Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• voltage are used in high-speed designs, but at the cost of higher leakage power consumption. The device previously described in the literature has a low threshold voltage of 0.15 V and a higher off-current than the design proposed here. Hence, the proposed design can be employed in low-power applications

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• , University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia Estonian Military Academy, Riia 12, 51010 Tartu, Estonia 10.3762/bjnano.15.58 Abstract Due to the recent interest in ultrawide bandgap β-Ga2O3 thin films and nanostructures for various electronics and UV device applications, it is important to understand

• chemical stability [4][5]. Ga2O3 is a promising candidate for visible-blind UV-light sensors [3], power devices and optoelectronics [6][7][8][9], gas sensors [10], and memory devices [8]. These applications can be scaled down to the nanoscale, including flexible nanodevices. Ga2O3 nanowires (NWs) could be

Enhancing higher-order modal response in multifrequency atomic force microscopy with a coupled cantilever system

• Wendong Sun,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Yanan Chen,
• Zhipeng Dou,
• Rui Lin,
• Peng Cheng,
• Xiaodong Gao,
• Quan Yuan and
• Yifan Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.57

• probe and excitation surface sizes on the modal response. To facilitate the exploration of the effectiveness and optimal conditions for the coupled system in practical applications, a macroscale experimental platform is established. By conducting finite element analysis and experiments, we compare the

• scaled up from a multifrequency AFM microscale cantilever. The reliability of the coupled system theory is demonstrated by exploring the macroscale modal response, which provides pre-validation for subsequent microscale applications. Therefore, we established a macroscale experimental platform to emulate

• additional resonance peaks, expanding its potential range of applications. Results and Discussion Transfer function analysis For a traditional rectangular cantilever beam, the dynamics of the system can be described by transfer functions [12][23]. Representing the cantilever as an isolated input/output

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India Biomedical Applications Group, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India 10.3762/bjnano.15.56 Abstract Photothermal conversion of light

• hydrogels for enabling usage on nanophotonic, photothermal, and bio-imaging applications. Keywords: anisotropy; hydrogel; kappa-carrageenan; metal nanoparticles; nanoarchitectonics; nanomakura; photothermal properties; surfactants; Introduction Nanoarchitectonics is the fabrication of functional material

• biomedical soft materials [21]. Similarly, a very recent introduction of kappa-carrageenan (k-CG) into the field of nanotechnology has shown immense potential in the synthesis of plasmonic metal nanoparticles [22]. K-carrageenan is well known and is being used in several biomedical applications due to its

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• fundamentals and applications [7]. The colloids reported in the literature contain mainly inorganic particles (hence, they are the focus of this review), although the literature on organic particle synthesis has been reported as well, ranging from dyes [8][9] to natural substances [10][11] and drugs [12]. LSPC

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• successful exfoliation of TiN structures using our innovative non-thermal plasma method, opening up exciting possibilities for advanced material applications. Keywords: exfoliation; nanosheets; non-plasma method; titanium nitride; Introduction Since the groundbreaking discovery of graphene by Andre Geim

• conductivity [10][11][12]. On the nanoscale, TiN finds applications as additive in titanium alloys, as catalyst support material, as supercapacitor component, and as nanocoating for medical implants [13][14][15][16]. Furthermore, ultra-small TiN nanodots have been successfully obtained through liquid

• exfoliation methods, offering promising prospects for applications in photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of tumors because of their satisfactory absorption characteristics in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region [5]. The non-thermal plasma (NTP) synthesis method enables the fabrication of 2D

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• films on polypropylene substrates. Polypropylene is widely used as packaging material [11] and in other industrial applications [12][13][14]; however, it is commonly known for its poor gas barrier properties [11][13]. Therefore, silicon oxide coatings are used to improve the gas barrier properties [13

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) [19] support the growth of long 1D chains of parallel oriented QA molecules, both in bulk crystals and on surfaces. It has been shown by Głowacki et al. that QA exhibits promising properties for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices [20][21]. In particular, they

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• size on the probability to cross the BBB by using the endothelial brain cell method. The results indicated that the intracellular uptake of NPs strongly depends on the NP size. This characteristic has a direct impact on biomedical applications. When NPs serve as carriers for drug delivery through

