Magnetic field-assisted assembly of iron oxide mesocrystals: a matter of nanoparticle shape and magnetic anisotropy

• Julian J. Brunner,
• Marina Krumova,
• Helmut Cölfen and
• Elena V. Sturm (née Rosseeva)

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 894–900, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.90

• Julian J. Brunner Marina Krumova Helmut Colfen Elena V. Sturm (nee Rosseeva) University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.10.90 Abstract This letter describes the formation and detailed characterization of iron oxide mesocrystals produced by the directed assembly of superparamagnetic

• iron oxide-truncated nanocubes using the slow evaporation of the solvent within an externally applied homogeneous magnetic field. Anisotropic mesocrystals with an elongation along the direction of the magnetic field can be produced. The structure of the directed mesocrystals is compared to self

• to further design novel superstructures including mesocrystals with outstanding morphologies and orientational relations of nanocrystals, which cannot be formed otherwise. In our previous study, the iron oxide nanocrystal synthesis and characterization as well as the formation of self-assembled

Tungsten disulfide-based nanocomposites for photothermal therapy

• Tzuriel Levin,
• Hagit Sade,
• Rina Ben-Shabbat Binyamini,
• Maayan Pour,
• Iftach Nachman and
• Jean-Paul Lellouche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 811–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.81

• these conditions. The nanotubes with CAN-mag functionalization (red line) show a small and gradual weight loss, at a relatively low temperature range, assigned to the organic ammonium and nitrate components of CAN (cerium and iron oxide are not expected to be affected under nitrogen). WS2-NT-CM-PAA

• magnetic field until it approaches saturation, and there is no hysteresis loop. Superparamagnetism is typical for iron-oxide nanoparticles [67]. The nanocomposite WS2-NT-CM (blue curve) maintains superparamagnetism, with a saturation value of about ±13 emu/g, which is a sixth of the saturation value for

Heating ability of magnetic nanoparticles with cubic and combined anisotropy

• Nikolai A. Usov,
• Mikhail S. Nesmeyanov,
• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Natalia B. Epshtein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 305–314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.29

• ; Introduction Magnetic hyperthermia [1][2][3] is a promising therapeutic method that can be used in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy for cancer treatment. Iron oxide nanoparticles are among the materials most popular for application in biomedicine due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability [4

• ] have been devoted to the development of advanced methods for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and measurement of their SAR under various conditions. It should be noted that in theoretical SAR calculations [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] the assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles with uniaxial

• magnetic anisotropy have mostly been studied. Meanwhile, perfect iron oxide nanoparticles of spherical shape should have cubic-type magnetic anisotropy [5]. However, to describe the existing experimental data properly one has also to take into account the possible perturbation of the nanoparticle shape. A

Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

• Hussam M. Elnabawy,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Badawi Anis,
• Mostafa Fedawy,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Ahmed S. G. Khalil,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Xavier Vilanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 105–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.10

• , 7000 Mons, Belgium Physics Department & Center for Environmental and Smart Technology (CEST), Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt 10.3762/bjnano.10.10 Abstract In this work, we investigated the parameters for decorating multiwalled carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles using

• with iron oxide nanoparticles substantially ameliorated the response towards nitrogen dioxide. Keywords: benzene detection; doping; gas sensor; metal nanoparticle decoration; multiwalled carbon nanotubes; NO2 detection; room temperature gas sensing; surface modification; Introduction Carbon nanotubes

• ][14]. Among them, iron oxide is a semiconductor that has been used in many gas sensing applications because of its low cost and simple preparation [14][15]. This oxide has been used in the detection of acetone, H2S, several alcohols, CO, acetic acid and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) [16] and forming

Colloidal chemistry with patchy silica nanoparticles

• Pierre-Etienne Rouet,
• Cyril Chomette,
• Laurent Adumeau,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2989–2998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.278

• and composition. These new colloidal analogues of molecules could serve as building blocks for the assembly of the next generation (meta-)materials. For example, attaching four different satellites (such as one gold, one silver, one iron oxide and one semiconductor nanoparticle) around a central sp3

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• out-of-phase. At this point, r2 increases with the NP size. This regime is called the motional average regime (MAR). Therefore, MAR is predicted for relatively small iron oxide NPs, where water diffusion near NPs occurs on much faster timescales than the resonance frequency shift, resulting in

