Evolution of Ag nanostructures created from thin films: UV–vis absorption and its theoretical predictions

• Robert Kozioł,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Damian Koszelow,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 494–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.40

• , and thus the amplification of the electromagnetic field, was observed in several directions, depending on the direction of illumination. The plasmon resonance also has an effect on the porosity of the metallic nanostructures [26][27], which is why determining the shape and surface quality is extremely

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• ][7][8]. The turbostratic microstructure of these “non-graphitic” carbon materials combined with variable conductivity and a significant nanoscale disordered porosity are typical features of this kind of carbon materials. Templating strategies are meanwhile well established to endow carbon materials

• with defined porosity on the nanometer scale, in particular to enhance the surface area and to control the pore size [9][10][11][12]. This study is dedicated to a quantitative determination of the porosity, e.g., pore size, pore volume and pore shape of carbon materials prepared by hard-templating of

• can markedly affect the nanoscale porosity [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Hence, a combined in-depth elucidation of meso/microporosity and the graphene-based structure upon heat treatment is pursued in this study to obtain a profound understanding of the relationship between the changes in the

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• powder to prepare Hap is their cost effectiveness and ecologically friendly nature, high availability, enhanced interconnectivity, and biocompatibility [14]. Recently, it was reported that the bonding ability of the scaffold with surrounding tissues is determined by the porosity of the material and that

• porosity and high surface-to-volume ratio when compared to spherical nanometer-sized Hap particles, which facilitates interconnectivity and improves targeted cell internalization efficiency [22]. Thus, the aim of the present work is to use a simple, facile, unique, safe and cost-effective precipitation

• ]. However, the Hap NRs in the present work are nonporous as observed in the TEM images, which may affect the biocompatibility, while utilizing them as scaffolds. Hence, the calcination temperature must be optimized in the future studies to provide porosity in the Hap NRs to improving their biocompatibility

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• a capacitance retention of 84.1% after 2000 cycles [23]. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high porosity and tunable functionality are ideal sacrificial templates to synthesize metal oxides [24][25][26]. As a MOF derivative, Co3O4 derived from the zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) is

• considered an ideal supporting material to hybridize with electroactive materials because of its low cost, easy fabrication, large surface area, interconnected porosity and high electrical conductivity [30][31]. Due to its micro/mesoporous 3D morphology with large open pores, it offers more space to grow

• sample is characterized by a combination of type–IV and type–I isotherms, indicating the presence of micro- and mesopores with monolayer–multilayer adsorption. Furthermore, two distinct pore distribution curves are observed in the inset of Figure 5c revealing a hierarchical porosity: micro/mesopores

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• doping on the carbon sphere morphology, structure, elemental composition, N bonding configuration as well as porosity is investigated in detail. For the N-doped carbon spheres, the maximum nitrogen content was found at a doping temperature of 700 °C, with a decrease of the N content for higher

• microporosity of the materials is critical for an efficient ORR. Keywords: amorphous carbon; graphitized carbon; hydrothermal carbonization; nitridation; nitrogen doping; oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); porosity; Introduction Fuel cells and metal–air batteries are important renewable energy technologies

• polypyrrole instead of ammonia resulted in pyridinic or pyrrolic N moieties, respectively [18]. Beside the N bonding configuration, the ORR activity is affected by the N content, the surface area (porosity) and possibly the degree of graphitization [27]. The nitrogen content defines, among others, the density

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials

• Andreas Taubert,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2563–2567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.247

• yield diverse materials, which were found to depend on the P/Ti atom ratio [20]. The ratio was found to determine the particle size and the aggregation state and thereby could strongly tune the porosity of the resulting materials. Colloidal chemistry with patchy silica nanoparticles was employed to

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• , is the coating of their surface with silica shells [22][23]. Additionally, optically transparent silica shells have many other advantages such as chemical inertness, high thermal stability, low cytotoxicity, high biocompatibility and tunable porosity [22][23][24]. An important parameter for all

Four self-made free surface electrospinning devices for high-throughput preparation of high-quality nanofibers

• Yue Fang and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2261–2274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.218

• their excellent properties, such as high surface-to-volume ratio and high porosity, nanomaterials have become more and more important in industrial manufacturing. As one of the most important methods for preparing nanomaterials, electrospinning (ES) [1][2][3] has received much attention [4][5][6][7

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• composite with both large surface area and high porosity for the use as advanced electrode material in lithium–sulfur batteries. Double modified defect-rich MoS2 nanosheets are successfully prepared by introducing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and amorphous carbon. The conductibility of the cathodes can be

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• effective method to prepare long-range continuous nanofibers. By controlling the spinning and sintering process, nanofiber membrane materials can be easily formed with high porosity and stable structure, especially continuous conductive networks can be formed, which are very suitable for self-standing

