A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• , finite element simulations, and numerical modelling results and compared to experiments. The results indicate that with lower accelerator voltages, higher ion beam currents in the nanoampere range can be used to pattern or image soft material and non-resin-embedded biological samples with increased

• when using nanoampere beam currents. The unnaturally smooth surface areas, visible in the cross sections in the SEM image in Figure 4A, indicate that heat damage occurs when using higher ion energies and nanoampere currents for collagen, even when blurring the beam and reducing the overlap. This result

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• . The data shows that smart nanopolymers can be used to create new types of doxorubicin-based drugs. Solutions utilized during polymerization. FTIR spectra of SNPs and DOX-SNPs. SEM image of SNPs. (A) Loading capacity of DOX at different initial concentrations. (B) Time-dependent release of DOX under

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• KPFM, a voltage is applied to the tip in order to compensate electrostatic forces occurring between tip and sample. Such electrostatic forces arise from the different positions of the Fermi level in tip and sample, which give rise to charge transfer. In KPFM, the forces are measured by SFM during image

• acquisition [21][22]. In this way, an image of the local contact potential difference between tip and sample is obtained. This has been shown not only for general surfaces, for example, insulating surfaces, but also for molecules and molecular layers [18][23][24][25]. Here, we study the local work function

• and Discussion A topographic image of GNRs on the Au surface is shown in Figure 1a. While most GNRs are attached to gold step edges or to other ribbons, we additionally observe isolated individual ribbons. When the tip and the GNR are brought close together, electrostatic forces between tip and sample

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• microstructure of the deposits was investigated using a ThermoFischer Themis 200 G3 aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (TEM) operating at 200 kV. Cross-sectional TEM lamellas were prepared by a standard sample preparation protocol using a Tescan Lyra3 FIB-SEM system. The TEM overview image was

• ligands instead of their further dissociation and co-deposition into the deposit. To further investigate the microstructure of the deposit, a thin lamella along the dashed white line in Figure 1a was prepared and studied by TEM. The TEM overview image is depicted in Figure 1c, its alignment and

• magnification were adapted to match the high-resolution SEM (HRSEM) image above. The deposit structure turned out to be extremely non-uniform with a continuous layer of elemental silver at the interface between deposit and silicon substrate (cf. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4, for more details on the

Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection

• Knarik Khachatryan,
• Simon Anter,
• Michael Reichling and
• Alexander von Schmidsfeld

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1070–1076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.87

• in Figure 1. This error is estimated by visual inspection of a CCD camera image of the fiber–cantilever gap, and we find . To estimate the wavelength error δλ, we performed a careful measurement of the laser diode light wavelength λ with a spectrograph (Acton series SP-2500i-2556, Princeton

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• confirms the occurrence of Ag, Au, Na, Cl, C, and O elements on the FP-AgAuN3 substrate, provided in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4. To confirm the presence of Ag and Au in alloy NPs, an EDX mapping investigation was conducted on AgAuD3 NPs coated on a Si substrate. The color map image of a

• wavelengths, which is also evident from TEM image analysis, as discussed above. A similar trend was noticed in the case of Au NP distribution on FP, as detailed in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6. SERS measurements from filter paper-loaded nanoparticles Initially, a portable Raman spectrometer with a

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• . (a) Scanning electron microscopy image and (b) 3D close-up of the pixel-based CNT microbolometer. (a) TEM image showing DWCNTs and (b) Raman spectrum of the VACNTs. Schematic of the device under test (DUT) and measurement setups to characterize the CNT-based microbolometer. (a) Sample 1 with metal

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• [29]. Other microscopy techniques that are useful for such studies are correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) [30], confocal microscopy with Z-stacks [4], and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) which can also demonstrate in which organelles the NPs are localized. The SIM image shown in

• CC BY 4.0. SIM image showing photosensitizer–chitosan conjugate polymeric NPs within lysosomes. MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with the NPs (red) for 2 h, followed by a washout and chasing for 2 h at 37 °C. Then, the cells were fixed and stained with an antibody against the lysosomal marker LAMP-1

