Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• the two main mechanical parameters in the entropic regime, that is, the contour and persistence lengths of the DNA molecule. To guarantee the accuracy of the results, the chosen DNA is stretched using only low forces (<5 pN); this type of measurement is repeated six times, obtaining the average values

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• the scattering angle. Using this formula, we determined an average crystallite size of around 25 nm for the 2θ angle of 35.8°. This measurement provided valuable insight into the dimensions of the ZnO NPs and is depicted in Figure 2a. FTIR analysis The FTIR spectra of ZnO NPs were examined in the

• ) EDX spectroscopy for elemental composition. (e) Zeta potential measurement. (f) DLS results showing the size distribution of ZnO NPs. (a, b) Cyclic voltammetry response of the ZnO electrode in 0.1 M KCl solution at varying scan rates, showing redox behavior and electron transfer characteristics. (c

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• be linked to the corresponding resources documenting the steps in the form of text documents, protocol repository entries, or ELN pages. For data produced in the study, a strong linkage between protocols and data using a workflow with stages for sample preparation, measurement, raw data (collection

• /samples (instances), characteristics and endpoints to be collected (experimentally and via text/database mining), and nodes describing modification steps applied to materials and samples (transformation protocols) and testing SOPs (sample preparation, measurement, and data processing), as described in the

• of properties in combination with sample preparation, measurement, and processing protocols, as well as the resulting data. For example, the combination of sample preparation → measurement → raw data → processing → processed data, could be placed before or after the node defining the measured

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• not involving any tip–surface interaction. The measurement of electrostatic properties at the nanoscale emerged as a most relevant subfield of atomic force microscopy, especially driven by electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), and closely related techniques

• cantilever eigenmode, which is particularly relevant when generating the time-periodic potential by optical or electrical pumping. With this development, the authors could present the detection of modulated components that are below the detection limit of other KPFM measurement modes. Da Lisca et al

• doping of the graphene nanoribbons is reflected by the local work function. They also measure and calculate the local work function as a function of tip–sample distance and compare results to those of simple electrostatic models of a graphene nanoribbon, validating the overall approach of measurement and

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• regime assumptions. This favors shorter deposition times and consequently results in a height decrease. On the other hand, to reliably resolve deposit profile and reduce measurement errors, the height should not be too small. The chosen exposure time for each deposit was eventually a compromise between

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• for the coated and uncoated samples. (A) SEM image of the SNF coating after the shear stress test. The SNF coating is still visible. (B) Composition of the SNF-coated steel before and after the shear stress test based on EDX analysis. (C) Image showing the contact angle measurement of the sample after

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• the replica, and the increase of the fill fraction. The measured reflectance spectra, both of the native templates and the replicas, are broader than those produced by the idealized model. This difference is partially attributed to the measurement geometry: While the model assumes a plane wave, in the

• of the side port’s tube lens. The light was reflected to the side via a slide-in mirror and focused by the tube lens on a 200 μm fiber (FC-UVIR200, Avantes, Apeldoorn NL EU) attached to a CCD spectrometer (AvaSpec-ULS2048XL-EVO, Avantes). The measurement spot could be translated using the micrometer

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• transformation of resazurin (initially blue and non-fluorescent) into resorufin (pink and fluorescent) by metabolically active cells, facilitating the measurement of cell viability [35][36]. Briefly, 4T1 cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin–streptomycin in a humidified

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• technical capabilities of modern TEMs allow for the measurement of object sizes with high accuracy, directly on the computer monitor of a digital camera. Determining the sizes is important for identifying the types of LPs and EVs. TEM was the main method of our study, the aim of which was to visualize the

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• -spacings of the outer shells are indicated with yellow lines). SAED measurement locations and patterns for (a, b) nanofibres and (c, d) NPs obtained in DW. EDX spectra and elemental composition of (a) HfNPs-D, (b) HfNPs-T, and (c) HfNPs-A. Reflectance spectra of NPs drop-cast on Si substrates measured

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• supernatant. GPx activity was defined as the formation of 1 mg of purpurogallin from pyrogallol in 20 s. Liver GPx activity was calculated using the formula: where A is the enzyme activity in pkat, ΔD is the change in optical density, t is the measurement time in seconds, and c is the protein concentration

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• edge filter using 532 nm as an excitation source. The Raman signal of the silicon wafer at 520 cm−1 was considered the reference point for spectrometer calibration, ensuring a spectral measurement accuracy better than 1 cm−1. The Raman spectra acquisition times were approximately 25 s for solid ʟ

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• the MOFs. A sensor for simultaneously detecting hydroquinone and catechol in water using a Cu-MOF–graphene composite was developed by Li and colleagues. Measurement ranges beginning at 1.0 × 10−6 and 1.0 × 10−3 M were achieved, with LODs of 5.9 × 10−7 M and 3.3 × 10−7 M for hydroquinone and catechol

• require shorter times to reach equilibrium. Repeatability and reproducibility of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE electrode Figure 11a depicts eight successive measurements conducted in 0.20 µM ENR solution using a single electrode without renewing the electrode surface. Clearly, in the second measurement, the ENR

• electrode reproducibility performance was evaluated by comparing SWV signals in 0.2 µM ENR solution obtained on an electrode whose surface was renewed before each measurement (Figure 11b). The data indicated slight fluctuations in peak currents among eight measurements, with a relative standard deviation

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• and driving coherent interactions with the organic semiconductor molecules. Secondly, enabling the measurement of the evolution of stored energy and the differential reflectivity induced by the pump pulse, which is essential for monitoring the charging dynamics at a femtosecond resolution. The

