Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• bonds, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the differences in chemical characteristics of BBR-loaded PLA nanofiber scaffolds (Figure 2A). The FTIR spectrum of PLA nanofiber scaffold shows the adsorption peaks at 1751 cm−1 resulting from the stretching vibrations of the C=O

• ImageJ software as an image analysis tool. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was performed in a Nicolet NEXUS 670 spectrometer. The resulting spectra were recorded in transmission mode in the wavelength range of 500–4000 cm−1. A Raman spectrometer (MacroRAM, Horiba) was used to investigate the

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• influence of porosity and conductive properties of these composites on the electrochemical activity of catalyst particles in OER. Elemental mapping by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of MCO particles inside the hydrogel structure (Figure 2 and Supporting Information File 1

• MCO and cCB particles in the hydrogel precursor solution to obtain a more homogeneous distribution of these particles in the structure of the polymer matrix and on its surface. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results of the hydrogel compositions and their pure components are shown

• (blocks) signals from other compounds. Electrical properties of hydrogel composites Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to characterise the electrical properties of hydrogel-based structures. The impedance modulus |Z| decreased with the increase in the amount of cCB contained in the

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• Joshua Williams Michael I. Faley Joseph Vimal Vas Peng-Han Lu Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany Faculty of Engineering, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• Lorentz microscopy and electron holography, along with simultaneous structural and chemical characterization techniques such as electron diffraction, 4D STEM, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), enable a correlative characterization to investigate magnetic

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• (500 nm)/Si(111) In this experiment, 4 × 4 µm2 FEBID structures were written with [Au(CH3)2Cl]2 as the precursor using an acceleration voltage of 5 keV and a beam current of 1.5 nA. The fabricated structures were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES

• three experiments. The FEBID structures were investigated by SEM and noncontact atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 3a shows the SEM images of the deposits along with the respective deposition parameters. Magnified sections from these SEM images are shown in Figure 3b. Auger electron spectroscopy was

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• scanning conditions, current and resistance mapping as well as I–V spectroscopy over a wide range of current measurement (from 100 µA to less than 100 fA) (see Supporting Information File 1, section S1). Previous experiments have shown diamond-coated tips to be most suitable for imaging gold surfaces in

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• . SEM images were obtained under high-vacuum conditions at an operation voltage of 15 kV. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy Chemical characteristics of CUR, HSA, HSA-MPs, and CUR-HSA-MPs were examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Thermo Scientific, NICOLET IS5, Waltham, MA

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

• Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
• Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
• Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
• Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
• Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

• rosemary essential oils with the three concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%. The samples were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The insecticidal efficacy of the nanocomposites was evaluated

• eucalyptus and rosemary at different concentrations. Characterizations were carried out through UV–visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); also the insecticidal efficacy of the NCMPs for the control of

• stabilizing agent. Characterization techniques and equipment UV–visible spectroscopy was performed on an Analytik Jena SPECORD® S 600 spectrophotometer. Size and morphology of the SNPs were determined using an FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit Twin transmission electron microscope. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GIXRD), using an X-ray diffractometer SmartLab Rigaku with Cu Kα radiation, which corresponds to an X-ray wavelength of 0.15406 nm. X-ray photoelectron emission and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XPS and XAS, respectively) measurements were made at the FinEstBeAMS

• ]. The SnO2 films grown at 300 and 500 °C, that is, those with low residual iodine content, were analysed ex situ in terms of surface chemistry using soft X-ray spectroscopy methods. The Sn 3d XPS data (Figure 10a) show almost identical spectra for the samples deposited at 300 and 500 °C, and the narrow

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• mode (DHe-KPFM spectroscopy), and 2D dynamic images can be acquired in data cube mode. The capabilities of DHe-KPFM in terms of time-resolved measurements, surface photovoltage (SPV) imaging, and detection of weak SPV signals are demonstrated through a series of experiments on difference surfaces: a

• measurements [16], which consists in analysing the intermodulation products between the mechanical oscillation of the cantilever and the photogenerated surface potential. In short, intermodulation spectroscopy allows working in the frequency domain (instead of the time domain) by extracting, during a single

• , alike intermodulation spectroscopy [16], time-resolved measurements can be performed by DHe-KPFM by recording several harmonics of the SPV signal. To that end, we implemented (as detailed hereafter in the “DHe-KPFM implementation” section) a spectroscopic variant which allows recording onto 2D grid

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• nanoparticles is presented separately in the subsequent sections to verify the catalog information provided by the manufacturer. In the characterization of the nanoparticles used in the study, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction

• . Thus, the Raman spectroscopy of graphene nanoplatelets which yield optimal enhancement in required compressor electrical power are presented in Figure 15. Figure 15 shows that the graphene used in this study has characteristic G (1564 cm−1) and 2D (2680 cm−1) bands. A low intensity D band (1343 cm−1

• compressor electrical power for the usage of nanolubricants with a) Al2O3, b) graphene, and c) CNTs. Required compressor electrical power for nanolubricants with optimum mass fraction of nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy of the graphene nanoplatelets. XPS of the graphene nanoplatelets. Kinematic viscosity of

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• . The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results in Figure 1c show Zn, Cu, and O, which indicates the presence of ZnO and CuO. No further impurities were found. The results from X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy confirm that the nanoparticles covering the surfaces and

• composition of the materials. The morphology of pure CuO NPs and CuO NPs/ZnO NRs was examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy showed the optical properties of the materials. The photodetector performance was studied through the current–voltage (I–V

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• ) spectroscopy, and (iii) fiber tensile properties. Interestingly, although Technora® is noncrystalline, it can be effectively modeled through XRD as a paracrystalline material such as Kevlar®. Within this framework, the Technora® paracrystalline distortion parameter, a measure of crystalline “sinuosity”, was

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence, ultrasound, and photothermal methods, have been tried in LFAs [4][13][14]. For example, fluorescence-based LFAs exhibited a 100- to 1000-fold higher sensitivity than conventional LFAs [15]. However, working with fluorescence-based LFAs is complex because of photoinstability

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• nanoparticles with a defective zinc blende structure under mild conditions through thermal annealing of hydrogenated silicon nanoparticles with red phosphorus. The synthesized Si3P4 nanoparticles were analyzed using FTIR, XRD, electron diffraction, EDX, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

• FTIR spectroscopy of the etching product are shown in Figure 1). The bands with the wavenumbers of 2105 and 2900 cm−1, and the broad signal at 3400 cm−1 were attributed to vibrations of Si–H, C–H, and O–H bonds, respectively [25]. The IR spectra of the unetched Si NPs display bands in a wavenumber

• control over the width of the bandgap through selection of the composition. Conclusion A synthesis of freestanding Si3P4 NPs with cubic crystal structure was successfully carried out and corroborated by XRD, TEM, EDX, electron diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The cell parameter of the experimentally

Low temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt using dicobalt hexacarbonyl-1-heptyne as precursor

• Mathias Franz,
• Mahnaz Safian Jouzdani,
• Lysann Kaßner,
• Marcus Daniel,
• Frank Stahr and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 951–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.78

• saturation behaviour of the process was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements could show that the deposited cobalt is in the metallic state. The finally established process in ALD mode shows a homogeneous coating at the wafer level. Keywords: atomic layer deposition (ALD); cobalt; low

• with a deposition rate of approximately 0.1 Å/cycle. The deposited films were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and are well in the metallic state. We also show the optimization of the overall process through varying the pulse times for precursor, purging, and the plasma pulse. Experimental

• metallic cobalt according to Ward [24] combined with a Tauc–Lorentzian model for possible occurrences of oxidised cobalt [25][26]. The film compositions were measured ex situ by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on a PRECAV sp. Z. o. o. XPS system using a MX-650 Al X-ray source and a R3000 analyser

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• and Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1). Table S1 summarizes the values of dBS and parameter a for all samples. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) provides valuable information about the nature of the layered hydroxide structure and the intercalated

• identity of the impurity observed in sample x25M, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was conducted (Figure 1C). In the case of reference x1, the observed main peaks at 781.23 eV (Co 23/2) and 797.36 eV (Co 21/2), as well as their satellites at 783.13 and 798.83 eV, confirm the occurrence of CoII [15

• ][49]. The XPS spectra of the samples x20V and x25M are indistinguishable from that of reference x1, suggesting the lack of CoIII in the impurity of sample x25M. Supporting Information File 1, Table S2 compiles further information related to the XPS signals. Finally, UV–vis spectroscopy has

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• efficacy is an important factor to improve therapeutic efficacy. Researchers are actively working on quantification methods that are specific, rapid, sensitive, simple, and easy to use. The Lowry assay, UV spectroscopy, Bradford assay, and bicinchoninic acid assay are widely used and accepted methods to

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• , arrowheads). The ferrous nature of the observed structures was assessed by chemical element mapping analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (Figure 2C), confirming that the electron-lucent structures contain iron atoms (Figure 2D). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to confirm the

