Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• propose this single-step method as an alternative solution to reinforce NTFs and to product mechanical stable porous NTFs. Experimental Deposition system Hf NPs were produced in a high-vacuum gas-phase nanoparticle deposition system (from Mantis Deposition Ltd., UK). A schematic representation of the

Improving the catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution of monolayered SnSe_2(1−x)S_2x by mechanical strain

• Sha Dong and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1820–1827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.173

• phase of hydrogen; because this quantity has a small contribution to ΔGH, it was neglected in this work. T is the temperature. ΔSH is the entropy contribution to ΔGH, which can be approximated as: ΔSH = 1/2SH2, where SH2 is the entropy of H2 in the gas phase under standard conditions (300 K, 1 bar) [69

• hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH) of this step is a key quantity to describe the HER activity of the catalyst; a value of ΔGH for a good catalyst should be close to zero [66][67][68]. ΔGH can be calculated by using Equation 2, where ΔEZPE is the zero-point energy difference between the adsorbed state and the gas

Induced smectic phase in binary mixtures of twist-bend nematogens

• Anamarija Knežević,
• Irena Dokli,
• Marin Sapunar,
• Suzana Šegota,
• Ute Baumeister and
• Andreja Lesac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1297–1307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.122

• stretching bands region of: a) 73 mol % mixture – 50 °C (green), 75 °C (blue), 90 °C (cyan), 100 °C (red), 125 °C (black), b) pure BB – 25 °C (green), 95 °C (black), 125 °C (red), c) pure CBI – 25 °C (green), 130 °C (black), 150 °C (red). a) Free rotation of the C–C bonds of the alkyl chains in the gas phase

Formation mechanisms of boron oxide films fabricated by large-area electron beam-induced deposition of trimethyl borate

• Aiden A. Martin and
• Philip J. Depond

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1282–1287, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.120

• substrate temperatures between 26 and 405 °C. The deposition rate decreases rapidly with increasing substrate temperature, with TMB not undergoing activated chemisorption from the gas phase in stark contrast to the alkoxide-based silica precursor molecule TEOS. The morphology and composition of deposited

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• Figure 3a. First, CO2 was dissociated over Ni metal followed with the surface oxygen (Os) originating from O2 dissociation or by direct interaction with gas phase O2. Then, Os combined with the carbon deposited on the Ni metal (Cm) to form CO. The second process commenced with the oxidation of Fe by CO2

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• Raman spectrometers) or more complicated analytical tools [18]. Different kinds of dilute analytes can be easily identified in pristine form or in the form of tinted charge-transfer complexes as proposed by Sidorov et al. [19]. The analysis of analytes in the gas phase and the separate detection of

• disperse silver and other noble metals. Thermal stability is an important criterion for porous compounds in gas phase processes because of their enhanced adsorption behaviour and chromatography function. Analysis of the thermal stability showed low microstructural changes upon sintering at 110 °C while

• enhancement factor of 105. It was also evident that the mesoporous silver particles are of great functionality and could likely be promising not only as SERS substrates for liquid analysis, but also for gas phase SERS analysis and as catalysts in combustion and mild selective oxidation processes. This same

Towards the third dimension in direct electron beam writing of silver

• Katja Höflich,
• Jakub Mateusz Jurczyk,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Maximilian Götz,
• Luisa Berger,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Caspar Haverkamp,
• Iwona Szymanska and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 842–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.78

• towards the direct electron beam writing of three-dimensional plasmonic device parts from the gas phase. Keywords: carboxylate; electron beam induced deposition; silver; three-dimensional nanostructures; vertical growth rate; Introduction Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a resistless

• ]. For the deposition of metals, typically metal-organic precursor compounds are employed [3]. The organic ligands bring the desired metal into the gas phase. Hence, a sufficiently high stability and vapor pressure is usually accompanied by a large amount of carbon in the compound [10]. This carbon is

• appropriate ligands. Even more importantly, the ligands tend to be only weakly bonded and, thus, easily exchange the metal atom [26]. These properties exclude the gas-phase FEBID of silver for conventional gas-injection systems (GIS) that are flanged at the outer chamber walls. Recently, the first gas-phase

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• mechanism suggests that only one molecule will adsorb on the catalyst surface and the second molecule will react with it directly from the gas phase (van der Waals force) to form a new product. Liu et al. [22] found that the Fe2O3 catalyst forms amide species (NH2−) in the presence of NH3 on the Lewis acid

