Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• dendrimers on a solid support can also improve the dispersibility, accessibility of binding sites, chemical recyclability, and mechanical stability [16][17]. In fact, dendrimers have been supported by various nanomaterials such as silica, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), broadening their

• and 150 °C for the unfunctionalized CNTs, which is attributed to the release of physically adsorbed water. Moreover, bare CNTs exhibited thermal stability up to 800 °C with a residual weight of 97.80% suggesting the absence of organic functional groups. In contrast, CNTs functionalized with MA and EDA

• 800 °C, indicating significant thermal stability, but surely less than unfunctionalized CNTs due to the presence of organic functional groups. Further thermal analysis of CNTs functionalized with dendrimers such as CNTs-G1, CNTs-G2, CNTs-G3, and CNTs-G5 have shown more pronounced weight losses at

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• commonly used click reactions and shows high specificity [15][16]. The Cu(I) catalyst increases the coupling rate of azides and alkynes by up to seven orders of magnitude, forming triazole rings, which possess exceptional chemical stability [16]. For these reasons, the CuAAC has been utilized extensively

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• stability in addition to other benefits like tunable size and morphology, crystalline phases, new compounds and alloys, and defect engineering. These nanocolloids are useful for fabricating different devices mainly with applications in optoelectronics, catalysis, sensors, photodetectors, surface-enhanced

• parameters, researchers have been able to selectively create and stabilize the desired type and distribution of defects within the electrode materials, leading to improvements in energy density, power density, and cycling stability of electrochemical energy storage devices [88][89][90][91]. Furthermore, LDL

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• , photochemical methods utilizing physical agents such as lasers [5], UV light [6], or LEDs [7][8][9] have gained attention due to their superior spatial and temporal control, high stability of the resulting AgNPrs and avoidance of environmentally unfriendly reducing agents [8][10]. The strong surface plasmon

• , this method avoids excessive oxidative–reductive agents such as H2O2, thereby improving the structural integrity, stability, and potential applicability of the resulting AgNPrs. Formation mechanism of AgNPrs During the seed development process leading to the formation of AgNPrs, two critical components

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• physicochemical properties, remediation efficiency, and environmental stability of MPs. Evaluating biochar’s potential for MP remediation in agricultural soils, focusing on improvements in soil properties, crop yield, gene expression, and microbial communities. Examining biochar’s adsorption mechanisms and MP

• modifiers, magnetic-derived amphoteric metals and cooperative microbes [31][32][33][34]. Traditional biochar synthesis aims to optimize specific surface area and structural stability by controlling reaction time, heating rate and reactor temperature [35]. For example, biochar produced from oilseed rape

• , enhanced diffusion, surface adsorption, and cation–π electron interactions were observed at 550 °C in Polygonum amphibium L. biochar. However, pyrolysis temperatures above 550 °C led to reduced stability [42]. Similarly, pyrolysis at 700 °C can increase SSA but may degrade oxygen-containing functional

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• stability of metal nanoparticles limits their application in biological systems and decreases their performance [12]. Other materials like silicon quantum dots, ion-imprinted polymer, and hydrogels have unique biocompatibility and specificity advantages, but long-term stability and cost make them

• biocompatibility, catalytic efficiency, and stability [24]. Parylene-C was utilized for the encapsulation and insulation of the electrodes. Dopamine and glucose were selected as analytes for testing biosensing capabilities of the electrodes. Nanoscale electrode growth steps are explained including nanowire growth

• . Additionally, surface modification can improve the stability and durability of the electrode, further enhancing its applicability. Conclusion This study presents a method for fabricating nano-scale electrodes with platinum nanowire tip lengths as small as 1.2 µm, and diameters down to 120 nm. This size

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• PDA peaks in the NMR spectra, resulting in the absence of observable characteristic peaks of PDA. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to evaluate the membrane’s thermal stability, with the results presented in Figure 2b–d. The minimal differences observed among the three TGA curves also indicate