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• photodetectors. Keywords: broken inversion symmetry; out-of-plane polarization; picosecond photoresponse; time-resolved photocurrent measurement (TRPC); WSe2; Introduction Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) ferroelectrics with dangling-bond-free surfaces exhibit ferroelectricity by effectively resisting

• ][41][42]. Figure 2b shows the power-law relationship between photocurrent (Iph) and excitation power (P), Iph = P0.6, indicating that the photocurrent exhibits sublinear growth, consistent with the saturation effect. In Figure 2c, the TRPC measurement curve shows a symmetric dip at zero time delay

• ) at room temperature. The electrical properties of the devices were characterized using an Agilent B1500 semiconductor analyzer in a Lake Shore vacuum chamber (10−4 Pa). SPCM and TRPC measurement The photocurrent maps were all obtained under zero bias using a custom-built scanning photocurrent

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• . Otherwise, the critical temperature of the structures would vary significantly, which we do not observe, as shown below. Cryogenic Measurement Results Low-temperature measurements of the chips with structures were performed in a Triton 200 dilution cryostat. The chips were placed in a 16-pin sample holder

• critical temperature of sample A3 compared to the others is due to the lower measurement current. The resistance peak on the R(T) dependence for samples A1 and A2 (Figure 3a and Figure 3b) may appear due to non-equilibrium effects and the presence of NS borders in the setup [16][17]. But presently, we have

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• used for measurement. The functionalization of AgNS, AuNS, AuNR1, and AuNR2 with CTAB was validated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific, Nicolet iS5, USA). 10 mg of the air-dried nanoparticles were placed over a diamond and measured in the range of 400–4000 cm−1

• . The DLS measurement indicated average hydrodynamic radii of 35.80 and 29.60 nm for isotropic silver and gold nanospheres, respectively. DLS measurements of anisotropic nanorods (AuNR1 and AuNR2) could not be carried out because of limitations of the instrument [39]. The nanospheres of silver and gold

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• added, and the suspension was sonicated in an ultrasonic bath. The sonication time was controlled by analyzing the material’s hydrodynamic diameters by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Dispersion aliquots for measurement were collected every 10 min, and the sonication was performed until there were no

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• , whose properties must be separated from the measurement system to avoid possible interference. In this paper, we propose novel devices, namely operational micro-electromechanical system (opMEMS) bridges. These are 3D substrates with nanometer-scale actuation capability and equipped with electrical

• possibilities to determine the leakage currents. Moreover, existing methods are detrimental to the proper operation of the device [26][27]. Such 3D substrates can be realised as micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) measurement platforms, which have the advantage of achieving controlled displacement through an

• for the desired MEMS measurement platforms are as follows: They should be dimensionally compatible with the nanostructure to be tested and allow for actuation with an embedded actuation mechanism. To operate, MEMS platforms require auxiliary equipment such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• Design magnetic property measurement system, MPMS-5XL), and X-ray diffractometry (Bruker Discover D8), respectively. AFM images (1 × 1 µm2) of Fe3O4 thin films on different substrates. (a) SiO2, (b) MgO(100), and (c) MgO/Ta/SiO2. XRD spectra of sample 1 (black), sample 2 (red), and sample 3 (blue) on

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• 246 nm, exceeds the 200 nm blur and an additional measurement is therefore not meaningful here. The blur was achieved by overfocusing the beam. All cross-sections were prepared using 1 µs dwell time. SEM images of the prepared cross-sections were recorded with 5 kV acceleration voltage, 90 pA beam

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• and light conditions. Each measurement was scanned with 0.05 V intervals. The bias supply and current signals were provided and recorded by a Keithley system adapted with an amplifier. XRD patterns of p-Si, p-type SiNWs, and the TiO2/SiNWs sample. Cross-sectional view (a, b) and top view (c, d) SEM

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• . Variations in the measurement reveal local work function differences, which are ascribed to the Fermi level shift resulting from the charge transfer between the GNR and the Au substrate. Our results indicate that GNRs are positively charged compared to Au. This is confirmed by calculations and by distance

• (f0 = 292 kHz, cL = 41 N/m) were used for imaging in the frequency modulation (FM) mode operated by a Nanonis electronic system. The tips were cleaned by sputtering (Ar pressure 5 × 10−3 Pa, energy 1 keV, 15 min) and annealing up to 375 K for 1–5 h (pressure below 1 × 10−7 Pa) prior to measurement

• irregularities such as kinks or defects at the edge are observed in the topography measurement. For example for the GNR where the cross section has been taken, marked by a black line, there is a kink associated with a darker region in the local work function, and in the topography image there are some small

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• environmental monitoring. Accurate detection and measurement of H2O2 levels is vital for understanding its role in biological processes, diagnosing diseases, and monitoring environmental pollutants [114]. Alginate-based nanoparticles have depicted great potential in hydrogen peroxide sensing. A silver/poly(3

Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection

• Knarik Khachatryan,
• Simon Anter,
• Michael Reichling and
• Alexander von Schmidsfeld

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1070–1076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.87

• . In a non-contact atomic force microscope (NC-AFM), it facilitates the force measurement by recording the periodic displacement of an oscillating microcantilever. To understand signal generation in a NC-AFM-based Michelson-type interferometer, we evaluate the non-linear response of the interferometer

• is essential for quantitative NC-AFM; therefore, various methods have been suggested to determine the calibration factor S [10][19][20][21][22]. There is a simple and rough, but commonly used, method of calibration of the cantilever displacement by an interferometer, which is based on the measurement

• amplitude error. The relative error in the wavelength measurement is δλ/λ = 0.00075 as detailed below. The error in the adjustment of the light spot on the cantilever with length lc is the positioning error δlc = 5 μm, which is the distance between the laser spot position and the tip position as illustrated