• the SCR reaction. High Ce3+ ion concentration contributed to the high amount of chemisorbed oxygen, which increased the redox cycle and enhanced the reducibility of hydrogen. This is because the Ce3+ ions will assist the migration of O2 from gas phase to the surface of the catalyst [8][23]. Afterwards

Dynamics and fragmentation mechanism of (C₅H₄CH₃)Pt(CH₃)₃ on SiO₂ surfaces

• Kaliappan Muthukumar,
• Harald O. Jeschke and
• Roser Valentí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 711–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.66

• energies of the combined system (adsorbate and the slab), of the slab, and of the adsorbate molecule in the gas phase in a neutral state, respectively. The most stable systems were considered for studying the dynamics of the adsorbed precursor molecule. MD simulations were performed for 20 ps on a

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• observe the quartet signal of 1O2 in the gas phase at 950 mT. Nevertheless, this detection method has not yet been applied to detect 1O2 produced during photocatalysis. Detection methods of •OH The •OH radical is often regarded as the most effective reactant for photocatalytic decomposition. Among the

• wavelength at 310 nm, was used to calculate the intensity of the fluorescence emitted from •OH radicals. The •OH radicals emitted from the photoexcited TiO2 surface to the gas phase were confirmed by the LIF spectrum (see Figure 15b) with the characteristic rotational structure of the transition energies

Electron interactions with the heteronuclear carbonyl precursor H₂FeRu₃(CO)₁₃ and comparison with HFeCo₃(CO)₁₂: from fundamental gas phase and surface science studies to focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Paul Weirich,
• Lukas Hrachowina,
• Marc Hanefeld,
• Ragnar Bjornsson,
• Helgi Rafn Hrodmarsson,
• Sven Barth,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Michael Huth and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 555–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.53

• carbonyl complex H2FeRu3(CO)13 covering its low energy electron induced fragmentation in the gas phase through dissociative electron attachment (DEA) and dissociative ionization (DI), its decomposition when adsorbed on a surface under controlled ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions and exposed to irradiation

• are largely unaffected by either further electron irradiation or annealing to room temperature, with a predicted metal content similar to what is observed in FEBID. Furthermore, gas phase experiments indicate formation of Fe(CO)4 from H2FeRu3(CO)13 upon low energy electron interaction. This fragment

• could desorb at room temperature under high vacuum conditions, which may explain the slight increase in the Ru/Fe ratio of deposits in FEBID. With the combination of gas phase experiments, surface science studies and actual FEBID experiments, we can offer new insights into the low energy electron

Influence of the preparation method on the photocatalytic activity of Nd-modified TiO₂

• Patrycja Parnicka,
• Paweł Mazierski,
• Tomasz Grzyb,
• Wojciech Lisowski,
• Ewa Kowalska,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska and
• Joanna Nadolna

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 447–459, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.43

• surface properties and the charge carrier recombination processes is presented in Figure 8. The results of the photodegradation significant differences between aqueous solution and gas phase. The quantum yield of the reaction in the gas phase is much higher than that one in aqueous solution due to lower

• light scattering. Also, a lower irradiation intensity is required to perform the photocatalytic reaction in the gas phase [8][49]. Degradation mechanism Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the Nd-modified TiO2 could be effectively excited by irradiation with visible light. To explore

• using a Perkin Elmer limited LS50B spectrophotometer equipped with a xenon discharge lamp as an excitation source and an R928 photomultiplier as a detector. The obtained solution was measured with an excitation wavelength of 315 nm. Decomposition of toluene in the gas phase was carried out in a flat

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• CNT fibers are fabricated by drawing an aerogel of CNTs from the gas phase during growth [44]. The drawing orients the CNT bundles and can be combined with other techniques to fabricate diverse composites. The experimental works indicate the ability of the method to produce continuous CNT fibers with

Electron interaction with copper(II) carboxylate compounds

• Michal Lacko,
• Peter Papp,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Edward Szłyk and
• Štefan Matejčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 384–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.38

• electron ionization (EI), dissociative ionization (DI) [17][18][19] processes. Their kinetic energy is only a few eV, with energy distribution determined by the type of wafer and energy of primary beam [20][21]. Thorman et al. have compared gas phase and surface data on low energy electron interactions

