Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• potential for tumor accumulation though passive targeting [76]. Fortunately, strategies to slow down renal clearance and extend the blood half-life of usNPs for more efficient tumor uptake are feasible, including fine-tuning hydrodynamic diameter (HD) through surface chemistry [77], controlling core density

• [78], and, potentially, modulating ultraweak nonspecific interactions with proteins [79]. For instance, Zheng and colleagues showed that AuNCs can be designed to demonstrate passive tumor targeting behavior comparable to that of larger NPs. GSH-coated AuNCs reached passive tumor uptake levels of 2–3

• % ID/g, while PEG-coated AuNCs displayed even higher passive tumor uptake efficiency of ≈8% ID/g owing to their longer blood retention time [77]. Besides achieving decent tumor uptake levels in some cases, usNPs exhibit easier penetration and diffusion through the dense tumor microenvironment relative

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• . Physicochemical features such as size, shape, and surface charge play an extremely important role in the internalization of nanostructures. The uptake of nanoparticles into cells requires two steps. The first is the binding to the cell membrane, and the second is the uptake into the cell [34]. The zeta potential

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• . Conversely, MONPs with larger atomic radii and crystal ionic radii tend to exhibit a lower surface area-to-volume ratio, which can reduce their cellular interactions and uptake. This reduction in uptake can lead to less cellular dysfunction and toxicity. Larger atomic radii may result in MONPs that are less

• alternative, more detrimental cellular uptake pathways or provoke harmful responses by accumulating on cell surfaces. Such MONPs might also elevate oxidative stress by triggering the production of reactive oxygen species, which damage cellular components. They can obstruct vital biological processes and

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• in the liver [27][28]. The interaction of the nanocarriers with various types of cells is size-dependent [30]. Nanocarriers with a particle size bigger than 100 nm could be taken up by LSECs and Kupffer cells through endocytosis. With the increase of particle size, the uptake of nanocarriers by

• hepatobiliary clearance in vivo. For example, positively charged mesoporous silica NPs (MSNPs) underwent significant uptake by hepatocytes, while MSNPs with negative charges were rapidly internalized by Kupffer cells in liver sinusoids [33]. The negative charge of the nanocarriers could facilitate efficient

• binding to the scavenger receptors on the surface of Kupffer cells and LSECs, leading to the improved uptake by these cell types [34][35]. Another intrinsic property that dictates the uptake pathway of the nanocarriers by liver cells is hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. Increased hydrophilicity via

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• ) are important tools to diagnose and treat diseases, and have proven useful in basic mechanistic studies of cells and animals. Thus, knowledge about cellular uptake, intracellular transport, and metabolism of NPs in cells, as well as their biodistribution, degradation, and excretion following

• of new types of NPs, there is a knowledge gap when it comes to our understanding of the interaction of NPs with both cells and tissues. However, it is well known that NP properties, such as surface charge, size, and the material they are composed of can affect cellular uptake, biodistribution, and

• are high for conventional NPs, and one can easily foresee that demonstrating reproducibility for the production of EVs with their thousands of constituents will be a huge challenge. In this article, we will not cover EVs specifically, but several of the challenges discussed when it comes to uptake

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• nanoprecipitation technique, resulting in small size, high homogeneity, and negative surface charge. Importantly, the folate-targeted nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake and cytotoxicity in folate receptor-positive cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG-2) compared to folate receptor-negative cells (HEK 293

• would initially bind to the folate receptor, compete, and reduce the uptake of folate-containing nanoparticles. Therefore, folate@PLGA/Cou-6 was taken up much less by MCF7 and HepG2 cells when folic acid was present (Figure 2). In contrast, in the folate receptor-negative cells (HEK 293), the addition

• × PBS and in cell culture medium and (B) SEM image of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 at magnifications of 10k and 40k. Uptake of F127@PLGA/Cou-6 and F127-folate@PLGA/Cou-6 in folate receptor-expressing cells (MCF-7, HepG2) and HEK 293 cells, which do not express the folate receptor. Cells represented in

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• medicine, electronics, and environmental science. Understanding the structural aspects of surface modifiers in nanoparticles that govern their cellular uptake is crucial for optimizing their efficacy and minimizing potential cytotoxicity. The cellular uptake is influenced by multiple factors, namely, size

