Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• parameters. As such, nanoparticle size [32][33], colloidal stability [33], gas formation [11][34], degree of oxidation [35][36][37], and nanoparticle productivity [11][32][33][34] can be influenced and tailored to specific needs. Although it may be expected that the particles’ reactivity with the solvent and

• rates also lead to different reactivity with the cooling solvent molecules that set the final surface chemistry of the particles and, thereby, affect their phase preference. Since the standard electrochemical reduction potential of Cu and Fe is close to 0 V, the different polarities of propylene

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• cases from their high surface reactivity, which results from their small size and large surface area. They include applications in catalysis [3][4] (e.g., as catalytic converters in engines and for energy capture and storage) and as sensors [5][6] (e.g., for bioremediation and environmental monitoring

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• different origins. The authors assign one type of defects to a possible defect in the Ir surface. The other type is identified as four missing carbon atoms corroborated by a higher reactivity with the tip. We thank all authors who contributed to this thematic issue and we are grateful to all reviewers for

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• ], heavy metal removal [11][12], sensor technologies [13][14][15][16], and biomedical applications [17]. Nanoscale materials represent a thriving field of research with a wide range of potential applications. Today, it is generally recognized that properties like hardness, reactivity, toxicity, and optical

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• from Pt(CO)2Br2/H2+ is proximate to the σ1 value that we have previously measured for the electron-induced CO desorption from Pt(CO)2Cl2 [57]. The relative proximity of these two σ1 values suggests that the reactivity of H2+ ions may contain a significant contribution from reactions involving the low

• conditions, representing the other type of charged particle used to effect deposition of metal-containing structures from organometallic precursors. Electron-induced Pt deposition from Pt(CO)2Cl2 was reported to follow an initial step similar to that in ion-induced reactivity with the desorption of CO and

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• surface, influencing GO’s colloidal stability, reactivity, and interactions with living organisms. As a consequence, these interactions can lead to diverse effects, ranging from the mitigation of toxicity [12][13][14] to the enhancement of its toxicity [15][16]. However, microscopic understanding of these

• in hydrogen bonding as well as hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions; also, they are responsible for TA’s high solubility, reactivity to metal cations, binding capacity to molecules and surfaces, and significant reducing and radical scavenging properties [19][21][22][23][24]. This range of

• indicates that TA mostly forms a single layer of stronger interacting molecules close to the surface. DFT calculations allowed us to evaluate the electronic and reactivity properties of the system TA and GO. Fukui functions are a concept used to study the local reactivity of molecules/materials. They

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• and biological sensing [38][39][40]. The optical, thermal, and photocatalytic [40] reactivity of ZnO can also be improved with this method without changing its basic hexagonal structure. Consequently, the photodegradation of aqueous organic compounds triggered by manganese-doped ZnO still provides

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• enzyme topoisomerase II, leading to apoptosis of living tissues [71]; therefore, it is important to study its intrinsic chemical reactivity. At the B3PW91/6-31G level of DFT, it is possible to appreciate that the periphery of the doxorubicin molecule is saturated by organic substituents. Its oxy

• , Figure S2). In contrast, a high electrostatic potential (blue color in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2) is found on the lateral substituted cycle. Both central rings, the aromatic one and the quinoid one, are the main regions for the reactivity, including all the substituent oxygen atoms. The

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• of their unique properties. However, their size, surface area, and reactivity can cause toxicity, potentially leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular or DNA damage. In this study, a nano-quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (nano-QSTR) model was initially developed to assess

• of an element. In the context of nanoparticles, the size of the metal atoms directly affects the overall size and surface area of the nanoparticles, which are critical factors in their reactivity and interaction with other materials. The ionic radius is essential for understanding the metal’s

• a neutral atom, reflecting the tendency of the metal to gain electrons. The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove the outermost electron from a neutral atom, which is a critical factor in determining the metal’s reactivity and stability. For the present study, descriptors of all

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• that was found in the deposit, despite the large number of carbon atoms in the ligands, was attributed to the thermodynamically favorable release of CO2 upon ligand cleavage [31]. All successfully tested silver carboxylates exhibit a generally high reactivity and sensitivity upon electron beam impact

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• application of nanoscale systems with unique physicochemical properties, including small size, large specific surface area, high reactivity, and quantum effects of the nanoparticles (NPs) [1][2]. Nanomedicine is specifically designated for therapeutics (drug delivery), diagnostics, and imaging, as well as for

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• , while TEM and SEM yield images of separated particles [61]. Surface area: The reactivity of nanoparticles and their ability to interact with ligands highly depend on their surface area. This property of the nanoparticles can be detected directly by adsorbing an inert gas under various pressures to form

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• temperature because the higher number of phonons increases the efficiency of thermal transport [75]. NDs show also exceptional mechanical strength and low chemical reactivity, making them sound candidates for thin film coatings [76]. These properties are counterbalanced by a low electrical conductivity due to

• reactivity of carbon coatings are the key features for the lowered immunological response. Contrary to NDs and graphene-related materials, CNT layers generally induce a strong immunological response because of their higher reactivity [98], which needs to be tuned through an appropriate functionalization