• N2D3Ss are a promising and plausible tool to help conventional NDDs cross the BBB. AI/ML algorithms can be instrumental in expediting the process of designing N2D3Ss. However, scientific literature lacks a sufficient number of real N2D3S experimental cases that characterize complex applications. In this

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• therapeutic, diagnostic, or theragnostic applications to pathological macrophages and endothelia is of major pharmaceutical interest [21]. The vascular endothelium can be actively targeted with nanomedicines of high structural sophistication [22][23], which are, however, difficult to fit within the

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• nanostructures produced by FEBID are of interest for diverse applications including magnetic data storage devices [4][5][6], tips for magnetic force microscopy [4][7], or sensors [4][8]. The same applies to cobalt nanostructures, which can be prepared with high purity and shape fidelity using, in particular, the

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• Department of Material Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.44 Abstract Aeromaterials represent a class of increasingly attractive materials for various applications. Among them, aero-ZnS has been produced by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on sacrificial ZnO templates consisting of

• networks of microtetrapods and has been proposed for microfluidic applications. In this paper, a cost-effective technological approach is proposed for the fabrication of aero-ZnS by using physical vapor transport with Sn2S3 crystals and networks of ZnO microtetrapods as precursors. The morphology of the

• sensor applications. Keywords: aeromaterial; crystallographic structure; luminescence; physical vapor transport; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); X-ray diffraction (XRD); Introduction Porous materials represent a class of solid-state networks widely used in adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• graphene quantum dots formed directly at 200 °C. Stacking GQDs sheets onto the CF nanoparticles resulted in CF/GQDs nanoparticles. The nanocomposite exhibits satisfactory fluorescent and superparamagnetic properties, which are vital for catalytic applications. The CF/GQDs catalyse significantly the

• breaking graphene sheets or from molecules with aromatic structure (fullerenes, starch, and carbohydrates) [3]. However, often GQDs are only stable in solvents, which limits their application in fields that require their solid form, such as in adsorption and photocatalytic, or electrochemical applications

• electrons and holes. These results suggest that the CoFe2O4/GQD nanocomposite is a potential catalyst for methylene blue degradation and various environmental applications. XRD patterns of (a) CF and (b) CF/GQDs. (a) UV–vis absorption spectra of the GQD solution; inset: GQD solution under white light (left

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• has shown significant treatment efficacy for central nervous system (CNS) disorders including depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The physicochemical properties of DCS, however, limit the options of formulation and medicinal applications of DCS, and

• DCS nanocrystals will not have improved water solubility in comparison with that of commercial DCS. Accordingly, we focused on the other two important characteristics of nanocrystals: size effect and dissolution rate, and then investigated the pharmaceutical applications of DCS nanocrystals through in

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• applications in modern superconducting spintronics [18][19][20][21][22]. In 1997, Beasley and coworkers proposed a theoretical F1/F2/S model of the SSV structure [1]. Another F1/S/F2 model was developed a little later in 1999 by Tagirov [2] and Buzdin and coworkers [3]. In these structures, F1 and F2 are

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• applications this is highly undesirable, especially when neighboring structures are interconnected. A new technique combining FEBID and focused electron beam-induced etching (FEBIE) has been developed to fabricate structures with vertical sidewalls. The sidewalls of carbon FEBID structures have been modified

• using focused ion beam (FIB) milling and shown as an electron tilt image in Figure 1b, clearly demonstrates the Gaussian shape. For lithography applications, however, both the long tails and the Gaussian cross section are highly undesirable. The tails may form interconnects to neighboring lines, and the

• which the sidewall angle becomes 90°. The method described here to make vertical sidewalls of FEBID deposits has the potential to make FEBIP a more competitive technology for lithography applications. Experimental The FEBID and FEBIE experiments were carried out in a Thermo Fisher Scientific Helios 650

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• ; silver nanowires; Introduction Metal nanowires (NWs) are promising key elements in a wide range of applications, including solar cells [1], smart windows [2], flexible sensors [3], touch screens [4], biocompatible polymer binders [5], temperature sensing [6], medical materials [7], and key elements of