• induced perturbing field around larger NPs is much stronger, and proton diffusion becomes nondominant for the signal decay. For instance, the r2 values increased rapidly from 173 to 204 and 240 mM−1·s−1 at 7 T for NPs from 8 nm to 23 nm and 37 nm, respectively [63]. For larger 65 nm sized iron oxide NPs

• state, MPH additionally benefits from Néel losses, increasing the SLP. Diameters in the range of 20–25 nm Fe3O4 are considered to be optimal for iron-oxide-based MPH [79]. Despite this, the observed SLP values for MNP-44 are significantly higher than for MNP-25, which can at least partly be explained by

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• toxicity [5][6]. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with well-defined sizes, morphologies and surface are extremely useful in many different areas, in particular in biomedicine. As drug-delivery vehicles, such particles offer significant advantages compared to conventional drug formulations [7][8

• from MRI contrast agents to drug-delivery systems, local heat sources in magnetic hyperthermia therapy of tumors, magnetically assisted transfection of cells, and magnetic field-assisted separation techniques. Let us to note that MRI is already widely used in human medicine and several iron-oxide-based

• contrast agents have been approved by the regulatory authorities. It is well-known that the in vivo distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles is strongly influenced by their surface coatings. The coating ensures colloidal stability, prevents particles from aggregation, introduces functional groups for

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• increase its aromatic character, anion exchange capability, and hydrophilic nature of cellulose. Cellulose could also act as a stabilizer for the Fe3O4 nanoparticles to prevent crystal growth and aggregation of particles. In general, magnetic iron oxide is anchored in the polymer matrix to induce magnetic

Droplet-based synthesis of homogeneous magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Christian D. Ahrberg,
• Ji Wook Choi and
• Bong Geun Chung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2413–2420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.226

• when researching these materials. Here, we present a droplet capillary reactor that can be used for the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Compared to conventional batch synthesis, the particles synthesized in our droplet reactor have a narrower size distribution and a higher

• thermal environment, making the controlled synthesis of these nanomaterials for research difficult [13]. Methods for synthesizing magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can be divided into two categories: high temperature decomposition of iron precursors in organic solvents and the coprecipitation of iron

• nanoparticles on the large scale. Coprecipitation methods, on the other hand, allow for the simple, scalable synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles that can be dispersed in water without requiring further surface treatment [16]. Furthermore, the size of particles synthesized using coprecipitation can be

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• ], Co3O4 [113][114], iron oxide (Fe2O3) [115][116], tin dioxide (SnO2) [76][117][118][119][120][121][122][123], zinc oxide (ZnO) [124][125][126][127][128][129][130], and indium oxide (In2O3) [78][80][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138]. Table S2 in Supporting Information File 1 summarizes the sensing

Synthesis of a MnO₂/Fe₃O₄/diatomite nanocomposite as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for methylene blue degradation

• Zishun Li,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Kun Liu,
• Jing Huang,
• Yueyang Xu,
• Qian Peng and
• Minlin Ao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1940–1950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.185

• successful loading of of iron oxide and manganese oxide in the two-step procedure. To further characterize the morphologies and structures of Fe3O4/diatomite and MnO2/Fe3O4/diatomite, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) analyses were also

Nanocomposites comprised of homogeneously dispersed magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles and poly(methyl methacrylate)

• Sašo Gyergyek,
• David Pahovnik,
• Ema Žagar,
• Alenka Mertelj,
• Rok Kostanjšek,
• Miloš Beković,
• Marko Jagodič,
• Heinrich Hofmann and
• Darko Makovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1613–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.153

• magnetically induced hyperthermia. In this study, a simple and scalable route for preparing nanocomposites with a high, uniform loading of magnetic nanoparticles is presented. The magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles were functionalized with a methacrylate-based monomer that copolymerized in a toluene solution

• oxide/PMMA nanocomposites with a high loading of homogeneously dispersed nanoparticles. The methacrylate-monomer-functionalized magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles were copolymerized with the MMA monomer in a colloidal suspension. The developed copolymerization procedure has two benefits: firstly, the

• next step, the magnetic properties of the prepared nanocomposites were studied, and their potential for hyperthermia treatment was evaluated. Experimental Synthesis Ricinoleic-acid-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles (NP-RA) were synthesized using the hydrothermal method at 180 °C and with a molar ratio of

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• )-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PEG-SPIOs) with the synthetic pseudotannin polygallol via interpolymer complexation (IPC). Changes in particle size and zeta potential were indirectly assessed via differences between PEG-SPIOs and IPC-SPIOs in particle velocity and scattering intensity