• thickness of 12 μm. The same technique was used by Chen et al. [155] for the deposition of GO onto magnesium alloys. The authors investigated the corrosion in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution, showing beneficial effects of GO mainly due to both being a physical barrier and having a low reactivity. Similar results can

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• picture of the NPs’ toxicity and reactivity emerges: Small/hot NPs are likely more toxic than their large/cold counterparts. Because of the small size of the NPs considered, the observed structural modifications are challenging to be studied by experimental techniques. The present approach can be readily

• information regarding the toxicity and reactivity of these NPs by monitoring the behaviour of nano-descriptors commonly employed in quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models and by measuring the water–NP energetic interactions. The extracted information from our simulations complements

• measure of surface roughness, as well as a proxy to NP reactivity, is the surface area-to-volume ratio [83]. Its variation with the NP diameter for Au (blue line) and Pt (orange line) NPs at 100 K is shown in Figure 8. In general, it is expected to be inversely proportional to where N is the number of

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• dimensions within the range of 1 to 100 nm [2]. The diminutive size of nanoparticles contributes to a significantly high surface area with respect to volume, resulting in enhanced reactivity, improved stability, and augmented functionality. In the field of nanomaterials, ENMOs are a notable subset. These

• because of their enhanced reactivity, large surface area, and tunable properties [7][8]. ENMOs can enter the human body [9] and engage with various biomacromolecules, including sugars, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These biomolecules rapidly envelop the nanoparticle surface, creating a dynamic

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• descriptor of the category “a” or “b” in our classification). Kudrinskiy et al. also modelled silver nanoparticles with different coatings without introducing directly the capping agent in the model, but only by observing the differences in size, reactivity, and electric behavior of the nanoforms with

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• ratio. Moreover, their extensive surface exposure renders them highly sensitive to ambient and external influences, amplifying chemical reactivity [13] and bestowing attractive properties regarding electrochemical and catalytic reactions [14]. Furthermore, the ability to stack these materials

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• , titanium alkoxides and halides are extensively used as precursors [20][21]. Because of their high reactivity, a complicate control over the reaction conditions is critical to achieve the desired crystalline structures and morphology [22]. Recently, a synthesis using stable water-soluble titanium complexes

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• thousand kelvins and pressures up to the gigapascal range that prevail during nanoparticle synthesis [58][168][169]. Furthermore, the Nernst potential is temperature-dependent, increasing the reactivity of metal precursor and formed

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• would be converted predominantly to products that are equally non-volatile at 100 K. We note that MMA has also been reported to polymerize under electron irradiation [50]. The same reactivity is anticipated for free MA, leading to larger oligomeric products with low volatility. Electron irradiation of

• from Fe(CO)5 (Figure 8a) is in line with the previous result [27]. However, a much smaller intensity increase and also a less pronounced attenuation of the TaNNN signal was observed when AG was performed with Fe(CO)5MA (Figure 8b), pointing to a lesser extent of thermal surface reactivity on the Fe

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• similar conclusion was inferred from spatially resolved force spectroscopy across a phthalocyanine molecule on Ag(111) whose pyrrolic H atoms had been removed. Despite the bonds formed by the H-detached N atoms of the molecule with the metal substrate, an increased reactivity was reported [58]. Intact

• graphene on Ru(0001) was previously demonstrated to exhibit locally different chemical reactivity on the basis of current-versus-distance characteristics [59]. For the second kind of defects, spatially resolved vertical-force traces are nearly identical and, therefore, do not hint at varying differences in

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• reactivity because of the presence of an unpaired electron in their atomic structure. In this review, we summarize some novel metal-based nanoantioxidants and classify them into two main categories, namely chain-breaking and preventive antioxidant nanomaterials. In addition, the applications of antioxidant

• ]. Antioxidant nanomaterials can be synthesized from carbon-based compounds, polymeric compounds, and metal-based compounds. Metal-based nanoantioxidants exhibit strong reactivity because there are atoms with unpaired electrons on the surface. Therefore, metal-based nanoantioxidants have a significant advantage

• over natural antioxidants as well as other types of nanoantioxidants with lower reactivity and stability. As a result, metal-based nanoantioxidants have gathered significant attention from scientists. Many efforts have been made to develop new metal-based nanoantioxidants, understand the mechanisms of

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• “valence electron potential” (−eV) determines the elements’ reactivity and is based on the charge of the valence electrons and the ionic radius: Here, k is a proportionality factor expressing the energy of the valence electrons in electronvolts. n is the valence, and r is the ionic radius. This descriptor

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• concerns regarding the safety of nanoparticles (NPs) in relation to human and animal health. The toxicity of NPs is closely linked to their chemical aggressiveness and varies with their physicochemical properties, including surface area, charge, and reactivity. Understanding the intricate interplay between

• reactivity, sensitivity of NPs, as well as their cellular uptake and systemic transfer [21]. However, in order to develop predictive models, a deeper understanding of the interactions at the bionano interface and their relationship to material and protein properties is necessary. Gathering more information

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• the precursor decomposition and thus in the deposit formation [16]. Hence, the decomposition of the precursor molecules is not only effectuated by the primary electron beam. In fact, the reactivity of these low-energy electrons [24] may even determine the fragmentation of the precursor molecules