Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• , to the dissociation of the precursor molecules on top of the initial EBID deposit. In the case of Fe(CO)5 this AG process results in the formation of deposits consisting of pure iron [10]. A second method from the FEBIP family, namely electron beam-induced surface activation (EBISA), also largely

• molecules are dissociated by the impact of the focused electron beam (Figure 1b). Whereas in EBISA, in a first step, the SAM is locally activated by the focused electron beam, indicated by the red area in Figure 1c. The formation of a deposit will only occur when these active sites cause the dissociation of

• phenyl species [32]. Considering this, one might suspect that the corresponding activated C species might be also responsible for the dissociation of the Fe(CO)5 precursor. In the following we will present a step-by-step investigation to verify this assumption, which will also lead to a better

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• ][15] and biomedical applications [16]. FEBID provides a flexible direct-write technique to fabricate complex 3D structures, which are hard to realize using resist-based planar lithography processes. However, when using organometallic precursors, usually, undesired dissociation fragments also end up in

• ligand dissociation under the temperature and pressure conditions involved in FEBID experiments. Gold(I) NHC complexes owe their widely ranged adaptability to the great variability of the NHC ligand itself [46]. The NHC ligand can, in principle, be tailored to the desired application. For FEBID the main

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• some time. Almost identical behaviour is observed for Pt(CO)2Br2. The observation of rapid pressure rise with the Pt(CO)2Cl2 crucible at 80 °C is consistent with the TGA results in which mass loss corresponding to dissociation of the CO ligands was observed to begin at 80 °C (Figure 1). The sharp

• ][29]. The larger height of the MeCpPtMe3 pillars compared to the Pt(CO)2Cl2 pillars is presumably caused by the higher partial pressure of MeCpPtMe3, but may also be caused by many other factors governing FEBID such as the surface residence time, the dissociation cross section, and surface diffusion

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

• films on Si(111) requires the formation of a CaF1 interface layer as the first step. This interface layer is generated by an interface reaction between CaF2 and the silicon surface [28][29], where surface temperatures around 600 °C during deposition facilitate the dissociation of CaF2 to CaF1 and F. The

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• precursor dissociation and hence the platinum concentration in the gas phase is expected to decrease with increasing gas velocities, as was previously demonstrated [17]. Electrochemically active surface area and long-term stability Even though the influence of the physicochemical properties of Pt/C on its

Role of redox-active axial ligands of metal porphyrins adsorbed at solid–liquid interfaces in a liquid-STM setup

• Thomas Habets,
• Sylvia Speller and
• Johannes A. A. W. Elemans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1264–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.110

• insights into reactivity at the single-molecule scale, some mechanistic aspects still remained unclear. For instance, the reduction of the Mn(III) porphyrin to a Mn(II) porphyrin also involves the dissociation of the axially coordinating Cl ligand from the metal center, and it is as yet unclear what the

• ) center to Mn(II), or (ii) the surface actively reduces MnTUPCl by donating an electron, followed by dissociation of a chloride anion. In this paper, we investigate in more detail the role of the axially coordinating Cl ligand of MnTUPCl at a solid–liquid interface in a liquid-STM setup. By systematically

• varying the experimental conditions in terms of type of substrate, solvent, solute, and concentration of the solute, we will demonstrate that the ligand can in fact be involved in redox processes in the liquid-STM setup. Results and Discussion One of the possible mechanisms for axial ligand dissociation

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• were sequentially isolated and fragmented by higher-energy C-trap dissociation. MS raw files were processed with MaxQuant software (version 1.6.2). The peak lists were searched against the human FASTA database. The search included the modifications of cysteine carbamidomethylation, methionine oxidation

DFT calculations of the structure and stability of copper clusters on MoS₂

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 391–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.30

• nanoparticle to the MoS2 monolayer by approximately 1 electron for Cu and Ag and by 0.6 electrons for Au. Studying the adsorption and dissociation of O2 on the nanoparticle demonstrated that the MoS2 support improves the catalytic activity of the nanoparticles, compared to an unsupported nanoparticle, in

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• global electrostatic landscape probed by KPFM in the dark state [20]. The photocharging dynamics can be understood as follows. After exciton splitting and dissociation of the charge transfer states at the D–A interfaces, the photogenerated carriers experience a drift-diffusion limited by the carrier

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• )degradation or dissociation), the affinity to the PS and its loading and positioning inside the vector, and the possibility to introduce stimuli-responsive groups (enabling appropriate release). Similarly, the molecular weight of the polymer will have an impact on the crystallinity, the vector morphology, its

