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Search for "water" in Full Text gives 1465 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50
- , echinoderms, cnidarians, or crustaceans [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Even though living conditions and bauplans differ between suspension feeders, there are two main mechanisms for particle collection from the water body (for in-depth reviews on suspension feeding, see [8][9][10][11]). The first one can be
- described as filtering or sieving with, for example, setae, cilia, or mucous nets, and is present in form of passive or active suspension feeding. Passive feeders rely on external water currents that bring food particles to the filtering structures and active feeders create a feeding flow by pumping systems
- . The second mechanism involves structures manipulating the water flow (e.g., setae and tentacles) that redirect the food particles and lead them to specialized structures that contact and capture them. A good example for the latter mechanism are the filtering setae of crustaceans (for in-depth reviews
ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47
- after filtering, washed with distilled water, and dried at 50 °C under vacuum. The final samples were obtained by calcination at 600 °C for 4 h in a tube furnace (Ar, 99.999% purity). We labeled the samples as SCZx, where x indicates x mmol dosage of ZnNO3·6H2O. Results and Discussion All SCZ samples
SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46
- sapphire wafers. The cut samples were cleaned in organic solvents and rinsed in de-ionized water. Samples were then photoetched in stirred KSO-D solution (0.02 M K2S2O8 + 0.02 M KOH aqueous solution) under illumination of a 300 W UV-enhanced Xe lamp (Oriel, Newport, UK). This photoetching procedure results
Observation of multiple bulk bound states in the continuum modes in a photonic crystal cavity
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 544–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.45
- modes have infinite quality factors (Q factors) and cannot be excited from the external radiative continuum, thereby providing efficient ways to trap light and to enhance light–matter interactions [3][4][5][6][7]. Multiple wave systems, such as water wave [8], phononic [9], acoustic [10], and photonic
Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44
- differentiate between the liquids. We show that the proposed liquid sensor can classify different liquids, including organic solvents (acetone, chloroform, and different alcohols) and is also able to differentiate low concentrations of glycerin in water (10–100 ppm). We have also investigated the influence of
- rapid test, identification, and monitoring of liquid samples in various fields such as fuel adulteration, water quality, solvents, and beverages [6][7][8][9]. Usually, the testing of liquids requires conventional analytical techniques such as absorption/emission spectroscopy (AAS/AES), X-ray
- sensing, as electromagnetic shielding, and as thermoelectric material [32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Also, Qi et al. reported a liquid-water sensor based on carbon nanotube–cellulose composite films, and, more recently, Goodman et al. reported the scalable manufacturing of nanocomposites for liquid sensing
Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43
- been disinfected with alcohol and sterilized with the ultraviolet light attached to the hood. Biohybrid sepiolite–biopolymer nanocomposites materials have been prepared adapting a protocol developed in-house previously [8]. A sepiolite slurry (10% w/v clay/water) was mixed with a concentrated
- ions present in the bath. The formed beads were left in the calcium bath for 30 min and then recovered by filtration and washed with distilled water to remove excess calcium chloride. In the case of sepiolite–chitosan materials, the homogeneous suspensions were poured into a 7 cm diameter Petri dish
- production experiments for yeast encapsulated within silica gel biohybrid materials. ρ denotes the density of the culture supernatant measured at 20 °C. The ethanol concentration has been estimated using reference data on ethanol–water mixtures [39]. NM indicates that the density could not be reliably
The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41
- related to the superhydrophobicity of their body surface, as an adaptation of an aquatic insect to the subaerial life at the adult stage. Indeed, leg scales with their nanostructures are able to entrap air [11][12][13] and play an important role in contact with water during egg laying, giving the mosquito
- high water buoyancy and floating ability, and during emergence from the aquatic pupa, preventing adults from wetting and allowing them to fly away from the water surface without being trapped by capillary forces. The scales on the mosquito body can also produce a colouration pattern, which is often
A mid-infrared focusing grating coupler with a single circular arc element based on germanium on silicon
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 478–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.38
- sensors is of great significance. In 2015, Bai et al. reported a flexible healable transparent chemical gas sensing device that exhibited robust flexibility, good transparency, and reliable water-enabled healability of the gas sensing performance at room temperature [15]. Wang proposed a flexible
Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37
- purification Formation of sodium chloride (NaCl) during the boehmite synthesis is observed. Therefore, it is necessary to purify the obtained boehmite. Purification was performed by washing the synthesized samples with hot water to remove sodium chloride. After this step, the boehmite was filtered and dried at
- 70 °C [1][13]. Oxide synthesis Coloring ions (Cr or Fe) were used for oxide synthesis from boehmite. In the first step, 50 mL of water was added to 10 wt % (in relation to the total mass of boehmite powder (w/w)) of transition metal chloride (CrCl3 or FeCl3) powder (5 and 20 wt % amounts were also
- ” for boehmite with iron atoms. Application as pigments Commercial white paint was used to evaluate the use of sample 1 and sample 2 as pigments. 10 wt % of the colored powder in relation to the total mass of commercial white paint was dispersed in the proportion of 2:1 paint/water [1]. The prepared
Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36