• significantly contribute to the cellular uptake of ENMOs in multiple cell types, including pancreatic cancer cells (PaCa2), human endothelial cells (HUVEC), and human macrophage cells (U937). The best models have been identified for each cell type and analyzed to detect the structural fingerprints/features

• governing the cellular uptake of ENMOs. The study will direct scientists in the design of ENMOs of higher cellular uptake efficiency for better therapeutic response. Keywords: Bayesian classification; cellular uptake; machine learning; nanoparticles (NPs); Introduction In recent years, the rapid

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• surface area (Table 1). It is well known that the MIL-100(Fe) framework contains an abundance of active sites, including unsaturated metal sites, and –OH and free –COOH groups, which perhaps form adsorptive interactions with CO2 molecules [32]. Consequently, the samples showed outstanding CO2 uptake in

• the rising BET surface area resulting from an increase in the H3BTC amount in the reaction system from 0.90 to 2.25 g. A similar trend was observed in the porosity analysis when increasing the H3BTC amount from 1.80 to 2.25 g. It corresponds to a negligible improvement in CO2 uptake, changing from

• 1.10 to 1.18 mmol·g−1 at 25 °C and 100 kPa. Taking into account the balance between CO2 adsorption performance and the quantity of H3BTC consumed, M-100Fe@Fe2O3#1.80 stands out as the preferred sample, exhibiting a CO2 uptake capacity of 1.1 mmol·g−1 and a CO2/N2 selectivity of 18 at 25 °C and 100 kPa

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• cells with surface expansions into the hemolymph increasing the area for reactant uptake. The adhesive fluid is secreted through pores in the endocuticle layer 2 [45] and accumulates in the adhesive secretion reservoir (indicated by the split arrow). Subsequently, the secretion traverses the endocuticle

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• with the release of CUR-Fe NPs and is in accordance with the Fick diffusion (Table 2). Cellular uptake study Prussian blue staining was performed to detect the ability of Huh-7 cells to uptake NFs, as shown in Figure 5. Compared with those in the control group, blue particles were observed in the

• = kHt1/2, where Qt is the amount of CUR in NFs released after time t, and kH is the Higuchi dissolution constant. Ritger–Peppas Model: Mt/M∞ = ktn, where Mt/M∞ is the fraction of CUR in NFs released at time t, k is the rate constant, and n is the diffusional release exponent. Cellular uptake of CUR-Fe

• @MnO2 NFs The CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs uptake by Huh-7 cells was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Huh-7 cells were incubated with 50 µg/mL NFs for 24 h. Then, 4% paraformaldehyde was used to fix the Huh-7 cells for 15 min, followed by washing with PBS. Fixed cells were stained by the Prussian Blue kit

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• majority of NPs for NDD delivery in this database is in the range of 70–115 nm. Recently, Chithrani et al. [91] have demonstrated that size, coating, and surface charge of nanoparticles have a crucial impact on the intracellular uptake process. Similarly, Shilo et al. have investigated the influence of NP

• size on the probability to cross the BBB by using the endothelial brain cell method. The results indicated that the intracellular uptake of NPs strongly depends on the NP size. This characteristic has a direct impact on biomedical applications. When NPs serve as carriers for drug delivery through

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• . Finally, the absorbance was measured at 550 nm as stated before. Uptake of nanovesicles The uptake of RhPE-labelled nanovesicles by THP-1 monocytes and macrophages was measured by flow cytometry. Briefly, THP-1 monocytes were seeded on 24-well culture plates at a density of 1 × 106 cells per well (150 µL

• (Flowing Software, Finland). Plasma membrane order Effects of nanovesicle uptake on THP-1 macrophages and HUVEC plasma membrane order were determined by measuring the Laurdan generalized polarization (GP) [83]. Briefly, THP-1 macrophages and HUVECs grown at a density of 1–1.5 × 104 cells/cm2 on 96-well

• at λem = 440 nm and λem = 490 nm, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential The effect of nanovesicle uptake by THP-1 macrophages and HUVECs on the mitochondrial membrane potential was determined using JC-1 dye according to the manufacturer’s guidelines [84]. Briefly, THP-1 macrophages and