• Ag nanoparticles. The stability of Ag, even in such low quantities, is indicated by their resistance to decomposition or volatilization at temperatures up to 800 °C. However, due to the extremely low content of Ag, the residual mass is within the detection limit of the TGA instrument, and thus the

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• instance, liposomal formulations of antibiotics such as polymyxin B, cefepime, and vancomycin have demonstrated superior antibacterial effects compared to their free drug counterparts [64][65][66]. Liposomes enhance drug stability, increase drug concentration at the target site, and facilitate drug uptake

• ]. To address these issues, researchers have developed nanostructured lipid carriers, which incorporate liquid lipids into a solid lipid matrix, resulting in improved drug loading capacity and stability [75]. In summary, SLNs have garnered significant attention as a promising drug delivery system

• encapsulate a wide variety of therapeutic agents, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic compounds. Due to their biocompatibility and easy formulation, polymeric NPs can be engineered to offer precise control over drug release, stability, and targeting, making them ideal candidates in the treatment of infections [77

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• high EE and stability [117]. These new technologies in liposome synthesis offer improved methods for producing liposomes with customized properties, which increased their potential as drug delivery systems for various therapeutic applications [114][117][118][119]. The optimal method of liposome

• plays a crucial role in determining their stability and interactions with biological systems. EE can be determined by separating the liposomes from the non-encapsulated drug using techniques such as size exclusion chromatography or centrifugation, followed by quantification of the encapsulated drug

• liposomes is preserved [110]. The surface charge of liposomes, often expressed as zeta potential, is an important parameter that influences their stability and interaction with biological systems. Electrophoretic light scattering is often used to measure the zeta potential of liposomes [110][125]. Cryo-TEM

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• , augmentations were applied to account for possible variations in image brightness, contrast, and nanotube localization (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). This approach not only expanded the dataset without additional manual labeling but also increased the robustness and stability of the trained model

• labeling the dataset used to train the DL model, allowing for comparison of data obtained by both methods to validate their coherence. Properly designed training datasets and augmentations improve model robustness and stability without increasing training data volume. Despite significant advancements

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• limited by material challenges, including insufficient light absorption, high electron–hole recombination rates, and poor stability under operating conditions [5][6]. Among various semiconductor materials, bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has attracted considerable interest due to its strong visible light

• absorption, moderate bandgap (≈2.4 eV), high theoretical photocurrent density (≈7.5 mA·cm−2), and chemical stability in aqueous environments [7][8][9]. Nevertheless, BiVO4 suffers from intrinsic drawbacks such as low charge carrier mobility, limited conductivity, and rapid recombination of photogenerated

• , as well as the reduced electron–hole recombination rates observed in the Raman and UV–vis analyses. The long-term photoelectrochemical stability of the optimized BiVO4(326) photoanode was evaluated using chronoamperometry under continuous AM1.5G illumination at 1.23 V vs RHE in 0.50 M Na2SO4

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• , nutraceutical, and industrial applications. However, due to the chemical and physicochemical characteristics as well as the solubility and stability of this oil, it was decided to make a nanoemulsion to enhance its already known therapeutic benefits. Nanoemulsions are nanoemulsified systems, either oil-in-water

• (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O), which are isotropic, homogeneous, and thermodynamically unstable, with droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 200 nm [20]. They present properties such as high surface area per unit volume, robust kinetic stability, and tunable rheology [21]. It has been demonstrated that

• presence of phenols and carotenoids, which were characterized in this study. These secondary metabolites are considered to have high antioxidant activity and provide high stability to the oil [5]. These metabolites have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant properties [1][33

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• . BSA has some immunogenic effects and is therefore used in immunotherapy and analytic bioassay applications [78][81][82][83]. 1.3.3 Human serum albumin. Human serum albumin (HSA) has biomedical applications as HAS-templated NPs exhibit immune escape, enhanced stability, and high drug loading [84][85

