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Search for "solvent" in Full Text gives 660 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104
- after LFL treatment. By adjusting processing parameters such as solvent choice, the defect emission, including green defect emissions, can be controlled, providing further opportunities for tailoring the optical properties of NPs for various applications. The mechanisms behind nanoparticle formation
- surrounding solvent, owing to the efficient light absorption capability of the NPs and their limited thermal transfer to the solvent. [35][63][72][73][74]. LIL also leads to phase transitions and morphological changes (Figure 7a–d) depending on the laser fluence and irradiation time [42]. Schematic
- illustrations of the pulsed laser heating mechanism are presented in Figure 7f,g. Factors such as laser fluence, irradiation time, and solvent properties, such as dielectric constant and thermal conductivity, must be carefully controlled to optimize nanoparticle formation [49][68][69][75]. Other factors like
Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100
- . Bruker AV400 and VARIAN 300 NMR spectrometers were used to collect 13C NMR spectra at 298 K. CDCl3 solvent was used as internal standard in 13C NMR experiment (δ 77.00 ppm). A Scienta ESCA200 apparatus was used to record XPS spectra. The morphology of the membrane was monitored using a field-emission SEM
- water for solvent replacement, a process that lasted for 3 days. During the period, the water was changed once a day. Preparation of dopamine/hydrochloric acid buffer solution The buffer solution was prepared by modifying the reported method [35][36]. Typically, 0.121 g of Tris was dissolved in 100 mL
Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97
- efficiency (EE). These techniques can be categorized into conventional approaches such as thin film hydration, reverse phase evaporation, solvent injection, detergent removal, and newer innovations. Also, modern techniques are further developments or adaptations of conventional approaches. These methods
- allow for better control of liposome size, lamellarity, and drug loading. For example, microfluidics, membrane contactors, and pressure-controlled processes can improve EE, reduce organic solvent residues, and improve scalability and reproducibility [111][112][113]. The most commonly used synthesis
Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93
- nitrogen for 24 h to obtain the solvent-free oil. Physicochemical characterization of Acrocomia aculeata oil Relative density and refractive index of Acrocomia aculeata oil (AAO) were evaluated according to the American Pharmacopoeia [58]. Iodine value, peroxide value, acid value, and saponification index
- increased to 250 °C at a rate of 5 K/min, maintaining the final temperature for 10 min. Mass spectra were acquired using a mass range of m/z 40–500, an interface temperature of 250 °C, and an ion source temperature of 220 °C. The solvent cutoff time was 3 min, and the event time was 0.20 min. The sweep
- the absorbance of the solvent, and AC is the absorbance of the positive control [61][62]. Cytotoxic activity The cytotoxic activity of AANE was evaluated in murine macrophages of the J774 strain (ATCC USA) according to the technique described by Nakayama and colleagues [64]. Staurosporine (5 μg/mL
Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90
- efficiently encapsulated 5-FU [196]. The 5-FU was encapsulated in the PLGA core using the solvent evaporation technique. Then, the nanoparticle was coated with cationic chitosan, aiming to promote ionic interactions with the anionic cell membrane of the tumor. Finally, eucalyptus oil (1%) was added to the
Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89
- evaluate the solubility of PpIX in distinct solvent systems to support the development of novel pharmaceutical formulations. The shake-flask method was employed, using purified water, 50% ethanol (EtOH50), 77% ethanol (EtOH77), absolute ethanol (EtOHabs), and polymeric systems containing 10% (w/w
- ) poloxamer 407 (P407) in water, in EtOH50 or in EtOH77. Approximately 10 to 25 mg of PpIX was added to 25 mL of the solvent, and the solutions were stirred at 100 rpm, at 37 °C, for up to 96 h. The PpIX concentration was measured by using a validated method (R = 0.9973), with equilibrium reached within 30
- -assembling properties of P407 make it suitable for advanced nanostructures drug delivery platforms, including polymeric microneedles and hydrogels, ensuring enhanced drug retention and permeation [15][17][18]. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the best solvent system for PpIX, in order to
Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84
- colloids (LSPC) [41][42][43][44] provides nanoparticles dispersed in liquids without the addition of common additives (e.g., citrate [45], tensides [46], polymers [47]) or support material to stabilize the particles with high variability on the used solvent, yielding colloidal nanoparticles with
- shown to be less expensive than wet chemically produced NPs after a break-even-point of 550 mg/h. Thus, it makes the laser system to be of low cost in large-scale processes [61]. Furthermore, procedures for LAL are usually not bound to strict limitations when it comes to pressure and solvent, as for
- . Furthermore, metalloid elements, such as phosphorous, silicon, boron, and carbon were shown to retard crystallization and favor the formation of long-range disordered structures. Organic solvent molecules used in LSPC can serve as a carbon source which strongly affects the stabilization of amorphous
Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80
