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Search for "particle size" in Full Text gives 583 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118
- include their small particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, enhanced stability, and improved dissolution in harsh gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. Following oral administration, PLHNPs demonstrate superior intestinal absorption and bioavailability, attributed to their enhanced stability and dissolution
- showed excellent pharmaceutical attributes with small particle size (PS), high zeta potential (ZP), and high entrapment efficiency (EE). The CUR-PLHNPs were tested for hemocompatibility in the drug concentration range of 60–12000 μg/mL, and the results indicated that the CUR-PLHNPs were non-hemolytic
Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117
- saturation, particle size, temperature, bulk energy change of the phase transition, and surface energies of phases. We define radiation stability as the resistance to phase transition, and our investigation aims to identify the factors influencing this stability. Figure 1 presents a model of a HDCM under
- proportional to the square of the particle size, R2: Here, C0β = Kv/(57.6Dvβ) and C0α = Kv/(57.6Dvα) are the proportionality factors, and the vacancy diffusion coefficients determine the proportionality factors C0 in Equations 11–14. In the following, we employ the steady-state approach (Equations 17–21) in
- publication. However, conducting this analysis will provide valuable insights into the phase transformation dynamics from β phase to α phase, complementing the findings obtained for the case of the α phase particle. Size effect and irradiation We check the phase transformation criterion for a nanoscale
Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113
- for CNS targeting. For example, size, shape, and surface characteristics of a DDS directly affect cellular transport and uptake, biodistribution, and the interaction with biological interfaces [64][65]. Regarding particle size, NPs with a size of approx. 15 nm or below were observed to penetrate the
- olfactory bulb thanks to the paracellular space in the olfactory epithelium [66]. However, because of their small particle size, they could be more suitable for imaging applications rather than drug delivery. Moreover, NPs with sizes up to 300 nm were found and considered suitable for intranasal delivery
- revealed that an increase in particle size led to a shift towards caveolae-mediated internalization, the primary pathway for particles sized around 500 nm [69]. This shows the possibility of an even more extended particle size range to be considered for N2B delivery [69]. Regarding surface characteristics
Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104
- nucleation in a supersaturated solution) can be experimentally identified [18] and correlated with specific parameters of the systems exposed to microwaves [18][19][20]. For instance, the use of microwaves in nanoparticle production may increase the reaction rate, also contributing to a narrow particle size
Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO2NPs in complex biological fluids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100
- , 5 μM particle size, New Objective). The source temperature was set to 275 °C and the nanoelectrospray voltage to 2.2 kV. The mass spectrometer operated in data-dependent acquisition mode, where full scan MS1 spectra (m/z 300–1,600) were acquired at resolution r = 60,000 after accumulation of 1 × 106
Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99
- temperature, and the reaction time, by using UV–vis spectroscopy. Changes in the physicochemical properties, such as morphology and particle size of AuNPs, were monitored through absorbance and the λmax values of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. Figure 2 illustrates the impact of synthesis conditions
Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90
- second part of the first halo region (H1’), where the background forms irregularly shaped dark and bright regions of several hundreds of nanometers in size. After taking the high-resolution images, the imaged regions showed an increase in particle size and brightness (cf. Supporting Information File 1
Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89
- in the liver [27][28]. The interaction of the nanocarriers with various types of cells is size-dependent [30]. Nanocarriers with a particle size bigger than 100 nm could be taken up by LSECs and Kupffer cells through endocytosis. With the increase of particle size, the uptake of nanocarriers by
- Kupffer cells is enhanced, leading to rapid accumulation of the nanocarriers in the liver with short blood circulation time [31]. In contrast, nanocarriers with a particle size smaller than 100 nm could avoid a capture by Kupffer cells. These nanocarriers then diffuse out of the sinusoids through the
- FDA-approved biodegradable polymer. The R406-PLGA NPs (particle size of 159.7 nm) showed a significant downregulation of major inflammatory markers (CCL2, IL-1α, and IL-6) in vitro in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. In an in vivo experiment using a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) mouse
Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88
- ensure efficacy and safety [58]. The most crucial characteristics of nanoparticles are particle size, morphology, zeta potential, and surface area. Morphology of nanoparticles: There are many tools available for determining the morphology of nanomaterials. However, the most commonly used methods are
- [61]. Nanoparticle size: The nanoparticle size can be determined using a variety of methods including dynamic (DLS) and static (SLS) light scattering; TEM, SEM, and AFM are also widely employed [62][63]. DLS and SLS can detect particle size by determining changes in distribution of particle size
Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86
- was meticulously evaluated by analyzing the ablation rates, surface plasmon resonance peak positions, and particle size distributions of the obtained colloids. The nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using the techniques of UV–visible absorption, transmission electron microscopy, and energy