- Chia-Yang Lin Tsuyoshi Michinobu Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.14.36 Abstract With the development of solar steam generation (SSG) for clean water production, conjugated photothermal
- and describe commonly used conjugated organic materials and structural designs. Keywords: absorption; conjugated molecules; energy transfer; photothermal materials; solar steam generation; Review Introduction With the rapid development of the world economy, global water shortages are occurring
- . Current technologies for dealing with the water shortage problem either exacerbate energy problems or sacrifice the environment. Solar-driven steam generation technology, in contrast, is a solar-powered technology that meets the global trend for clean, sustainable, and green technology. To obtain a high
Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35
- water impermeability of the bilayer membrane causes one-dimensional swelling and diffusion, and the hydrophobic aggregates act as sacrificial bonds to yield high mechanical strength and toughness during deformation. The abovementioned general examples could be involved in parts of nanoarchitectonics
Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34
- production of hydrogen energy is focused mainly on hydrocarbon reforming, which is a low-efficiency and environmentally unfriendly process [1][2]. As an alternative, water electrolysis using renewable energy sources has recently been extensively studied [3]. The main limitation to the efficiency of this
- electrodeposition was carried out in a one-compartment water-jacketed cell controlled by a potentiostat (VersaSTAT 4). The working electrode (WE) was nickel foam (MTI Corporation, purity > 99.9 wt %, surface density 346 g∙m−2, porosity ≥ 95%) or foil with an exposed area of 0.25 cm2. Before each deposition process
- , the substrates were cleaned ultrasonically in distilled water (5 min) and acetone (5 min). The reference and counter electrodes were Ag/AgCl (4 M KCl) and platinum mesh, respectively. Distilled water was used for the solutions. The measurement temperature was controlled by a thermostat (Julabo F12
Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33
- tunability of optothermal properties and enhanced stability, these nanostructures show a wide range of applications in optical sensors, steam generation, water desalination, thermal energy storage, and biomedical applications such as photothermal (PT) therapy. The PT effect, that is, the conversion of
- ], catalysis [19], clean water production [15], and wearable heaters [20][21], to name a few. This review is on PPT nanoparticle research spanning the conventional options (metals and alloys) as well as materials with induced plasmonic properties, with a special emphasis on their stability in terms of
- water vaporisation can be calculated from Δm is the water mass loss during irradiation, is the phase change enthalpy of water to vapour, M is the molar mass of water, I is the solar power intensity at the surface of the sample, S is the irradiated area of the water surface, and τ is the irradiation
New trends in nanobiotechnology
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 377–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.32
- ), Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of
Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31
- , especially in medicine [1]. Nanomaterials, especially metallic nanomaterials, show good antibacterial and antimicrobial properties due to their physical and chemical properties and are, thus, an alternative approach to antibiotics [2]. In addition, low bioavailability and water solubility problems are the
- quercetin (≥95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Silver nitrate (AgNO3, ≥99.8%) was obtained from ISOLAB. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, ≥99.0%), glacial acetic acid (CH3COOH), anhydrous aluminium chloride (AlCl3, ≥98.0%), and Folin–Ciocalteau’s phenol reagent (2 N) were purchased from Merck. Water was
- purified through a Milli-Q water purification system. Figure 1 shows the chemical structures of chitosan, quercetin, and caffeic acid. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles The chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles (Ch-Ag NPs) were synthesized by reducing AgNO3 with NaBH4 in the presence of chitosan
The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30
- solvent are used (e.g., deionized/polished deionized water or common buffer) allowing for comparison to other studies. Regarding standard practices, ASTM E3247 provides excellent advice for the assessment of monodisperse samples by DLS with a focus of accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, and bias in
Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29
- . Nanoemulsions can be formulated to contain oily (hydrophobic) droplets in a continuous aqueous phase, that is, as in oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions or aqueous droplets in a continuous oily (hydrophobic) phase as in water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsions. To form an emulsion, the liquid to be dispersed should be
- emulsification processes that involve phase inversion are based on the phase inversion temperature (PIT) or the phase inversion composition (PIC). The PIT method [6][7][8] applies to nonionic ethoxylated surfactants that change from water-soluble (hydrophilic) to oil-soluble (hydrophobic) with increasing
- ] proceeds at constant temperature (Figure 1b). Here, the change in the curvature of the surfactant layer from negative to positive or vice versa is driven by the addition of water (which increases POE hydration) to a mixture of oil + surfactant to produce an O/W nanoemulsion [14]. Under continued dilution
Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28
- on the physiology of the organ. The continuous endothelium is characterized by the lowest permeability. Most organs possess a continuous endothelium, which allows for diffusion of water and small molecules. Transporters, pumps, transcytosis, and ligand–receptor interactions are used to transport
- as the mass transport of water. Sinusoidal capillaries are characterized by the greatest permeability, and they are found in the liver and spleen. Their increased permeability is caused by the large gaps present between the endothelial cells and in the basement membrane. The second crucial aspect
Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26
