Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• corroborate that the h-BN monolayer is only weakly coupled to the Cu(111) surface as is evidenced by the large angular range of Moiré superstructures observed, which in turn leads to work function patterning. Using FER and KPFM maps we report a work function variation of 148 ± 17 and 86 ± 16 meV, respectively

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.12.25 Abstract Focused beams of helium ions are a powerful tool for high-fidelity machining with spatial precision below 5 nm. Achieving such a high patterning precision over large areas and for different materials in a reproducible manner, however

• , is not trivial. Here, we introduce the Python toolbox FIB-o-mat for automated pattern creation and optimization, providing full flexibility to accomplish demanding patterning tasks. FIB-o-mat offers high-level pattern creation, enabling high-fidelity large-area patterning and systematic variations in

• -mat are presented. Keywords: automated patterning; focused He ion beam; graphene; magnetic multilayers; mechanical resonator; pattern generation; plasmonic antennas; two-dimensional materials; Introduction Future breakthroughs in nanotechnology will rely on the ability to fabricate materials and

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• . Therefore, corresponding treatment processes (e.g., deposition of conductive materials by laser patterning, screen printing, spray coating, thermal deposition, surface morphology engineering, and chemical modification [46][92][93][94][95][96][97][98]) are often applied to convert paper into a conductive

• paper-based 3D foldable device submitted to a direct laser patterning method, which can convert ink-soaked paper substrates to multifunctional carbide/graphene (MCG) composites [92]. The composites have shown good conductivity even after repeated mechanical bending and folding tests. Moreover, the laser

• deposition and patterning methods it is possible to apply sophisticated electronic devices or e-skins on flexible and arbitrary substrates [75][104][105][106][107]. The electronegativity of the friction layer is critical for the triboelectrification properties of TENGs. Surface chemical modification (to

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• ultrahigh-resolution (immersion) mode. Specific patterning parameters such as electron beam dwell time and the refresh time between exposure passes will be detailed for each experiment. To characterize FEBID growth, the height and base diameter of pillars were measured using 35° tilt images. Energy

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• /bjnano.11.156 Abstract While the application of focused ion beam (FIB) techniques has become a well-established technique in research and development for patterning and prototyping on the nanometer scale, there is still a large underused potential with respect to the usage of ion species other than

• junctions in high-temperature superconductors [11]. Although HIM is highly suitable for imaging and nanometer-scale patterning, there is a need of focused ion beams other than helium or neon with comparable properties. Alternative developments were made using laser-cooled magneto-optical trap ion sources

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg, 6400, Denmark 10.3762/bjnano.11.151 Abstract This work explores a new technique for the out-of-plane patterning of metal thin films prefabricated on the surface of a polymer substrate. This technique is based on an ion-beam-induced material modification in the bulk

• pristine Au were used to compare the patterning of thin films with different microstructures. We show that the height of Pt60Pd40 thin films deposited onto poly(methyl methacrylate) and polycarbonate substrates can be patterned by He+ ion beams with ultrahigh precision (nanometers) while preserving in

• irradiation-induced mechanical strain in the patterning process are elaborated and discussed. Keywords: direct patterning; focused helium ion beam; out-of-plane nanopatterning; polymers; thin films; Introduction Micro- and nanofabrication with focused ion beams (FIBs) is currently a subject of strong

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• revealed weak molecule–support interactions. The STM data showed an electronic patterning of the pyrene films with periodicities in the single digit nanometer range. Furthermore, we provide a first case study for the self-assembly of advanced porous structures on hBN monolayers, introducing a chiral kagome

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• nanoparticles were used to locally etch the silicon substrate. This work demonstrates a bottom-up self-assembly approach for noble metal nanoparticle formation and the subsequent silicon wet etching. The macroscopic wafer patterning has been done by using a poly(methyl methacrylate) masking layer. Different

• nanoparticles and a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) patterning were etched in a diluted HF/H2O2 solution for 10 min. The process was a single-wafer bath process and can be scaled up to a batch process easily. As a reference, one wafer with gold nanoparticles was etched in a HF solution (1.73 mol/L) without the