- nanoparticles and nanomicelle encapsulation have been used to disperse them in water [2][3][4][5][6][7]. For example, AlClPc has been loaded into nanoemulsions using castor oil and Cremophor ELP® [5]. ZnPc was dispersed in unilamellar liposomes by a solvent exchange method [7][8], and its photocytotoxicity
- suspended in a poor solvent is fragmented into nanoparticles by intense pulsed laser irradiation, and the sample suspension is directly converted in to a colloidal dispersion without any chemical additives in one step. It has been demonstrated that several hydrophobic dyes such as metal complex Pcs (MPcs
Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al2O3(0001) for use as an adsorbent
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79
- drop-casting technique, wherein GO flakes dispersed in a solvent are cast onto a substrate [16][17]. This technique does not allow for the control of number of layers. Consequently, studies have been conducted to synthesize large-area and single-layer GO (SLGO) films. As mentioned above, GO films have
Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77
- integrated with the solvent [279][280][281]. Furthermore, gel materials with excellent stimuli responsiveness and biocompatibility have also been widely developed. As the nanoarchitectonics of the polymers and molecular aggregates that constitute gels evolve, the design and functionality of gels are becoming
A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75
- compound 1b, in which four terminal chloromethyl groups are tethered to the calixarene upper rim by amide bonds. The subsequent treatment with N,N-dimethylethanolamine in THF as a solvent, produced compound 1 bearing choline-like moieties. Compound 1 and its precursor 1b were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR
- , and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure at 35 °C. The resulting film was rehydrated with an aqueous solution of 1 (50 μM) by stirring overnight at room temperature. The final solution was left to equilibrate and filtered. Encapsulation efficiency (EE %) was calculated using the formula
Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74
- absorption signal near the bleached region, signifying the broadening. The decay dynamics of these signals are dictated by electron–phonon coupling within the particle and phonon–solvent interaction at the particle surface, hence informing about the overall energy relaxation timescales. The application of
- within the particle. It was proposed that the solvent molecules directly interact with non-thermal electrons at the particle surface, particularly in very small particles. In fact, the relatively well-defined geometry of NP colloids that leads to excitation localization and uniformity as well as the
Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67
- ]. The obtained films were about 500 μm thick. Synthetic SCD were produced using high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) method on a BARS apparatus [54]. The starting materials included a graphite rod (99.99% purity), a Ni0.7Fe0.3 alloy as a solvent catalyst, and a synthetic diamond (≈0.5 mm) as a seed
Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62
- segregation due to differences in precursor reduction temperatures [38]. Other techniques such as laser scanning ablation [39] and Joule heating [40] have also been employed to generate CCAs, but they often involve costly precursors and lengthy solvent screening processes. Among the various techniques
- 2.8 J·cm−2 [41]. Additionally, to increase the NP concentration and reduce the organic solvent use, a closed loop liquid flow system was employed. Size distribution, morphology, elemental composition, and crystal structure of the NPs from both CCA targets were examined using transmission electron
- suggests that PLAL influences the resulting crystal structure, paving the way to control the material phase by modifying the laser synthesis conditions such as pulse duration, intensity, or solvent, which would drastically affect temperature, pressure, and cooling rate conditions during NP synthesis [64
Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61
- stacking in natural multilayer graphite [28]. Production processes convert multilayer graphite into single-layer graphene sheets dispersed in solvent medium. However, after the drying process, solvation shells of graphene sheets are removed, resulting in smaller distances between graphene sheets and larger
Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60
- disulfide (FeS2)) nanoparticles (NPs) of different morphologies using pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) in different organic solvents. The impact of the solvent on the morphological, compositional, and optical properties of the synthesized NPs is investigated by techniques such as transmission electron
- microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The morphology of the NPs in different solvents varied from spherical, rice-like to rod-like particles which demonstrates the effect of the solvent on the morphology/composition of NPs
- film deposition technique where a substrate surface can be uniformly coated by spreading an evenly distributed layer of a desired material ink (in this case, NPs in a solvent) across the surface of the rotating substrate [30]. With these benefits, EPD and spin coating can be described as
Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57
- to a flowrate of 4 mL/min and a flow rate ratio of 3:1 (aqueous to solvent phase) to mix the phases. For C12 LNPs, the flow rate ratio was set to 2:1 with a total flow rate of 9 mL/min. After mixing, the LNP suspensions were dialyzed against PBS overnight using a dialysis cassette (Thermo Scientific
Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55
- small peaks at higher retention times in the HPL chromatograms. The photochemical degradation could occur via two partially interacting pathways, namely, (I) direct damage by the particle fragmentation process or (II) indirect damage by ROS resulting either from the optical breakdown of the solvent or
The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52
- , with an oxygen flow of 10 L/min. Then, a 1 M methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) precursor solution was prepared (lead iodide 99.99% trace metals basis from TCI, methylammonium iodide >99.99% from Greatcell solar) with the materials dissolved in a DMF/DMSO (4:1) solvent and spin-coated using a two-step
- deposition method (500 rpm for 10 s and 4000 rpm for 25 s). A volume of 150 μL of toluene was used as anti-solvent 10 s into the second step. The perovskite was crystalized during a 100 °C annealing step for 30 min. For the cells that incorporated spiro-OMeTAD, we used a solution containing 72.3 mg spiro
Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50
- as hot homogenization, cold homogenization, and solvent evaporation are used to prepare SLNs, but precipitation is the most compatible method for compound, polymer, and lipid. The precipitation method consists of dissolving the lipid with organic solvents and adding water to cause supersaturation of
- dispersion. SEM studies Scanning electron micrographs of APT-CD-NP4 and APT-PX-NP8 shown in Figure 3 illustrate that polymeric content was deposited on the SLN surface because of organic solvents. After evaporation of the organic solvent, colloidal particles are closely packed. Dispersions in organic
- continuous stirring at 1000 rpm for 1 h at 50 °C. From the suspension, the organic solvent was evaporated, and the suspension was frozen at −40 °C for 24 h and lyophilized at 1.1 mbar and −45 °C (FSF-10N-50A, China). The prepared APT-loaded SLNs were stored at 4 °C for further use [26]. The solubility of APT
A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48
- , 0.25 μm film thickness) was used for compound separation, with helium as a 99.999% pure carrier gas (White Martins SA) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a split/splitless autoinjector. For the analysis, a solution of EOCF was prepared at a concentration of approximately 10 mg/mL using hexane as a solvent
- 220 °C, detector temperature 240 °C, solvent cut-off time 2 min, electron ionization (EI) mode at 70 eV with a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) range of 40 to 350 Da. The components of the essential oil were identified using their retention indices (RI), calculated for each constituent by injecting a series
Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46
- hemostatic agent for trauma treatment [107]. Patil et al. explored three types of silk forms, namely, regular film, lamellar porous film, and electrospun silk nanofibers for wound dressings. Factors such as solvent solution, electric field intensity, spinning distance, and SF concentration affected the
- and environmentally friendly PU synthesis route by replacing the common process of solvent-based PU synthesis. The emission of volatile organic compounds in synthesis and application can be avoided by adopting water-based PUs [147]. This has brought a shift in urethane research. WPUs have emerged as a
- . They adjusted the electrospinning parameters, such as solvent ratios and polymer concentration, to produce homogenous
Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35
- produced by the breakdown of solvent molecules in a high-intensity reaction field near the focus of the laser. This unique reaction has the characteristic of being able to synthesize non-equilibrium solid–solution alloy nanoparticles. On the other hand, it is necessary to improve the synthesis efficiency
- of various materials [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] using different mechanisms [25][26][27][28] have been conducted via LRL. High-energy ultrashort pulses focused and irradiated into a solution cause the breakdown of solvent molecules. Then, produced solvated electrons among reactive species reduce the
- complete even after 30 min of laser irradiation, which was longer than the case without IPA. This is thought to be based on the fact that the relative permittivity of IPA (20.18) is lower than that of water (80.1) [35]. Then the efficiency of radical generation accompanying the decomposition of the solvent
Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29
- release kinetics. After copolymerization, the reaction is terminated by dissolving the resulting copolymer in DCM, a solvent that allows the copolymer to remain in solution. The solution is then precipitated in cold diethyl ether, which helps to remove unreacted monomers and other impurities. This
- 48.3 ± 16.4 nm (Figure 2d). The slight discrepancy in size measurements between TEM, SEM, and DLS can be attributed to the different operational principles of these techniques. DLS measures the hydrodynamic diameter, including the particle core and the layer of solvent molecules attached, leading to a
Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26
- synthesis–attachment are long preparation times, the generation of hazardous organic solvent and ligand waste [15], and poor electrical contact at the nanoparticle–support interface, particularly for nanoparticles with surfactant-terminated surfaces [16]. Conventionally made nanoparticles rely on
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