only of topography but also of electrostatic interaction (electrostatic resolution is estimated to be ca. 20 nm

Low cost tips for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy fabricated by two-step electrochemical etching of 125 µm diameter gold wires

• Antonino Foti,
• Francesco Barreca,
• Enza Fazio,
• Cristiano D’Andrea,
• Paolo Matteini,
• Onofrio Maria Maragò and
• Pietro Giuseppe Gucciardi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2718–2729, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.254

• chemical and structural information of Raman spectroscopy with the large signal gain provided by plasmonic resonances in metal tips and the high spatial resolution mapping offered by scanning probe microscopy [1][2][3][4][5]. In TERS, sharp metallic (or metallized) tips act as optical nanoantennas [6][7

Direct AFM-based nanoscale mapping and tomography of open-circuit voltages for photovoltaics

• Katherine Atamanuk,
• Justin Luria and
• Bryan D. Huey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1802–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.171

• , local photovoltaic (PV) properties such as the open-circuit voltage, photocurrent, and work function have been demonstrated to vary by an order of magnitude, or more, within tens of nanometers [1][2][3]. Recently, property mapping with high spatial resolution by AFM has been further combined with the

• , functionality, and widespread benefits of PV devices, such as solar cells. To extract such PV metrics at the nanoscale, for instance with standard 256 × 256 pixel resolution, over 65000 distinct current–voltage spectra must be acquired and analyzed. We previously developed an efficient, method with high spatial

• resolution for this purpose, namely photo-conductive AFM spectroscopy (pcAFMs) [1], essentially by collecting an entire array of I–V spectra in parallel via a series of consecutive pcAFM images. Each image is acquired with a sequentially increased sample bias, tracing through the power generation quadrant of

Correlative electrochemical strain and scanning electron microscopy for local characterization of the solid state electrolyte Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃

• Nino Schön,
• Deniz Cihan Gunduz,
• Shicheng Yu,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Roland Schierholz and
• Florian Hausen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1564–1572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.148

• , section JARA-Energy, 52425 Jülich, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.9.148 Abstract Correlative microscopy has been used to investigate the relationship between Li-ion conductivity and the microstructure of lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3, LATP) with high spatial resolution. A key to

• small tip radius on the order of 15 nm. Hence, the interaction between the electric field and the local structure of the material can be studied with high spatial resolution. Mobile ions are accelerated by the electric field towards or away from the tip. Consequently, the concentration of ions changes

• information about the local mobility of ions, extracted from ESM measurements, are available with very high spatial resolution. Such a correlative microscopy approach allows for direct comparison of microstructure and ionic mobility, enabling unique local insights into the structural, chemical and

Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanostructures prepared by nanosphere lithography

• Gitanjali Kolhatkar,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Jiawei Zhang,
• Chahinez Dab,
• Gregory Q. Wallace,
• François Lagugné-Labarthet and
• Andreas Ruediger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1536–1543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.144

• : apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy; diffuse signal; nanosphere lithography; photomultiplier tube; plasmonic nanostructures; Introduction SNOM (scanning near-field optical microscopy) is an imaging technique based on an optical near-field probe for high spatial resolution [1][2]. A version of

• analysis with the high spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy [3][4][5]. This method has been applied to various fields of research such as plasmonic analysis [6][7], Raman spectroscopy (tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, TERS) [8][9], or infrared analysis [10]. In this microscopy technique, a laser

• based on plasmonics nanostructures. The highly enhanced and confined electromagnetic field created at the apex of the tip through the resonant surface plasmon excitation results in a very high spatial resolution, far below the diffraction limit. Nevertheless, aSNOM still encounters some challenges. The

Magnetic characterization of cobalt nanowires and square nanorings fabricated by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Federico Venturi,
• Gian Carlo Gazzadi,
• Amir H. Tavabi,
• Alberto Rota,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski and
• Stefano Frabboni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1040–1049, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.97

• high spatial resolution. Moreover, it is also possible to deposit oxides [10] and, by co-injecting different precursors, alloy materials with tunable properties [11]. A review of the application of the technique to the deposition of magnetic nanostructures has recently been published [12]. It should be

Nanoscale mapping of dielectric properties based on surface adhesion force measurements

• Ying Wang,
• Yue Shen,
• Xingya Wang,
• Zhiwei Shen,
• Bin Li,
• Jun Hu and
• Yi Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 900–906, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.84