- wavelengths and media. Subsequently, a flexible SERS substrate was developed by depositing 18 types of NPs produced onto a filter paper. It was found that substrates containing NPs generated at 1064 nm laser wavelength exhibited prominent performance, characterized by higher yield and larger particle size
- the variations of NP particle size or size dispersion. The peak shift is mainly correlated with the size and shape of NPs and their surrounding medium. Naderi-Samani et al. [56] reported the synthesis of Ag NPs by nanosecond laser ablation in different aqueous solutions: water, acetone
A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71
- direct and common approach to describe the nanostructure of a NM is to include values that provide a physical description of the particle. Particle size is the most common feature in nano-QSAR models. However, despite the established understanding that size plays a crucial role in the activity and
- simplified to its major component, ignoring impurities, mixtures, and ligands; when those are incorporated, their proportion is commonly ignored. Particle size, commonly the measured or nominal value of the diameter, is among the most common features in nano-QSAR models. However, as discussed above, its
Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67
- offered by the same two metals in the bulk, such as Au and Ni [4]. Alloying immiscible elements is feasible in the nanoscale regime because the enthalpy of the mixture decreases as the size of the nanoparticles decreases, and it generally becomes negative below a certain particle size [5]. Silver
Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54
- certain controllability of the redox reactions occurring during reductive or oxidative laser processing in aqueous media at constant particle size. Furthermore, focusing laser pulses in CO2-saturated water leads to the reduction of CO2, which selectively yields CO [74] or oxocarbon-encapsulated
- the ionic strength of the added salts and the obtained gold particle size (Figure 2). The surface oxidation increased with the anion’s surface charge density until a plateau of around 60% was reached. A further increase in ionic strength showed no change in surface oxidation, which was attributed to
- thickness on particle size, which was modeled by Reichenberger and coworkers [54]. In detail, during LSPC of inorganic nanoparticles in organic solvents, carbon is formed in addition to permanent gases or molecular carbon-based species. While the surface of colloids synthesized in water is only modified by
Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53
- synthesized utilizing a non-thermal plasma apparatus, as previously developed by de Souza et al. [17]. In this process, similarly as reported in [4], TiN powder with a particle size of approximately 1.0 μm and a purity of 98% (Alfa Aesar) was exposed to a 60 kV electric arc in the presence of a nitrogen gas
Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43
- of CF and CF/GQDs-200, respectively, and the corresponding particle size distribution. CF has very fine particles of around 15–20 nm. The intimate interfacial contact between GQDs sheets and the CF nanoparticle is further depicted in the TEM image (Figure 4e). In this image, the deposited
- and the easy movement of the domain walls can result in a decrease in coercivity. The reduced particle size leads to reduced coercivity, which could be expressed as a transformation from a ferrimagnetic to a superparamagnetic state [15]. Figure 6d presents the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms
- curves of CF/GQDs-200. SEM images of (a) CF/GQD-140, (b) CF/GQD-180, and (c) CF/GQD-200; TEM observations and corresponding particle size distribution of (d) CF and (e) CF/GQDs-200. EDX-mapping of CF/GQDs-200. (a) Electron microscopy image, (b) EDX spectrum, (c) carbon mapping, (d) oxygen mapping, (e
Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42
- antisolvent, and the mixing conditions. During precipitation, different solvents can affect the size, the structure, and the stability of polymorphous particles. To confirm the morphology of DCS nanocrystals, SEM and XRPD analyses were applied for the examination of particle size and structure, respectively
- . As illustrated in Figure 1 and quantified using ImageJ, the particle size of commercial DCS is in the range of several hundred microns, as depicted in Figure 1A. Conversely, the average particle size of DCS nanocrystals is 47.3 ± 9.5 nm, as evidenced in Figure 1B. This observation indicates a
- smaller particle size. In addition, we used Quality by design (QbD) to generate parameters that can be applied to commercial products in the future. The QbD is a systematic approach to drug development that ensures that a product is of high quality and consistently meets the desired characteristics
Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO2 pigments: sample preparation and measurement
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29
- ) pigment is a non-toxic, particulate material in widespread use and found in everyone’s daily life. The particle size of the anatase or rutile crystals are optimised to produce a pigment that provides the best possible whiteness and opacity. The average particle size is intentionally much larger than the
- for product quality assurance by three TiO2 manufacturing companies and present number-based primary particle size distributions (PSDs) obtained in a round-robin study performed on five anatase pigments fabricated by means of sulfate processes in different plants and commonly used worldwide in food
- ; particle sizing; primary particles; Introduction Following the EU definition of nanomaterials as being materials in which more than 50% by number of their primary particles have at least one dimension smaller than 100 nm [1][2], the accurate measurement of particle size distributions (PSDs) has become
Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24