• reaction kinetics at the particle surface. Keywords: nanoparticle surface properties; nanoparticles; nanophotonic force microscopy; near-field light scattering; superparamagnetic iron oxide; Introduction Nanotechnology is an increasingly integral part of modern medicine, predominantly in the fields of

• iron oxide nanoparticles (IPC-SPIOs). Nanophotonic force microscopy pushes particles against a waveguide surface, optically trapping the particles by light confinement [10][19][20]. The evanescent fields are created by the waveguide, and there are four forces operating on the field: the gradient force

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• to form iron oxide (Fe3O4). Next, the lattice oxygen (OL) obtained from the reduction of Fe3O4 was pooled with carbon deposited on the metal (Cm) to form CO. However, carbon located far from the active sites (Cs) does not directly intermingle with CO2. Based on the results of this study, the

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• ]. Generally, biocompatible magnetite (Fe3O4), iron oxide, iron sulfides and maghemite (Fe2O3) are synthesized using magnetotactic bacteria [156][157] that helps in targeted cancer treatment via magnetic hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), DNA analysis and gene therapy [158]. Moreover, surface

Anchoring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in a reduced graphene oxide aerogel matrix via polydopamine coating

• Błażej Scheibe,
• Radosław Mrówczyński,
• Natalia Michalak,
• Karol Załęski,
• Michał Matczak,
• Mateusz Kempiński,
• Zuzanna Pietralik,
• Mikołaj Lewandowski,
• Stefan Jurga and
• Feliks Stobiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 591–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.55

• ][34], gas sensors [18] or even nanoswitches/actuators [22]. The magnetic properties of hybrid aerogels are related to the presence of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) which can be in ferromagnetic or superparamagnetic state and are embedded in aerogel matrix. Iron oxide nanoparticles, such as magnetite

• (Fe3O4) or maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), are common functional additives widely applied in many different branches of science [35][36]. This is mainly thanks to their low price, simplicity of production, biocompatibility and environmental friendliness. There are two commonly used methods of iron oxide MNPs

• introduction into aerogel. The first method is based on the addition of iron precursors to GO water dispersion and “in situ” synthesis of iron oxide MNPs during hydrothermal hydrogel formation in autoclave. The precipitated nanoparticles are anchored to GO structure via Fe–C–O bonds or confined between GO

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• oxidizer. Nitrogen, N2 (99.999% purity, AGA), was applied as the carrier and purging gas. At the temperature chosen (400 °C) the ZrO2 grows efficiently from ZrCl4 and O3 [14], and this temperature is also sufficiently high to ensure efficient growth also for iron oxide from cyclopentadienyls and ozone [23

• stoichiometry of ZrFe2O5, the synthesis of ZrFe2O5 has not been convincingly completed. Instead, one can believe that the solubility of iron oxide in zirconia is rather low and, in addition, it requires rather aggressive heat treatments. No crystallographic traces of ternary ZrFe2O5 have been registered, and

• recorded, whereby the saturation magnetization was positively correlated with the amount of metastable tetragonal/cubic zirconia in relation to the stable monoclinic phase in the films [6]. Conclusion Zirconium oxide mixed with iron oxide thin films with various cycle ratios of constituent oxides were

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• gold (AuNPs) and iron oxide nanoparticles (FeOxNPs) either alone or combined. Environmental scanning electron microscopy revealed that single NPs of both types bound within minutes on the cell surface but with a distinctive difference between FeOxNPs and AuNPs. Uptake analysis studies based on laser

• investigated the biological effects of a combined exposure. One example was the co-exposure of epithelial A549 lung cells in cultures to carbon black and iron oxide NPs. It was reported that exposing cells simultaneously to these NPs caused a synergistic oxidative effect, which was significantly greater than

• in a complex colloidal system, such as the vascular system. The aim of this work was to study the combined effect of two model NPs on cellular uptake, that is gold (AuNPs) and iron oxide NPs (FeOxNPs) stabilized with the same polymer shell and incorporated fluorophores. The NPs can be distinguished

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• chelate complexes with ferric ions in solution, leading to a directional dependency of OH− attacks for subsequent hydrolysis processes, which results in a targeted growth direction of iron oxide products [29]. Furthermore, diamines directly coordinate to ferric lattice species and the complexes are

• samples was analyzed using a JEOL 6340F field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) in secondary electron imaging mode. The accelerating voltage was set to 5 kV. The electrodes were prepared by mixing 40% of as-synthesized active iron oxide powder with 40% of conductive additives (Super P Li