• microscopy (AFM), which analyses the interactions between a sharp tip and samples with very high spatial resolution, is a good candidate to carry out the aforementioned tasks. In the last two decades, many AFM-based techniques have been developed for qualitatively or quantitatively detecting the local

• , the newly-developed PF-QNM mode of AFM made it possible to simultaneously map the adhesion property as well as topography of the sample with high spatial resolution. In PF-QNM mode, force–distance curves between the AFM tip and the sample are measured at each pixel, so the force where the tip finally

Perfusion double-channel micropipette probes for oxygen flux mapping with single-cell resolution

• Yang Gao,
• Bin Li,
• Riju Singhal,
• Adam Fontecchio,
• Ben Pelleg,
• Zulfiya Orynbayeva,
• Yury Gogotsi and
• Gary Friedman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 850–860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.79

• and investigate a scanning flux measurement system for individual cells that offers high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. The main concept of the developed scanning probe is the confinement of the flux being measured by use of flow perfusion through double-channel micropipettes. We

• calculation area. For Figure 3, the tip diameter of the pipette was set to 12 μm to have a high spatial resolution necessary for single-cell studies. An ellipsoid with 5 μm, 5 μm, and 2.5 μm related to the a-, b- and c-axes, respectively, was attached to the substrate to represent a cell. This ellipsoid was

Towards 3D crystal orientation reconstruction using automated crystal orientation mapping transmission electron microscopy (ACOM-TEM)

• Aaron Kobler and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 602–607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.56

• . Keywords: ACOM-TEM; 3D reconstruction; in situ testing; quantitative crystallographic analysis; STEM; Findings For the study of nanostructured material with feature sizes <100 nm, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the method of choice due to its high spatial resolution [1][2][3][4]. Even though

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• properties of typical cantilevers (traditional testing of polymeric or biological materials is performed at a frequency range several orders of magnitude lower [53]). For these reasons, CRFM typically only provides mapping of the relative surface properties, although with high spatial resolution. Given the

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• spatial resolution suitable for imaging of subcellular components. Typically, Raman scattering produces a very weak signal (with a spontaneous inelastic scattering cross-section of about 10−30 cm2·sr−1). So, one of the main difficulties of RS consists in separating the contribution of the weak intensity

• that cells of both regions of cervical tissue share common biochemical profiles. The obvious advantages of Raman spectroscopy include (i) no specific requirements for sample preparation, (ii) the possibility to use this technique with fiber optics for ex vivo and in vivo measurements, (iii) a high

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

• Lars Smykalla,
• Carola Mende,
• Michael Fronk,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Michael Hietschold,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1786–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.180

• -optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements would be very interesting. Moreover, as MOKE measurements allow one to address magnetic properties with both high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, magneto-optical techniques in the visible or X-ray photon energy range have been supposed to be important for

A review of demodulation techniques for amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert,
• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon,
• S. O. Reza Moheimani and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1407–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.142

• objects and materials properties for both research and industry [11][12]. Dynamic operating modes of the AFM can map the surface topography of a specimen with high spatial resolution by scanning a sharp tip located at the end of an actively driven microcantilever over the surface of a sample. Due to the

Scaling law to determine peak forces in tapping-mode AFM experiments on finite elastic soft matter systems

• Horacio V. Guzman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 968–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.98

• operating conditions to image soft matter with high spatial resolution in tapping-mode AFM. Keywords: AFM in liquid; AFM theory; bidimensional elastic models; multivariate regression; neuronal networks; operational AFM parameters; parametrical equation; peak forces; soft matter; Introduction Amplitude

• operating conditions needed to image soft samples with high spatial resolution [28][29]. Whereby the peak forces are minimized by using small free amplitudes of 1 to 4 nm and soft cantilevers with k = 0.1 N/m. Note that those parameters are constrained to the range of operational, probe and materials

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• character, the high spatial resolution and the possibility of soft tissue imaging. Contrast agents, such as gadolinium complexes and superparamagnetic iron oxides, are administered to spotlight certain organs and their pathologies. Many new models have been proposed that reduce side effects and required

Customized MFM probes with high lateral resolution

• Óscar Iglesias-Freire,
• Miriam Jaafar,
• Eider Berganza and
• Agustina Asenjo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1068–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.100

• Abstract Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a widely used technique for magnetic imaging. Besides its advantages such as the high spatial resolution and the easy use in the characterization of relevant applied materials, the main handicaps of the technique are the lack of control over the tip stray field