- between peak broadening and particle size in X-ray analysis. In this equation, the symbols D, K, λ, β, and θ represent the particle size, Scherrer shape factor (here 0.89), X-ray wavelength (0.15418 nm), half-maximum width, and diffraction angle, respectively [43]. Using the X-ray diffraction (XRD
- ) spectrum and Equation 5, the particle size of Fe3O4 NPs was calculated and determined to be 18 nm on average. X-ray patterns showing the distribution of Fe3O4 NPs in their uncoated state are shown in Figure 2a. XRD analysis reveals the presence of seven distinct peaks at 30.13°, 35.48°, 43.12°, 53.6
Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11
- to the reflection from (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112), and (201) crystal planes of ZnO NPs, respectively. The average size reported in the particle size analyzer for ZnO NPs was 122.4 nm, as shown in Figure 1b, with a polydispersity index of 0.332. The FTIR spectrum of ZnO NPs
- ZnO NPs characterization The PXRD technique provides important insights into the chemical composition, physical characteristics of the material and crystallographic structure, and crystalline particle size based on the scattered X-ray beam intensity [20][21]. The PXRD pattern (Figure 1a) of
- NPs (>30 nm to <50 nm) in the intercellular space, vacuole, and cytoplasm of Triticum aestivum roots when exposed to 15,000 ppm of ZnO NPs has been reported [50]. However, the average particle size in the present study (70 nm) is beyond the size-exclusion limits (5–20 nm) of the cell wall [51]. Hence
Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10
- , and after 21 days there was no significant change in particle size, nor in polydispersity index (PdI) and zeta potential. The formulation with HLB 15 exhibited smaller particle size and lower PdI and zeta potential than the HLB 14 formulation. Also, there was no significant variation in these
- aqueous media [37]. According to NTA measurements, the Cym-NE particle size was 145.7 ± 7.7 nm, while the Myr-NE particle size was 126.4 ± 5.6 nm, confirming the nanometric droplet size. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) is one of the most
Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4
- hydrodynamic mean particle size of 312 ± 1.89 nm, PdI of 0.305 ± 0.17 and zeta potential of −38 ± 0.93 mV. These particles were able to entrap 88% of curc due to the irregular lipid crystal structure of NLCs [53]. The NLCs proved to be safe for macrophages, which promptly internalized the nanostructures, as
- mannose-conjugated curcumin–chitosan nanoparticles (curc-MCNPs) intended for visceral leishmaniasis [50]. The selected nanoparticles (curc-MCNPs) presented spherical morphology, hydrodynamic mean particle size of 215 nm, PdI of 0.381, zeta potential of +24.37 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 82.12%. Curc
- curc-coated gold nanoparticles (curc-AuNPs) against L. major [125]. The NPs showed spherical morphology, particle size of 22 nm, and adequate polydispersity. Curc-AuNPs revealed IC50 values against L. major promastigotes of 64.79 μg/mL and 29.89 μg/mL in 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Additionally, they
Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2
- use known drugs which have its effectivity attested, and aim to increase the dissolution of the drug in vitro [48][94]. Yang et al. [94] verified that PZQ nanocrystals had a more significant dissolution rate than that of the conventional drug due to the particle size and, consequently, it also showed
- contact the authors and ask for a copy. The available articles were read entirely, and those unrelated to the theme were excluded. For exclusion, the criteria used were: (1) particle size over 999 nm; (2) articles that approach only prophylactic nanoformulations. After that, a search in the references of
Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100
- interaction of the KE diad with DA [13]. Most of the DA molecules interact with the proteins, thus limiting the binding of proteins with each other or with PDA aggregates. This results in an increase in aggregate (i.e., particle) size. Hence, a rapid decrease in diameter was observed for BSA/DA ratios from
A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH3)2Cl]2
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98
- performed on these structures to determine their composition and to better understand the effect of different beam currents on the compositions. The respective spectra are shown in Figure 3c. A careful investigation of the SEM images reveals that the particle size gets smaller when the current is increased
- purification of FEBID deposits, where carbon removal led to ≈18% height reduction of the respective nanoparticles [42]. Notwithstanding, changes in the deposition time and in the associated different volume of the deposited material may also contribute to the observed particle size reduction. AFM of FEBID on
- (SiO2 (500 nm)/Si(111)) at different beam currents In order to obtain complementary information on the structures deposited with different beam currents, noncontact AFM was used to investigate the height of the deposits and their particle size. Figure 4a and Figure 4b depict the 2D AFM images and
Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93
- , Table S1). CUR loading did not change significantly the particle size. The particles were quite monodisperse as indicated by the relatively low PDI values. In addition, the zeta potential values of CUR-HSA-MPs (−15.30 ± 0.02 mV) and HSA-MPs (−14.50 ± 0.06 mV) were similar. The zeta potential analysis of
- . To enhance cell uptake, it is necessary to reduce the particle size. In this case, the size of MnCO3 templates can be reduced by modifying the experimental conditions, such as increasing the salt concentration, decreasing the reaction time and cosurfactant concentration, and changing the solvent type
- Cytation™ 5 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader and analyzed using Gen5 data analysis software (BioTek® Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA). Particle size and zeta potential Hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the particles were evaluated using a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern
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