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• was obtained from Cao et al. [26], where the zeta potential of MeOx NPs was measured in a cell culture of 20% fetal bovine complete medium. Dataset II was taken from Toropova et al. [27], where cell damage measurement was performed based on the uptake of propidium iodide (PI). The dataset is related

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• reactivity, sensitivity of NPs, as well as their cellular uptake and systemic transfer [21]. However, in order to develop predictive models, a deeper understanding of the interactions at the bionano interface and their relationship to material and protein properties is necessary. Gathering more information

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• observed for all three kinds of NPs. The release of chlorambucil was quicker at pH 5.4 than at pH 7.4 at 37 °C. The F127@NPs and F127-folate@NPs demonstrated much greater cell uptake and toxicity up to 72 h after incubation. Our in vitro results of F127@NPs and F127-folate@NPs have demonstrated the ability

• additional 10 min. Cell culture The cell lines HepG2, MCF-7, 3T3, and Hek were cultured in DMEM, 10% FBS, and 1% antibiotic at 37 °C and 5% CO2. Cell uptake estimation The cells were seeded onto 6-well plates at 100,000 cells/well and were cultured overnight. On the next day, the cells were incubated with

• endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors [38][39]. The folate receptor was selected as a targeting modality in our investigation. The findings of the uptake assays (Figure 3), fluorescent assay (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2) and the cytotoxicity testing (Figure 4) revealed that F127-folate@NP

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• nanoparticle uptake, transport, and bioaccumulation in the food chain when ZnO NPs reach the soil, which positively or negatively affects plant growth and productivity [16]. For instance, ZnO NPs at an optimum concentration of 0.13 g/L promoted seed germination and root growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L

• and water uptake in the presence of Zn [39], or else by accelerating the activity of carbonic anhydrase [2]. Several published information is available on the effect of Zn on photosynthetic pigments of other crops. Nanopriming Triticum aestivum seeds with 10 mg/L of ZnO resulted in a significant

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• parasite towards a given drug through decreased uptake of the drug by macrophages [55][56][57]. Thus, nanotechnology-based systems are a promising alternative for drug delivery and vectorization in the treatment of leishmaniasis as they present several advantages. One could mention decreased side effects

• , the intracellular uptake of bioactive molecules is especially hindered for hydrophobic molecules [64], making it difficult for the drug to reach the parasite. On the other hand, nanocarriers can target the interior of macrophages residing in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, effectively delivering

• these carriers with the macrophage membrane. As a result, the macrophages uptake the drug-loaded nanocarrier by phagocytosis, where they will directly act on the parasites [65][66][67]. Several types of nanosystems have been studied for carrying antileishmanial drugs, such as polymeric nanoparticles

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• examining the characteristics of nanoparticles used for drug delivery, one can see that some are better understood then others. The size of nanoparticles, for example, is shown to play an important role in tissue or mucus penetration [8] and in cellular uptake [9]. Also surface charge and chemical

• properties are well investigated regarding their effect on cellular uptake and the influence on in vivo performance [3][10]. Only since the first decade of the 2000s, mechanical properties have been investigated in the development of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. A well-known example in biology

• uptake for softer particles [30]. Cell uptake is often the first biological evaluation during the development phase besides toxicity and biocompatibility. However, after application, particles first need to reach the cells and overcome several other biological barriers. During uptake, other biological

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• to confirm the uptake of CUR-HSA-MPs by cancer cells. Our studies revealed that HSA-MPs are potentially promising vehicles for increasing the solubility and bioavailability of CUR. Keywords: albumin submicron particles; cancer therapy; curcumin; drug delivery; Introduction Curcumin (CUR) is a

• silk core–shell nanoparticles show high cytotoxicity and cellular uptake regarding breast cancer cells [14]. However, the effectiveness of zein nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle is limited by their poor stability, as they tend to aggregate when suspended in water [15]. Lyophilizing the particles

• effective delivery system, our second aim was to evaluate the cytotoxicity effect of CUR-HSA-MPs in vitro and determine cell uptake in MCF-7 cell line. Results and Discussion Preparation of CUR-loaded human serum albumin microparticles The preparation process of CUR-loaded human serum albumin microparticles