• “disassembly–reassembly” technology to obtain reconstituted RBCs (rRBCs) for a membrane-coated delivery platform. It was found that the rRBC membrane improved stability, circulation time, and immune escape after removing the endogenous proteins and lipids on the membrane. After synthesizing biomimetic rRBC

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• matrix properties, including tensile strength, elasticity, and thermal stability, due to its high surface area, hydroxy groups forming hydrogen bonds, and excellent dispersion within the matrix [20][21]. This improvement is attributed to interaction between hydroxy groups in NC and PVA, effectively

• dispersibility of essential oils in biopolymer matrices but also enhances the overall compatibility and performance of the biopackaging material [22]. Our previous research has demonstrated that nanocellulose can effectively encapsulate CEO into a PE with small particle sizes (<700 nm), high stability, and

• release [42]. At temperatures above 380 °C, carbonaceous residues decomposed. The addition of NC shifted the degradation onset temperature to a higher range, indicating improved thermal stability. This could be due to the rigid nature of NC particles, which enhance the structural integrity of the

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• stability, absorption, and biodistribution impairments. Among the DDSs, we can highlight hydrogels and nanogels, which are easy to obtain, show good biocompatibility, and have several applications in the design of drug carriers for dermal and ocular administration. In this review, we introduce a brief

• properties to a gel previously composed of a more rigid and brittle network, a double network gel with an IPN structure is obtained. This approach significantly contributes to improving the mechanical properties and stability of the system [43][52]. Synthetic polymers, including acrylates [53], acrylamide

• amine (NH2) and hydroxyl (OH) functional groups [77], as shown in Figure 1. The stability of hydrogels is maintained by cross-links that, in aqueous media, prevent the dissolution of polymer chains [134]. Another polymer widely used in the preparation of hydrogels is cellulose. Cellulose hydrogels have

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• aggregation, and improve bioavailability in aqueous media [5][16]. Additionally, at high concentrations, P407 can transition into more complex nanostructured systems, such as hydrogels and lyotropic liquid crystals, providing additional control over drug release and stability. The thermosensitive and self

• solubility and stability for hydrophobic compounds. In systems containing 10% (w/w) P407 with 0.4 mg/mL PpIX (EtOH50, EtOH77, and water), the complete solubilization was achieved regardless of the solvent used. Figure 4 shows the solubilization kinetics in the polymeric systems. The average concentrations

• favorable behavior, as no micellar disintegration was observed, unlike the systems containing ethanol. These findings are consistent with other experimental results, reinforcing the stability and solubilizing potential of aqueous micellar systems for PpIX [8]. To improve the assessment of solubility

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• with smaller size, improved polydispersity index, and enhanced stability, evidenced by a higher zeta potential. FTIR analysis confirmed rotenoid incorporation into the nanocomposite and suggested hydrogen bonding or potential covalent interaction with chitosan functional groups. Bioassays demonstrated

• important parameter for assessing nanoparticle stability and biodistribution. Typically, particles acquire an electric charge at the shear plane when dispersed in a liquid, which is reflected by their zeta potential, that is key to understanding dispersion and aggregation processes in nanoformulations. Zeta

• potential values > ±30 mV are indicative of nanoparticle stability, as strong electrostatic repulsion prevents aggregation and ensures colloidal stability [20][21]. While these measurements provide important physicochemical insights, further evidence of the chemical incorporation and potential interactions

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• the axis of the nanotube. A density mesh cutoff of 150 Rydberg was applied to define the real-space grid for energy calculations. The ZnS NT model, consisting of 36 atoms periodically arranged along the Z-direction, was structurally optimized to achieve geometric and energetic stability. Optimization

• thermodynamic stability of the NT structure. Although these NTs are derived from flat hexagonal ZnS sheets, the resulting structures exhibit slight deviations from perfect smoothness. Specifically, a small radial anion–cation buckling of approximately ±0.1 Å was observed, consistent with previous reports on

• is added to the molecule. The calculated IP and EA values for the target molecules are summarized in Table 3. Ionization potential is critical for assessing chemical reactivity; high IP values indicate chemical inertness and greater stability, whereas low IP values suggest higher molecular reactivity