• antagonistic effects for FaDu cells [67]. Vector stability The stability has to be assessed from two standpoints: the degradation of the polymer itself and the possible dissociation of the vector in the biological medium. Regarding degradation, the polymer should be stable enough for the application period

• , which is typically from a few hours to two days, corresponding to the usual time to benefit from the EPR effect. This stability specification is therefore not very demanding and most recent polymers fulfill it. In contrast, the possible dissociation upon confrontation to biological media is an essential

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• reference device with a PCE of 2.32%. Hence, FeS2 NCs have widely been used to enhance the efficiency of solar cells by improving dissociation and charge transport. In our previous work [48], we reported the noncytotoxicity of cube-like FeS2 NCs by studying mouse fibroblast cells at different reaction

• characteristics could facilitate exciton dissociation, charge transport and collection processes, and thus increase the overall PCE value. Figure 5a shows the UV–vis absorption spectra of the OPV active layer at different concentrations of FeS2 as well as that of the pure FeS2 film. The spectrum of the PTB7

• correlation with the absorption of the PTB7:PC71BM blend. The EQE of devices with 0.5 wt % of FeS2 is higher than that of the reference OPV cells, which could be attributed to a better charge separation (exciton dissociation enhancement) as well as enhanced carrier transport and collection in the

Pulsed laser synthesis of highly active Ag–Rh and Ag–Pt antenna–reactor-type plasmonic catalysts

• Kenneth A. Kane and
• Massimo F. Bertino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1958–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.192

• plasmonic metal (antenna) and Pd NPs as catalyst (reactor), where Al2O3 prevented the contact between Ag and Pd [19]. After observing an enhanced reduction of acetylene and dissociation of H2 via photocatalysis, it was concluded that a plasmonic antenna can focus light onto the catalytic reactor and induce

Kelvin probe force microscopy work function characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under ongoing reduction and oxidation

• Dominik Wrana,
• Karol Cieślik,
• Wojciech Belza,
• Christian Rodenbücher,
• Krzysztof Szot and
• Franciszek Krok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.155

• the interacting gases. It suggests the chemisorption of H2O and CO2 and dissociation of their products, stemming from the high catalytic activity of the TiO phase. To wrap up our experimental findings of the KPFM study of TiO and SrTiO3(100) crystals, a comparison between the obtained work functions

• increase in the TiO work function and is a hint of the ongoing catalyzed dissociation of CO2 and H2O present in ambient air. The work function of TiO decreases by 0.2 eV as a result of 230 °C UHV annealing, being a measure of the amount of weakly adsorbed species. Air exposure of the (√5×√5)R26.6° TiO2

Selective gas detection using Mn₃O₄/WO₃ composites as a sensing layer

• Yongjiao Sun,
• Zhichao Yu,
• Wenda Wang,
• Pengwei Li,
• Gang Li,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Lin Chen,
• Serge Zhuivkov and
• Jie Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1423–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.140

• semiconductor sensor is complicated. It is influenced by many factors including their structure, working temperature, bond dissociation energy of gas molecules, and so forth [30]. In this work, the working temperature is considered as the main factor that affects the selectivity of our sensor. Figure 11

Green fabrication of lanthanide-doped hydroxide-based phosphors: Y(OH)₃:Eu³⁺ nanoparticles for white light generation

• Tugrul Guner,
• Anilcan Kus,
• Mehmet Ozcan,
• Aziz Genc,
• Hasan Sahin and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.119

• process where there is more time to act on these particular crystals. The crystal growth mechanism is summarized and illustrated in Scheme 1. Compared to HMTA, which decomposes into ammonia and releases OH− ions slowly, LiOH is able to give OH− ions through complete dissociation directly to the reaction

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• electroactivity and that decreasing the quaternary-N/pyrrolic-N ratio increases the number of electrons involved in the ORR [12]. The electron density movement due to the presence of quaternary nitrogen favors the O2 dissociation, while the pyridinic nitrogen favors the bonding of oxygen to the neighboring carbon

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• = 30,000) and the two most intense ions were sequentially isolated, fragmented, and analyzed in the linear ion trap, using collision-induced dissociation (CID, normalized collision energy of 30% and an activation time of 30 ms). No charge states were rejected from fragmentation and target ions were

Rapid, ultraviolet-induced, reversibly switchable wettability of superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surfaces

• Yunlu Pan,
• Wenting Kong,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 866–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.87