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• shown in various studies to have a direct affinity for Hb in the absence of Hp. Thus, it seems reasonable that CD163 could possibly also bind Hb within HBOCs and cause phagocytosis of the particles. In this work we investigated the role of CD163 in the uptake of our hemoglobin sub-micron particles

• (HbMPs) in monocytes and additionally screened for alternative ways of particle recognition by monocytes. In our experiments, blockade of CD163 by specific monoclonal antibodies proved to partly inhibit HbMP uptake by monocytes. It appears, however, that several other phagocytosis pathways for HbMPs

• size or other physical properties of the particles. In this study, we screened several monocytic surface receptors for a possible influence on the uptake of HbMPs by monocytes, which are precursor cells of macrophages. We chose to screen for CD14- as well as CD33-dependent HbMP uptake by monocytes

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for CO₂ storage: A review

• Ha Huu Do,
• Iqra Rabani and
• Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 964–970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.79

• -organic frameworks (MOFs) promising contenders for CO2 uptake. This review commences by discussing recent advancements in MOFs with diverse adsorption sites, encompassing open metal sites and Lewis basic centers. Next, diverse strategies aimed at enhancing CO2 adsorption capabilities are presented

• interactions with other chemical species. Extensive literature has been devoted to the investigation of MOFs with OMSs. Notably, HKUST-1, featuring copper OMSs, displayed a CO2 uptake of 4.1 mmol·g−1 at 298 K and 1 bar [22]. The effectiveness of OMSs has been exemplified in a study conducted by Caskey and

• to create nanosized SNU-70, which possesses a pore size of 9 Å, whereas SNU-71, with a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)benzoic acid linker has a pore size of 2.5 Å [32]. The outcomes revealed that SNU-71 displayed a greater CO2 uptake than SNU-70, attributing to its smaller pore size. Pore space partition (PSP) is

Prediction of cytotoxicity of heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO₂ with periodic table descriptors using machine learning approaches

• Joyita Roy,
• Souvik Pore and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 939–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.77

• increased the accumulation of Cd2+ in the ciliate Tetrahymen thermophila. Further, Tan et al. [12] showed increased uptake and retention of Cd2+ and Zn2+ adsorbed on TiO2 NPs in Daphnia magna. Heavy metal contamination affects plant growth and indirectly affects human health via the food chain. Heavy metals

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• fragment antigen-binding (Fab) region of mAbs are chemically conjugated to NP surfaces to recognize protein targets that are overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells. Conjugation of mAbs to NP surfaces improves targeting capacity, cellular uptake, and intracellular stability [12]. The mAb-functionalized

• Herceptin® to improve cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells [41]. Similarly, Rayavarapu et al. conjugated HER2 antibodies on the surface of gold nanoparticles using a noncovalent conjugation method in order to increase intracellular uptake into cancer cells [42]. The adsorption results

• stable irreversible thioether linkages [55]. Swaminathan et al. used the maleimide conjugation technique to coat the surface of paclitaxel-loaded-PLGA NPs with anti-CD133 antibody. The antibody-conjugated NPs improved the intracellular uptake of paclitaxel as well as the targeting effectiveness of the

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• using coconut water [9]. In this article, the ability of macrophages to uptake these SPIONs was evaluated, together with some physical and chemical characterizations. The synthesized green SPIONs are around 4 nm in diameter, are composed of pure nonstoichiometric magnetite, exhibit superparamagnetic

• and less toxic to the patient. Thus, the main goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of green SPIONs against Leishmania amazonensis (L. amazonensis) in vitro. Results Uptake of SPIONs by L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes Bright-field optical microscopy of L. amazonensis

• promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes incubated with Prussian blue revealed that both parasite stages can uptake the SPIONs (Figure 1). The arrows and arrowheads in Figure 1 show the characteristic blue stain that indicates the positive reaction between potassium ferrocyanide and ferrous compounds. In

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• high-negative ζ values may impede cellular uptake [40]. On the other hand, it was observed that the nanoparticulated systems remained stable after six months with no precipitation. This suggests that in this case the stabilization is not achieved by means of surface charge alone, but also by the steric