• illustrates the effect of the 3D conductive network and the high porosity on electron and ion transport [40][41]. Figure 10 shows the rate performance of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane electrodes. Both electrodes can be charged and discharged normally from 0.5C to 10C. When the current density returns

• porosity, stable structure, and the continuous conductive networks provide the electrodes with fast electronic and ionic transport paths [22][23][34][35]. This design and fabrication of all-fiber-based batteries provides a novel strategy for the development of advanced flexible lithium-ion batteries

Ultrathin Ni_1−xCo_xS₂ nanoflakes as high energy density electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors

• Xiaoxiang Wang,
• Teng Wang,
• Rusen Zhou,
• Lijuan Fan,
• Shengli Zhang,
• Feng Yu,
• Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
• Liwei Su and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.213

• were obtained for the Ni1.7Co1.3O4 material (Figure S4c, Supporting Information File 1). The relatively low surface area of the Ni1−xCoxS2 nanoflakes is ascribed to the filling with anions (SO32−, S−, OH−), the growth of primary nanoparticles with the subsequent reduction of porosity, which impedes

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• -isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and acrylic acid (AAc). The hydrogel cores were then encased within either a porous or complete silver shell for which the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) extends from visible to near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths (i.e., λmax varies from 550 to 1050 nm, depending on the porosity

• with porosity. The porous silver nanocapsules exhibited extinction maxima in the visible spectral regions (λmax ≈ 550 nm with tailing into the NIR), while complete nanocapsules exhibited extinction maxima in the NIR spectral regions (λmax ≈ 950–1050 nm). The methods described in this study, detailing

The influence of porosity on nanoparticle formation in hierarchical aluminophosphates

• Matthew E. Potter,
• Lauren N. Riley,
• Alice E. Oakley,
• Panashe M. Mhembere,
• June Callison and
• Robert Raja

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1952–1957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.191

• deposited on a traditional microporous aluminophosphate, with an analogous hierarchical species, containing both micropores and mesopores, we explore the influence of this dual porosity on nanoparticle deposition. We show that the presence of mesopores has limited influence on the nanoparticle properties

• , but allows the system to maintain porosity after nanoparticle deposition. This will aid diffusion of reagents through the system, allowing continued access to the active sites in hierarchical systems, which offers significant potential in catalytic oxidation/reduction reactions. Keywords

• : aluminophosphate; catalysis; hierarchical catalysts; nanoparticles; porosity; Findings The controlled synthetic design of metallic nanoparticles has generated significant interest in recent decades due to their implementation in a range of fields, including medicine [1], optics [2] and catalysis [3]. Given the

Charge-transfer interactions between fullerenes and a mesoporous tetrathiafulvalene-based metal–organic framework

• Manuel Souto,
• Joaquín Calbo,
• Samuel Mañas-Valero,
• Aron Walsh and
• Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.183

• /bjnano.10.183 Abstract The design of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) incorporating electroactive guest molecules in the pores has become a subject of great interest in order to obtain additional electrical functionalities within the framework while maintaining porosity. Understanding the charge-transfer

• catalysis [3][4][5]. In addition, electroactive MOFs combining porosity and electrical conductivity [6][7][8] have also attracted much attention during the last years in view of their potential application, for example as chemiresistive sensors [9], field-effect transistors [10] or supercapacitors [11

• electrical conductivity and porosity at the same time. Fullerenes (C60) [25] have found numerous applications in different fields, ranging from molecular electronics and nanotechnology to biomedical applications, due to their exceptional electrochemical and photophysical properties [26][27]. In particular

Long-term entrapment and temperature-controlled-release of SF₆ gas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)

• Hana Bunzen,
• Andreas Kalytta-Mewes,
• Leo van Wüllen and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1851–1859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.180

• frameworks (MOFs); sulfur hexafluoride; Introduction Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are coordination polymers with organic ligands containing (potential) voids [1]. Their porosity and high surface area make them attractive materials for adsorption-based applications [2][3][4][5]. MOFs have been suggested

Processing nanoporous organic polymers in liquid amines

• Jeehye Byun,
• Damien Thirion and
• Cafer T. Yavuz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1844–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.179

• high porosity, which is beneficial for applications such as gas sorption, gas separation, heterogeneous (photo)catalysis, sensing, and (opto)electronics. However, the network structures are practically insoluble. Thus, the processing of nanoporous polymers into nanoparticles or films remains

• . Keywords: film; liquid amine; nanoparticles; nanoporous polymer; processibility; Introduction Nanoporous polymers offer permanent porosity along with robust and light-weight frameworks. The building-block approach for nanoporous polymers allows for a nearly infinite variety of architectures by changing