• processes in the first and the last cycles are shown in Figure 6. The transition time from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic decreased from the first cycle to the last cycle. This can be explained by the unrecoverable dissociation of the –CF2- and –CF3 groups, which is also in agreement with the proposed

Ultrasonication-assisted synthesis of CsPbBr₃ and Cs₄PbBr₆ perovskite nanocrystals and their reversible transformation

• Longshi Rao,
• Xinrui Ding,
• Xuewei Du,
• Guanwei Liang,
• Yong Tang,
• Kairui Tang and
• Jin Z. Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 666–676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.66

• transformation into Cs4PbBr6 PNCs. This process is related to Ostwald ripening that was found during the nucleation and growth of PNCs [42]. Therefore, the formation of Cs4PbBr6 PNCs is promoted by the capacity of the organic ligands to dissolve PbBr2 and by the dissociation of CsPbBr3 PNCs. A series of TEM

• dissociation of CsPbBr3 PNCs. Morphology changes are mainly ascribed to the anisotropic growth of the crystals. In addition, a reverse transformation from Cs4PbBr6 PNCs to CsPbBr3 PNCs can be achieved by adding water to pre-synthesized Cs4PbBr6 PNCs. The developed ultrasonication assistance results in the

Direct observation of the CVD growth of monolayer MoS₂ using in situ optical spectroscopy

• Claudia Beatriz López-Posadas,
• Yaxu Wei,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Daniel Kahr,
• Michael Hohage and
• Lidong Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 557–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.57

• the morphology and crystalline structure of the films. By systematic study using in situ optical spectroscopy assisted with other ex situ characterization techniques, the details of the kinetics including adsorption, dissociation, reaction, nucleation, and growth can be revealed. Differential

Mo-doped boron nitride monolayer as a promising single-atom electrocatalyst for CO₂ conversion

• Qianyi Cui,
• Gangqiang Qin,
• Weihua Wang,
• Lixiang Sun,
• Aijun Du and
• Qiao Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 540–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.55

• − interacts with one of the O atoms that bonds with Mo atom and products *HOCH2O (ΔG = −2.17 eV). The reaction is exothermic with a value of 0.53 eV. The fourth H+/e− results from the same O atom of the third step, converting into a *CH2O molecule (ΔG = −1.89 eV) with dissociation of a H2O molecule whose

Mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Aβ₄₂, Aβ₄₀, and α-synuclein fibrils: a coarse-grained method to complement experimental studies

• Adolfo B. Poma,
• Horacio V. Guzman,
• Mai Suan Li and
• Panagiotis E. Theodorakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 500–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.51

• temperatures and time scales, we did not observe any dissociation or unfolding events for the fibrils. The deviation of the fibril structure from its native state was computed by means of the root mean square deviation (RMSD), which is defined as follows: where denotes the positions of the Cα atoms in the

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• the molecules causing them to dissociate. The non-volatile dissociation fragments form a deposit on the substrate and in this manner patterning can be carried out by scanning the beam. EBIE is essentially similar with the exception of some additional processes involving the etch products. 2.2.2.1

• highlighted. Van Dorp et al. [64] studied in detail the initial stages of EBID, which are critical for patterning ultrasmall structures, by growing dots as small as 0.72 nm (FWHM) in a TEM. They determined that the process was limited by the statistics governing the dissociation process. Precursor diffusion

• calculations have been carried out with the aim of providing quantitative results. Utke [67] studied the relation between electron flux, precursor dissociation, depletion and diffusion, deriving scaling laws that allow for the determination of EBID resolution as a function of the balance between these

Controlling surface morphology and sensitivity of granular and porous silver films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS

• Sherif Okeil and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2813–2831, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.263

• complex processes, namely ionization (1 and 2), excitation (3) and relaxation (4) as well as dissociation in case of diatomic species (5) [75]: Thus controlled rf plasma treatment is a very interesting technique for the modification of surfaces as a number of different chemical species can be generated

Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• deposition rate in a DE area depends on the precursor density and the secondary electron flux density for a given effective dissociation cross section [8][30]. The most simple implementation of code for pattern file generation would be to process the vertex-edge information in the geometry file in a linear

• (energy averaged) dissociation cross section and the volume of the nonvolatile part of the dissociated precursor molecule [8], sF is also governed by these process- and precursor-specific parameters. As the effective precursor supply by surface diffusion drops with increasing height of the growing deposit

• comparable precursor flux and GIS geometry. This is mainly due to the differences in the respective dissociation cross sections, diffusion constants, average residence times and volume of the nonvolatile fractions of the precursor molecules. In our case, the initial xF and zF values differed by a factor of