• involves a two-step phase transformation, formally described as Fe(OH)3 → FeOOH → α-Fe2O3. The pKb is decreased in the presence of diamines, which accelerates the conversion of FeOOH to α-Fe2O3 [28]. In addition, the crystal growth direction of iron oxide polymorphs like FeOOH, Fe2O3 or Fe3O4 is controlled

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• without the need for any additional post-processing. During the course of our transfer studies, we found that the etching process that is usually employed can lead to contamination of the graphene layer with the Faradaic etchant component FeCl3, resulting in the deposition of iron oxide FexOy

• nanoparticles on the graphene surface. We systematically analyzed the removal of the copper substrate layer and verified that crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles could be generated in controllable density on the graphene surface when this process is optimized. It was further confirmed that the FexOy particles

• on graphene are active in the catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes when employing a water-assisted CVD process. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; chemical vapor deposition; graphene; iron oxide; nanoparticles; Introduction Graphene was first described by Boehm and coworkers in the early 1960s [1][2][3][4

Synthesis and functionalization of NaGdF₄:Yb,Er@NaGdF₄ core–shell nanoparticles for possible application as multimodal contrast agents

• Dovile Baziulyte-Paulaviciene,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas,
• Marius Stasys,
• Greta Jarockyte,
• Vilius Poderys,
• Simas Sakirzanovas and
• Ricardas Rotomskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1815–1824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.183

• that the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 helps different nanoparticles (gold, silver and iron oxide) to become well-dispersed in aqueous solution even in the presence of biological molecules, such as different serum proteins [19][20][21]. However, information about Tween 80-coated gadolinium-based UCNPs

Methionine-mediated synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and functionalization with gold quantum dots for theranostic applications

• Arūnas Jagminas,
• Agnė Mikalauskaitė,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas and
• Jūrate Vaičiūnienė

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1734–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.174

• Biocompatible superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) through smart chemical functionalization of their surface with fluorescent species, therapeutic proteins, antibiotics, and aptamers offer remarkable potential for diagnosis and therapy of disease sites at their initial stage of growth. Such NPs can

• nanomedicine, biocompatible iron oxide-based NPs have attracted particular interest due to their size-dependent magnetic, optical and chemical properties that allow for the design of NPs for multimodal imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer cells [1]. Dual-imaging probes, capable to perform simultaneously

• magnetic NPs through biocompatible links such as Au–S– [7]. Iron oxide NPs can be coated with polymeric or silica shells containing incorporated gold NPs [8][9][10]. However, in this case the size of the magnetic NPs increases up to ten times [9], resulting in a significant decrease in the saturation

Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment

• Cem Varan and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1446–1456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.144

• -time and also enhanced the concentration of BCNU in the brain tumor area [27]. In addition to drug delivery, core–shell nanoparticles such as magnetic nanoparticles [28], quantum dots [29], nanodiamonds [30], nanocrystals [31] and iron oxide nanoparticles [32] are studied as imaging and detection

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• scalable and relatively cost effective [14][15][16]. In particular, among all the TMO NPs, titanium dioxide [17], manganese oxide [18], iron oxide [19] and zinc oxide [20] have attracted the most attention due to their particular interesting and advantageous properties. By changing the reaction conditions

• the conducting network [121]. Iron oxide (Fe2O3)–graphene hybrids Fe2O3 has the advantages that it can be produced in high abundance, with low cost, and the nontoxicity of Fe results in a reduced environmental concern. Therefore, it is expected to meet the requirements of future energy storage systems

• porous iron oxide ribbons by controlling the nucleation and growth of iron precursors on a graphene surface, which was followed by an annealing treatment and used for high-performance lithium storage [157]. Liang et al. have prepared graphene–Fe3O4 NP hybrid paper by a filtration process which shows an

Methods for preparing polymer-decorated single exchange-biased magnetic nanoparticles for application in flexible polymer-based films

• Laurence Ourry,
• Delphine Toulemon,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 408–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.43

• studied were of iron oxide [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Exchange-biased NPs (ENPs) have been scarcely considered [15] despite their improved magnetic properties. These particles consist of ferro- or ferrimagnetic (F) cores coated with nanocrystalline antiferromagnetic (AF) layers, and exhibit exchange

• catalysts. Masson et al. [35] reported an increase in the styrene polymerization rate, using malonitrile as a catalyst and from initiator molecules anchored on iron oxide NPs. However, it appears that bonding the initiator to the surface through a phosphonate group limits the rate, reducing the effect of