• experiments using cisplatin [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] as precursor [31]. These latter experiments were motivated by gas phase DEA studies on this compound showing also that it can be evaporated intact [32]. Electron impact MS spectra analysis of [Cu(O2CR)2] (R = CnH2n−1, n = 1–3; CF3, CHF2, C6H5, p-F-C6H4, p-Cl-C6H4, o

• -Cl-C6H4, C6F5) [33] and [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CR)4] (R = CnF2n−1, n = 1–6) [34] investigated previously suggested that copper(II) easily changes its oxidation state to Cu(I) in the gas phase and the highest intensity was observed for the fragment Cu2(O2CR)+. On the other hand, copper(I) compounds

BN/Ag hybrid nanomaterials with petal-like surfaces as catalysts and antibacterial agents

• Konstantin L. Firestein,
• Denis V. Leybo,
• Alexander E. Steinman,
• Andrey M. Kovalskii,
• Andrei T. Matveev,
• Anton M. Manakhov,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Pavel V. Slukin,
• Nadezda K. Fursova,
• Sergey G. Ignatov,
• Dmitri V. Golberg and
• Dmitry V. Shtansky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 250–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.27

• p-nitrophenol reduction to p-aminophenol, i.e., for liquid phase reaction [12][13][14], we utilized the 3D BN/Ag HNMs for the methanol oxidation reaction, i.e., for the gas phase reaction. In the latter case, the usage of 3D BN NPs appears to be preferential because of higher specific surface area

Gas-assisted silver deposition with a focused electron beam

• Luisa Berger,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Iwona B. Szymanska,
• Katja Höflich,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Jakub Jurczyk,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 224–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.24

• precursor for gas phase FEBID was reported [13]. Silver FEBID was also realized in an encapsulated liquid phase [14]. Although resulting in pure silver with 50 nm sized dots, this technique comes with challenges such as the mandatory membrane substrate for keeping the liquid container tight, yet accessible

• )/synthesized = 242−244 °C/247 °C). Previous measurements indicated thermal stability of the precursor in the gas phase up to 220 °C [18]. Upon electron irradiation of the pristine solid precursor compound, a strong increase in silver content from 9 to >40 atom % was observed. Thermal stability and electron

• shown that fragments of the intact molecule in the gas phase are detected in significant amounts up to 220 °C [18] so that decomposition at 160 °C seems to be unlikely, there might be a thermal deposition mechanism for this substrate temperature. Further investigations have to show how this competing

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• distance of 10 cm. After reaction (usually 24 h), a sample of the gas phase was analyzed in a gas chromatograph equipped with a Carboxen column (Agilent Technologies 7890A GC System with a jasUNIS Injector System) to determine the amount of H2. Results Two types of materials were made. The first group only

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

• Ziyan Warneke,
• Markus Rohdenburg,
• Jonas Warneke,
• Janina Kopyra and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

• from the precursor is not a relevant reaction in the electron-induced degradation of MeCpPtMe3 layers. In addition, the m/z 39 trace gives evidence that ESD of the precursor is negligible. According to previous gas phase experiments [21], the dominant fragmentation proceeding via dissociative electron

• present and previous [10] surface studies, precursor fragmentation is driven by electron impact ionization (EI). In this regime, loss of CH4 from the precursors has in fact been observed in gas phase mass spectrometry [11][20]. Nonetheless, the abundances of specific fragment ions observed in the positive

• the precursor layer may provide a more convincing explanation for the lack of CH3 in ESD. Such an effect was observed previously in the case of acetylacetone where gas-phase experiments demonstrated that electron-induced loss of CH3 is significant in the monomers but is completely suppressed in the

Response under low-energy electron irradiation of a thin film of a potential copper precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID)

• Leo Sala,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Céline Dablemont,
• Anne Lafosse and
• Lionel Amiaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 57–65, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.8

• should be not only in the gas phase, but also it needs to be deposited on the surface where the electron beam is focused. The main motivation of the present study is to get insights on the response of this precursor under FEBID conditions, i.e., under electron irradiation in vacuum. We separate here the

• difficult to determine from the data. To our knowledge, no measurement of amine metal cation complex dissociation is described in literature for comparison, and the resonances for dissociative electron attachment in amine compounds, known from gas-phase studies [23][24][25][26], are expected to be shifted