• 20 kV equipped with an OXFORD X-MaxN 20 mm2 detector (Oxford Instruments, United Kingdom) for energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. For transmission electron microscopy, after fixation, samples were dehydrated in increasing acetone concentrations and embedded in Epon. Ultrathin sections were obtained

N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• dissolution of gold. We present scanning electron micrographs and elemental imaging analyses by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to examine the effect of solutions of each species on the gold film. This work highlights the risk of unwanted etching during some routes to NHC-based surface functionalization

• attachment of NHCs to gold and the properties of the corresponding monolayers have been studied using conventional surface science techniques under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions [13][14]. NHC monolayers have also been used in applications such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and surface plasmon

• % nitrogen gas. Electron micrographs were recorded using the SE2 detector of a Zeiss SIGMA VP field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectra were obtained for each sample using an Oxford Instruments X-max 50 mm2 EDS attachment. Peaks were identified

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• observed by transmission electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses of the nanoparticles indicated that BNZ might be dispersed in the nanoparticle matrix in an amorphous state. The

• 410 °C, and BNZ degradation occurred in the 190–300 °C range. Considering these processes, nanoparticle thermal behavior might be attributed first to lipid degradation, and second to poloxamer weight loss. The attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) technique was

• Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra were obtained. The attenuated total reflection mode was used to record the spectra over the range of 400–4000 cm−1 at a resolution of 2 cm−1. Transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy images

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• detection of harmful chemicals in the environment and for food safety is a crucial requirement. While traditional techniques such as GC–MS and HPLC provide high sensitivity, they are expensive, time-consuming, and require skilled labor. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical

• the potential to be a valuable analytical tool for monitoring environmental contaminants. Keywords: 3D printing; microfluidic droplet; SERS substrate; silver nanoparticle; smartphone detection; Introduction Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a powerful optical trace detection

• spectroscopy (EDS) was carried out, as illustrated in Figure S11 (Supporting Information File 1). The EDS mapping results indicate the uniformly distributed signal of the silicon wafer, while oxygen and silver are discontinuously distributed because of the space between PS and Ag NPs on the PS@Ag substrate

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• ; however, after twelve weeks, an increase in the electron energy loss spectroscopy M5 peak, corresponding to an increase in the Ce3+ valence state, is apparent. DLS analysis DLS results of the 20 chemicals studied under the two conditions are shown in Table 1. Numerical values of these results are given in

• produced drastically different TEM images, as expected from the DLS results. The number of nanoceria particles exposed to citric acid was reduced between weeks 0 and 1. By week 2, most of the particles completely disappeared with no evidence of cerium determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• composites were determined using FTIR spectroscopy, as shown in Figure 1b. The FTIR spectra of pure Ge consist of two broad bands in the wavenumber ranges of 500–600 and 800–1000 cm−1. The former band corresponds to the bending modes, and the latter band is attributed to the stretching modes of Ge–O–Ge bonds

• . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out at the open-circuit voltage of the assembled cells after 6 h of resting on a Biologic VSP3 potentiostat. A sinusoidal signal with an amplitude of 10.0 mV and a frequency varying exponentially from 10 mHz to 100 kHz was used. (a) XRD patterns, (b) FTIR

Control of morphology and crystallinity of CNTs in flame synthesis with one-dimensional reaction zone

• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Ni Luh Wulan Septiani and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 741–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.61

• morphology of the MWCNTs similar to that of MWCNTs obtained from CVD. Raman spectroscopy showed constant IG/ID ratios after all runs, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed almost equal CNT oxidation temperatures, indicating similar purity. The constant crystallinity determined from the ID/IG

• by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss Crossbeam 340) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) for morphology and elemental analysis. Raman spectroscopy (HORIBA XploRA PLUS, 532 nm) was done to analyze the signature spectra of the grown CNTs. Line-of-sight images of

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• hydrothermal process with glucose as a precursor undergoing carbonization. Different spectroscopic techniques were used to analyze the optical characteristics of GQDs, including UV–visible, photoluminescence, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray

• , the sensor’s oxidation–reduction behavior was investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was conducted to study the electrochemical properties of the modified the GQDs/GCE working electrode, which showed excellent charge transfer properties. We measured malathion in varying concentrations

• spectroscopy; electrochemical sensor; graphene quantum dots; malathion; Introduction Global population growth makes food production more challenging, and pesticides are therefore used in agriculture in greater quantities than in the past to maintain and increase crop yields [1][2]. Pesticides containing