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• stiffness remained almost unchanged when the mean values obtained from distributions for the different measuring conditions were compared. However, they differ from the mean values obtained from the middle region of bacteria. This accounts for the mechanical stability of the outer membrane of PA once a

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• heterogeneous catalysts or magnets. In that context, the outstanding temperature stability up to 375 °C (differential scanning calorimetry) or 500 °C (transmission electron microscopy) may motivate future application-relevant work. Keywords: amorphous; cantor alloy; compositionally complex alloy; complex solid

• occur coincidentally but are a reproducible observation (shown in Supporting Information File 1, Section S11). Thermal stability of the amorphous HEA nanoparticles Finally, we aimed to examine the temperature stability of the amorphous HEA NPs. Thereto, we conducted in situ heating experiments in TEM as

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• structure, and the improvement of stability and homogeneity of the coatings. In addition, it is possible to modify the microstructure, resulting in dense, nearly stoichiometric films that are much more resistant to temperature and humidity changes than films deposited in the conventional EBE process [4][9

• ][10][11][12]. Electron beam evaporation is very effective for preparing transparent titanium dioxide thin films, such as optical coatings for a large variety of applications. Due to its desirable structural, optical, and electrical properties, high thermal and chemical stability, relatively low price

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• any precipitation for longer than one week. The aqueous F-127 solution at 0.1 wt % concentration, which is about one tenth of the critical micelle concentration, was enough to fabricate nanoparticles with excellent dispersion stability and high production efficiency. We examined the photosensitized

• acetate [23], paclitaxel [24], naproxen and fenofibrate [25], curcumin [26], and cinnamon [27]. This work aims to fabricate aqueous colloids of MPc (M = AlCl, Fe, Co, Zn) and Pt complex octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) (Figure 1) nanoparticles with a high dispersion stability and to demonstrate the potential

• amphiphilic polymer (Pluronic® F-127, Figure 1) [28] was used as a dispersant to ensure high dispersion stability in various aqueous environments in anticipation of future bio-applications. F-127 is a less toxic and non-ionic copolymer containing hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydrophobic

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• methods have been reported, including the Broadie and Hummers methods, contingent upon the oxidizing agent employed [8][14][15]. GO possesses the ultimate large surface area, low-cost production, and high chemical stability. Therefore, GO has a potential prospect to be an efficient adsorbent for metal

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with ultrasound (US) stimulation is an emerging therapeutic approach. While polymers such as PVDF require electrical poling and often exhibit lower piezoelectric activity, inorganic materials inherently possess stronger piezoelectric properties and greater mechanical stability

• -dimensional (2D) material, structurally similar to graphene, consisting of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is well known for its excellent thermal stability, electrical insulation, chemical inertness, and mechanical strength. Importantly, hBN exhibits piezoelectric

• , pharmaceutical lubricants, and tissue engineering [33]. In bone tissue engineering, hBN is valued for its stability and boron-containing compounds, which support bone regeneration, especially in fracture healing [34]. For example, Atila et al. (2016) developed an hBN–hydroxyapatite (HA) composite, demonstrating

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• (Figure 6) [241]. The presence of two salts and two surfactants ensures the stability of the lyotropic liquid crystal mesophase even at elevated salt concentrations. The calcium and iron salts act as eutectic solvents, facilitating the assembly of surfactants into the lyotropic liquid crystal phase

• plastic crystals exhibits exceptional thermal stability, electrochemical stability, and ionic conductivity, making it a promising option. Yoshizawa-Fujita and co-authors investigated the impact of anion species and Mg salt concentration on the characteristics of pyrrolidinium-based organic ionic plastic

• factors that influence the electrolyte properties. The findings demonstrated that, in general, the solids displayed remarkable thermal stability and exhibited high plasticity and ionic conductivity across a broad temperature range. It has been proposed that the formation of disordered interfaces of