• in energy and to have enlarged widths in condensed phase [27]. One cannot go further in the attribution based only on our measurements and the results of gas-phase studies. Nevertheless, the release of the ethylamine compound is favourable to the use of the compound as a precursor for FEBID. It

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• hand, solid crystalline ClAuCO decomposes so rapidly that we only detect AuCl in the electron microscope. This instability is inconsistent with a ΔG value of +25.5 kcal/mol. On the other hand, Mulders et al. have shown that, once ClAuCO molecules reach the gas phase, they are stable enough to travel

• CF3AuCO as only stable at low temperatures and quickly darkening at room temperature, preventing elemental analysis [77]. To our knowledge there is no literature data on the stability of CF3AuCO in vacuum (for the solid phase nor for the gas phase). ClAuPMe3 is the most stable compound in Table 2, the

• solid state (+10.5 kcal/mol) compared to the gas phase value of ΔG of +36.75 kcal/mol at atmospheric pressure indicates a stabilization of AuCl (or destabilization of ClAuCO) due to interactions in the solid state. The further decrease in ΔG upon going from atmospheric pressure to vacuum is indicative

Synthesis of [{AgO₂CCH₂OMe(PPh₃)}_n] and theoretical study of its use in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Jelena Tamuliene,
• Julian Noll,
• Peter Frenzel,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Alexander Jakob,
• Bernhard Walfort and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2615–2624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.262

• was shown that coordination compounds, for example, silver(I) carboxylates can successfully be applied as single-source species for silver nanoparticle formation [6] and as gas-phase precursors in the deposition of pure, dense and conformal thin silver films [7][8][9]. This study aims for showing if

• (Experimental; Supporting Information File 1, Figures S6 and S7). These results suggest the processing of 2 in nanoelectrospray liquid precursor injection as well as standard gas-phase FEBID [14]. Suitable single crystals of [{AgO2CCH2OMe(PPh3)}n] were obtained by layering a concentrated solution of

• mass spectrometric studies and sublimation experiments were carried out with 2, indicating its usability in nanoelectrospray liquid precursor injection [14] as well as in standard gas-phase FEBID processes for silver deposition. Based on the chemical and physical properties of 2 and on the appearance

Interactions of low-energy electrons with the FEBID precursor chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)₆)

• Jusuf M. Khreis,
• João Ameixa,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva and
• Stephan Denifl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2583–2590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.258

• deposition (FEBID) can be considered an assisted chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique. However, in the former case the organometallic precursor is not fragmented by thermal energy but instead by a high-energy electron beam. The precursor molecules are delivered to the substrate in the gas phase and

• to electron attachment under isolated conditions were observed. The ion yield curves (ion yield plotted as a function of the initial electron energy) for the formation of cluster anions containing two or more iron atoms turned out to be different from those of Fe(CO)5 in the gas phase. The dimer

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• process in the gas phase (Figure 1) shows that the relative difference between 2-Cl-BPT and 2-Br-BPT is less clear in the SAMs. This is to be expected due to the different conditions in the condensed phase as compared to the gas phase, for example, different temperatures and additional energy dissipation

• channels introduced at the surface as compared to single collision conditions in the gas phase. Furthermore, the gas phase studies shown in Figure 1 show only the halogen loss through DEA. The XPS data on the other hand show the total dehalogenation, independent of the underlying process, that is, DI, ND

• irradiation as compared to gas-phase molecules under single collision conditions. However, though qualitative in nature, our experiments show that the electron-induced dehalogenation process is substantially more efficient in the 2-I-BPT SAMs than the 2-Cl-BPT and 2-Br-BPT SAMs. It is reasonable to assume

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• studies, the removal of carbon is often emphasized due to its prevalence as an impurity in the deposited nanostructures. One of the most widely studied non-thermal purification strategies is electron beam induced purification, typically performed in the presence of a gas-phase species, usually either

• oxygen or water. In these techniques, the electron beam dissociates gas phase reactants to yield reactive oxygen species, which then convert deposited carbon into volatile compounds such as CO and CO2 [16][17][18][19]. Villamor et al. [20] observed that either by post deposition electron beam processing

• ], where purification is ascribed at least in part to a laser-induced oxidation process. In this technique, the reactive oxygen species are produced from gas phase reactants, such as oxygen, that are deliberately introduced. Sequential cycles of electron-induced deposition are followed by laser-induced