• chemistry and geometry of the monomers [1]. New discoveries on nanoporous polymers have been made based on different combinations of monomers yielding unique properties to the polymer structures. In particular, the high porosity of nanoporous polymers has gained significant attention in various applications

The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98

• Simon Krause,
• Volodymyr Bon,
• Hongchu Du,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski,
• Ulrich Stoeck,
• Irena Senkovska and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1737–1744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.169

• a physical mixture of crystals exhibiting either op or cp phase and that these phases do not co-exist as domains within a single crystal. This supports the assumption that structural contraction is a cooperative phenomenon that propagates through the whole crystal. To further analyze the porosity

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• composite. The BET specific surface area of the TiO2/GO composite was determined to be 155.2 m2 g−1. Through the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analysis, the pore size distribution of TiO2/GO shows that the majority of the pores are around 2.9 and 7.4 nm. The rich porosity not only provides abundant pore

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• and a total pore volume of up to 0.9 cm3·g−1. In order to generate different nitrogen contents and to increase the porosity of the carbon material, we used different ratios of urea and K2CO3. Moreover, the N-doped carbon materials have been investigated as electrode material for supercapacitors in

• ., the reference with no K2CO3) does not show any porosity and a slightly decreased nitrogen content of 3.9 wt % compared to the pure PU-BM (5.7 wt %, Table 1). In contrast, a microporous material is obtained after adding only a small amount of K2CO3 (PUPC-800-1, Figure 2A) [69]. PUPC-800-1 exhibits a

• have taken place. Since an equal ratio of PU and K2CO3 (PUPC-800-3) has yielded the highest porosity in the previous section, we kept the PU and K2CO3 ratio constant and added specific amounts of urea to investigate the influence of the nitrogen precursor on the nitrogen content and surface area

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• nanowhiskers in liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation processes [245]. The intercalation of polycyclic aromatic compounds generally modifies the growth of fullerene one-dimensional crystals depending on intercalation species. While anthracene and pyrene led to an increased porosity of the structures, the

High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• nanofibers was estimated from the broadening of the (100) ZnO and (111) 3C-SiC XRD peaks using the Scherrer formula. The measurements of the specific surface area (SBET) and analysis of the porosity of the samples were carried out by the method of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption on an ASAP 2010

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• higher temperatures resulted in activation and increased porosity rather than in increased P content. The P/C atomic ratios of PN-doped carbon materials correlated well with those of the precursors, which indicated that CPAT is well suited for the preparation of PN-doped carbon materials. The carbon

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 surface area and porosity measurement system. A Unico UV-2600 spectrophotometer was used to analyze the concentration of RhB in the photocatalytic process. The photoelectrochemical properties were analyzed using electrochemical workstations (Gamry interface 1010 and Chenhua

• and pore volume are shown in Table 1. Density functional theory (DFT) mode was undertaken to characterize the porosity of these samples. According to the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, we can see that all four samples belong to IV-type isotherms. BiOCl has an H2-type hysteresis loop, while

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• ]. The resulting multicomponent systems have advantages such as high electrical conductivity and flexibility that make the bionanocomposite films appropriate components for biosensors [35][40] for glucose detection, while the relatively high porosity of the bioactive foams enhances the power density and

• (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1), comparable to similar freeze-cast clay nanocomposite foams [43][44]. Halloysite nanotubes are visible on the surface of the cell walls with free access to the lumen (Figure 3I). The porosity of the foams was estimated from their relative density values (Table 1

• ). It was found that foams with a high content of chitosan showed the lowest porosity, i.e., 89%. The porosity of films with low chitosan content was 96%. In fact, by reducing the chitosan content (and concomitantly increasing the clay and GNP content) the apparent density slightly decreases, while the

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance

• Giulia Tuci,
• Andree Iemhoff,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Lapo Luconi,
• Andrea Rossin,
• Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
• Regina Palkovits,
• Jens Artz,
• Cuong Pham-Huu and
• Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

• , such as their semiconducting behaviour, their inherent porosity, high specific surface area, chemical versatility, including their thermal and chemical resistance make them ideal candidates for a number of energy storage and conversion technologies [2][3]. The scope of carbon-based nanomaterials

• use of a wide variety of rigid and sterically demanding organic building blocks to synthesize POPs allows for a fine control of their morphological and chemical properties [9][10][11]. Thus, POPs provide a permanent porosity (with high accessible specific surface area), combined with a facile chemical

• conditions, in molten zinc chloride, the rational combination of dicyano-substituted organic moieties can be used to provide stable carbon nanomaterials with diverse morphologies (i.e., porosity and specific surface area) along with variable chemical composition (i.e., content and type of light elements such