- environment worldwide, in addition to the global energy crisis, is the increasing water pollution caused by micropollutants such as antibiotics and persistent organic dyes. Nanostructured semiconductors in advanced oxidation processes using photocatalysis have recently attracted a lot of interest as a
- applications, are addressed. Keywords: advanced oxidation processes; emerging contaminants; low-dimensional nanomaterials; pharmaceutical by-products; Schottky junction; Review Introduction Worldwide, water pollution is rising, endangering the economic potential and development objectives of severely
- polluted areas because of the detrimental effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems. The improper disposal of industrial and agricultural pollutants (such as organic dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceutical residues) in water systems is becoming more and more of a global health threat. Over two billion
Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25
- stabilizes the favorable orientation of histidine. Then a nucleophilic attack by serine on the Si–O bond of the precursor molecule results in a Ser–O–Si(OR)3 transitory complex. The hydrolysis is completed by the addition of water, separating the protein and the hydrolyzed precursor molecule, and the release
- properties of the SiBP are shown in Table 1. Synthesis of SiO2 particles The particles were synthesized based on the method described by Stöber and co-workers [42]. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) was used as the precursor, a 1:1 mixture of ethanol/deionized water was used as
- the solvent, and NH3 (Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA, USA) was used as the catalyst. Briefly, the Stöber process involves hydrolysis of an alkoxysilane precursor, such as TEOS, in alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst. This is followed by ethanol or water
Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24
- storage time than bare NPs because of the higher colloidal stability of the prepared colloidal particles [53]. In one study, liver cancer cell membrane-encapsulated PLGA NPs maintained a stable size in water and PBS for a long time, while bare PLGA NPs progressively grew larger (Figure 4B) [31]. 3
- cancer cell membrane protein components (b), which were similar to the cell lysate (c). (B) The box plot shows that the dimensional stability of cancer cell membrane biomimetic nanoparticles in water and PBS is significantly higher than that of bare nanoparticles. Adapted from [31]. (© 2019 Liu X et al
Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21
- molecular structure of nanometer size, (2) the easy chemical modification to introduce functional groups, and (3) the formation of dynamic inclusion complexes with various guests in water. With the use of photoirradiation, drugs are released from cyclodextrin-based nanoarchitectures at designated timing
- ) solubilize poorly water-soluble drugs through encapsulation in the cavity. Furthermore, otherwise unstable drugs are protected from degradation for efficient therapeutic functions. Many other roles of CyDs are also evident. Advantageously for DDSs, inclusion complexes of CyDs are reasonably stable to deliver
- therapeutics. In the early stage of pharmaceutical applications, CyDs were mostly employed in their monomeric forms or as their simple aggregates [14]. The inclusion complexes with drugs were usually prepared by mixing the components in water. When necessary, CyDs were crosslinked and used in the forms of, for
Concentration-dependent photothermal conversion efficiency of gold nanoparticles under near-infrared laser and broadband irradiation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 205–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.20
- -CTAB-DIH-1-25) were purchased from Nanopartz Inc. Suspensions with different concentrations of these GNPs were prepared by using ultrapure water (18.1 MΩ resistivity). Plasmonic photothermal measurements The photothermal experiments were performed by adding a 1.5 mL volume of different GNP
- . By combining Equation 2 and Equation 3, the energy balance equation becomes For a nanoparticle suspension, the specific heat capacity and total mass of GNPs are much smaller than those of water and can be neglected. Thus, by only considering the specific heat capacity of water (Cw = 4184 J·kg−1·K−1
- ) and the total mass of water (mw) the energy balance equation becomes: The change in temperature with time is thus: Here, = (hS)/(Cwmw) can be considered as the rate constant associated with the heat loss from the nanoparticle suspension. This rate constant can be determined from the slope of
A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19
- water and acetone, and dried at 80 °C to constant weight. The black carbon product was referred to as a C-11. The research assumed the synthesis and use of a carbon material with a high degree of graphitization as carbon support, which is more resistant to the high-temperature oxidation process in a
- fourth-degree polynomials. The dispersion of the measurement points visible for the individual curves results mainly from the nonuniform water transport in the cell (water management). Water enters the cell as water vapor with together the humidified gases and forms during the reactions. It condenses in
- the catalytic and diffusion layers. The microscopic water droplets must leave the MEA and the cell, but in some cases, they are temporarily trapped in the diffusion layer or the flow fields. The presence of water results in a temporary decrease of the current due to the transport resistance increase
Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17
- 2.2 mg/mL. These specimens were designated as CQDs/PU. For bioimaging studies, toluene was evaporated, and a thin film of CQDs was redissolved in water and filtered. The prepared QCD samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier
- light source and the 20 mL vials with samples was 5 cm. Hydroxyl radical production The CQDs/PU composite samples in the form of 1 × 1 × 0.1 cm3 rectangular slabs were immersed in 2 mL of terephthalic acid (TA, Sigma-Aldrich) water/NaOH (2 × 10−3 mol/L) solution. The concentration of TA was 5 × 10−4 mol
- 5% CO2. 5 × 104 Hela cells were seeded on cover slips in 12-well plates and incubated overnight to allow cells to attach. The next day, cells were treated with medium containing aqueous solution of CQDs at a final concentration of 200 µg/mL (deionized water was used as a negative vehicle control
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