• NW networks is in highly flexible transparent film heaters [15]. In recent years, Ag NWs have garnered attention as a key element in neuromorphic computing devices [16]. In the context of the applications mentioned, Ag NWs are subjected to elevated temperatures caused by Joule heating [17]. Moreover

• ][23]. This phenomenon is closely related to the variation of surface energy with size [24]. For instance, the melting temperature can decrease by several hundred degrees for structures smaller than 10 nm [25]. In practical applications, the diameters of Ag NWs are typically significantly larger

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• biosensors are commonly made of LSPR materials [17]. With the development of synthesis techniques, numerous nanostructures of noble metals have been extensively studied to improve the intrinsic parameters of sensors. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) exhibit great performance in sensing applications owing to the

• regarding the detection of NFT and SDZ, we demonstrate application aspects of our product, showing the great potential of DESs in sensing and biomedical applications. Results and Discussion Formation of Ag NPs-DES We have developed new and simple strategy to fabricate Ag NPs-DES in which ascorbic acid was

• located at 390 nm, which is suitable for SERS applications with 532 nm laser excitation. Besides, the shape of the UV–vis spectrum is in accordance with Mie scattering theory calculations, as reported in [39], proving the existence of Ag NPs in the solution. Moreover, the XRD pattern of the thin film

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• , during its epitaxial growth in surface science experiments or its fabrication for applications, defects, that is, deviations from the ideal 2D lattice, inevitably occur. Examples for defects are vacancies, interstitial atoms, grain boundaries, stacking faults or wrinkles [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam BioNano Applications Research Center, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea 10.3762/bjnano.15.36 Abstract

• reactivity because of the presence of an unpaired electron in their atomic structure. In this review, we summarize some novel metal-based nanoantioxidants and classify them into two main categories, namely chain-breaking and preventive antioxidant nanomaterials. In addition, the applications of antioxidant

• action, and expand their applications, especially in medicine and healthcare. For example, the question of why nanoparticles with a majority of Ce3+ on the surface have stronger antioxidant activity than those with Ce4+ has recently been answered by Dutta and co-workers [11]. Ce3+ nanoparticles have a

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• sensors are an important factor in moving from rigid to flexible electronics. Graphene, because of its interesting inherent properties, has found its way in many applications [1][2][3]. In particular, it is a promising alternative material as a transparent and conductive coating for future flexible

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• electron microscopy; Introduction Scientific research varying from electronics to photonics, homeland security, high-resolution parallel patterning of magnetic media, biotechnology, and medicine are based upon nanotechnology. These applications require nanopatterning techniques to fabricate devices or

• structures. Although these structures may not be visible to the naked eye, they certainly have a visible impact on the mentioned applications. Nanopatterning is a very delicate procedure that is only possible with special techniques such as ion beam sputtering (IBS), with which one can achieve nanostructures

• experimental results [11][12]. Thanks to these efforts, desired nanopattern features with a large degree of control may be achieved, according to specific applications, on a wide variety of targets. Facsko et al. [13] have shown controlled growth of nanodots on GaSb, and their probable use was demonstrated via

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• ][13] and ferromagnetic resonance modes [14][15]. Meanwhile it has been shown that it might also lead to sequential flipping of different free layers, which, on the one hand, increases the complexity of the STT effects [16] and, on the other hand, expands its applications [5]. In this work, we present

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• sputtering for optoelectronic applications. A glancing angle of 87° is employed to grow films of different thicknesses, which are then exposed to post-growth annealing. Detailed local probe analyses in terms of morphology and work function of WOx films are carried out to investigate thickness-dependent

• ideal candidate for UV photodetector applications [3]. Because of its octahedral lattice symmetry and partially filled d bands, WOx is also highly attractive as an electrochromic material for developing modern-day smart windows and display devices [4][5][6][7]. Exhibiting various stoichiometric and sub

• on the variation in work function with thickness for GLAD-grown WOx films in this study is valuable towards potential device applications, where work function optimization among consecutive layers is imperative. Moreover, the adopted rf sputtering technique in the present work ensures reduced surface

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• , feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. The PSDs measured by the three titanium dioxide manufacturers based on electron micrographs are in excellent agreement with one another but differ significantly from those published elsewhere. Importantly, in some cases, the PSDs result in a different