Atomic defect classification of the H–Si(100) surface through multi-mode scanning probe microscopy

• Jeremiah Croshaw,
• Thomas Dienel,
• Taleana Huff and
• Robert Wolkow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1346–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.119

• formed reducing the area available for patterning. By probing the surface using the different interactivity afforded by either hydrogen- or silicon-terminated tips, we are able to extract new insights regarding the atomic and electronic structure of these defects. This allows for the confirmation of

• for the patterning and operation of atom scale devices including qubits [2][3] and single electron transistors [4][5] made from atomically precise implanted donor atoms near the H–Si surface, and logic structures using fabricated silicon dangling bonds [6][7][8]. In many cases the structures

An atomic force microscope integrated with a helium ion microscope for correlative nanoscale characterization

• Santiago H. Andany,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Stefan Hummel,
• Charlène Brillard,
• Mustafa Kangül and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1272–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.111

• sensitivities to helium ion irradiation than to electron irradiation in terms of charge per area [14]. Patterning resolution down to 4 nm has been demonstrated on HSQ resist [15], surpassing electron beam lithography, which greatly suffers from the proximity effect. In a combined AFM–HIM setup, the AFM could be

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• -50009 Zaragoza, Spain Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.11.104 Abstract Currently, the patterning of innovative three-dimensional (3D) nano-objects is required for the development of future advanced electronic components

Electrochemical nanostructuring of (111) oriented GaAs crystals: from porous structures to nanowires

• Elena I. Monaico,
• Eduard V. Monaico,
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki,
• Shashank Honnali,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Karin Leistner,
• Kornelius Nielsch and
• Ion M. Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 966–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.81

• requiring the use of photolithography with colloidal crystal templating in the first pre-etching step. Fabrication of GaAs nanopillars by metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) also requires lithographic methods for catalytic metal patterning [25][26]. Among non-lithographic methods based on

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China 10.3762/bjnano.11.53 Abstract Among the patterning technologies for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), the fabrication of OTFT electrodes using polymer templates has attracted much attention. However, deviations in the electrode alignment occur because the coefficient of

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• antibody and antigen, fluorescently labeled AFP ink was spotted onto the antibody-terminated surfaces by µCS within 15 × 15 spot arrays. The spotting process was performed on a nanolithography platform (NLP 2000 system, NanoInk, USA) utilizing surface patterning tool cantilevers (SPT-S-C10S, Bioforce

Integration of sharp silicon nitride tips into high-speed SU8 cantilevers in a batch fabrication process

• Nahid Hosseini,
• Matthias Neuenschwander,
• Oliver Peric,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Jonathan D. Adams and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2357–2363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.226

• during photolithography of the cantilever patterning. Light travels through the SU8 polymer and reaches the bottom surface (LSNT) and is then reflected back to the parts of the non-exposed SU8. Except for its unusual shape, it does not bring any prominent problem in general AFM uses unless the cross is

Precise local control of liquid crystal pretilt on polymer layers by focused ion beam nanopatterning

• Maxim V. Gorkunov,
• Irina V. Kasyanova,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alena V. Mamonova and
• Serguei P. Palto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1691–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.164

• techniques such as patterning with nanogrooves [13][14][15] and nanoslits [16], ion-beam irradiation of specific inorganic [17] and polymer [18] substrates, subjecting of photo-controlled aligning polymers to near-threshold doses of ultraviolet radiation [19], formation of surface microdomains from

• anchoring conditions from planar to vertical upon certain surface areas is performed using a FEI Scios dual-beam electron microscope operating with a FIB of Ga+ ions of a current of 0.1 nA accelerated by a voltage of 30 kV. The FIB patterning is controlled by digital templates, which prescribe the beam path

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• well as two-dimensional molecular patterning, are briefly explained. In the following sections, several topics of materials nanoarchitectonics at liquid interfaces such as the preparation of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), the fabrication of multi

• . 2.2 Two-dimensional molecular patterning and production of low-dimensional materials Enhanced molecular interaction and two-dimensionally confined motion at liquid interfaces are advantageous for the fabrication of two-dimensional patterned structures with high structural precision [192][193]. In the

• -assemblies at the air–water interface yielding a monolayer that was successively transferred onto solid surfaces via the contacting method (Figure 6) [202]. Unlike two-dimensional molecular patterning though molecular recognition, which has been described in the previous parts, a rather ambiguous interaction

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

• Lukas Grünewald,
• Dagmar Gerthsen and
• Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

• × 2048 pixels and a dwell time of 50 ns was used which results in a dose of around 0.2 ions/nm2. Phase-mask patterning In the case of BBs the required thickness profile (Equation 3) was milled with custom FIB routines. These are realized in the form of text files in which the spatial coordinates for the

Quantitative analysis of annealing-induced instabilities of photo-leakage current and negative-bias-illumination-stress in a-InGaZnO thin-film transistors

• Dapeng Wang and
• Mamoru Furuta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1125–1130, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.112

• TFT devices comprise several functional layers and their respective contact interfaces. Generally, the individual layer fabrication process follows a number of thin film deposition and photolithographic patterning steps. During the film growth through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition or

• sputtering techniques, the sample suffers from the plasma bombardment in the chamber. In addition, the deposited films are inevitably irradiated by UV light in the process of patterning, inducing the increase in the concentration of oxygen-related defects, which further degrade the initial electrical

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• nanocapsules [26][27]. TDI, which than can be excited with red light (λexc = 633 nm from a HeNe laser, for instance) and shows bright fluorescence at λmax = 670–690 nm, is a suitable organic dye for patterning or imaging of biomaterials. This dye belongs to the rylene family [28], which is formed by extending

Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO₂ nanorods

• Julian Kalb,
• Vanessa Knittel and
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 412–418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.40

• report shows the proof of principle of this technique, and there are certainly many features that have to be improved for commercial applications. A need for improvement is required with respect to the rapid ageing of expensive probes, non-linearities of the scanned field, and patterning of large areas

Site-specific growth of oriented ZnO nanocrystal arrays

• Rekha Bai,
• Dinesh K. Pandya,
• Sujeet Chaudhary,
• Veer Dhaka,
• Vladislav Khayrudinov,
• Jori Lemettinen,
• Christoffer Kauppinen and
• Harri Lipsanen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 274–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.26

• grow ZnO nanocrystals on both bare and on an array of pores patterned on the polymer-coated indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) conducting substrates. The patterning process for the polymer, poly(Disperse Red 1 acrylate), involves laser interference lithography and oxygen plasma etching and has been reported

• them with their c-axis normal to the substrate. Moreover, the length and width of crystals are same as observed in the SB sample. Thus, we can say that the periodic array of c-axis-oriented twinned NCs at predetermined sites can be grown by patterning the polymer-coated ITO substrate. We also tried to

• the unhindered growth of ZnO NCs identical to that of the SB case, except only on the specific sites on the ITO surfaces exposed by patterning that are available for the heterogeneous nucleation. As the size of the pore was equal to the width of ZnO NCs grown on bare ITO, the lateral growth on the

Characterization and influence of hydroxyapatite nanopowders on living cells

• Przemyslaw Oberbek,
• Tomasz Bolek,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Julia Rogowska-Tylman,
• Ganna Nechyporenko,
• Viktor Zinchenko,
• Wojciech Swieszkowski and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3079–3094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.286

• belong to the CHO cell line, which can be explained by the nature of the reproductive system in which calcium signalling plays a crucial role. For example, calcium signals control cell division in early embryos and are very important in the development of patterning [78]. Macrophages are cells

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• patterning; laser-induced forward transfer; micro-concentrator solar cell; photovoltaics; Review Introduction In the field of renewable energies, the largest growth by far on a global scale in 2015/2016 took place in photovoltaics. However, the share of renewables in total energy consumption has recently