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• within channels is distributed between more fibers surrounding the channels. Panel (b) shows a scanning electron microscopy image of a 5 × 7 mm gecko gasket design for electrophoresis. Panel (c) is a compilation image of multiple applications for the gecko gaskets, including microfluidics integrated on

• unpublished work with image credit and permission from Samuel Lehmann 2016 – this content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) Composite images of one and two-layer SETEX tapes prior to adhesion (top two images) and, at the bottom, a demonstration of how the bending stiffness increases with the adhered tapes. (b

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• × PBS and in cell culture medium and (B) SEM image of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 at magnifications of 10k and 40k. Uptake of F127@PLGA/Cou-6 and F127-folate@PLGA/Cou-6 in folate receptor-expressing cells (MCF-7, HepG2) and HEK 293 cells, which do not express the folate receptor. Cells represented in

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• presented in atom % for 1a (colour images generated by the Aztec software; 1% rounding error on the C atom % map). The bottom image is a secondary electron SEM image of the deposit. SEM image of deposits 1b–1f obtained by co-injecting platinum precursor and water. All images are taken at the same brightness

• patterned area ranges between −0.125 and 0.125 µm. The (a) carbon and (b) platinum contents are presented in atom %. The background Si signal was not excluded from the analysis. (a) High-resolution TEM image and (b) overlay of the HAADF image and the STEM-EDX map of the cross section of deposit 1g. Layers

• , 100, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10000 passes, ordered as indicated in the upper left image) at 2.3 nA (2a–2c) and 0.54 nA (2d–2f). The right column (2c, 2f) shows deposition only, the middle column (2b, 2e) etching only, and the left column (2a, 2d) simultaneous etching and deposition. 52°-tilted SEM images

Investigation on drag reduction on rotating blade surfaces with microtextures

• Qinsong Zhu,
• Chen Zhang,
• Fuhang Yu and
• Yan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 833–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.70

• ]. Lang et al. [8] constructed rectangular and sinusoidal grooves with 2 mm in width, 3 mm in depth, and 1 mm in spacing, thus mimicking the transverse grooves on the surface of dolphin skin. They observed the effect of the grooves on flow separation and boundary layer using digital particle image

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• process. However, the distinct features of the flakes were overall conserved. Figure 5 depicts TEM images carried out on the samples. Low- and high-resolution images captured from MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2 composite samples are shown in Figure 5a–f. The low-magnification TEM image indicates that the size of

• orientation is indicated by the (103) direction. In the high-resolution image, some edge-related defects can also be seen which is common in CVD-grown MoS2 materials [34]. Similarly, the WS2 sample exhibits a flake shape along with a high crystalline nature of the flakes (Figure 5c, Figure 5d). Figure 5e and

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• diffraction pattern of this section is presented in Figure 3b. The image obtained from the reflection of the white circles indicated in the diffraction pattern is shown in Figure 3c, and the reflection of all points is shown in Figure 3d. These results show lattice fringes corresponding to the crystal

• silver–palladium sample was also performed on a TITAN FEI Analytical (Low-Base) device in STEM mode. Figure 4a shows the micrograph with the area in which the scan was performed is marked by the box “Spectrum Image”; the section that serves for the correction of spatial distortion has the legend “Spatial

• , (b) diffraction pattern, (c) reflection image of white circles, (d) reflection image of all points in the diffraction pattern, and (e) crystallographic distance profile. Elemental analysis by TEM-EDS of the silver–palladium nanoparticles. (a) STEM micrograph, (b) spectrum of elementary analysis

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• insulating substrates. In Figure 1, we present a stack of single-layer GO and rGO flakes co-deposited on SiO2, measured under N2 atmosphere (RH < 10%). Distinguishing between GO and rGO flakes based solely on the topography image proves to be challenging, as both materials exhibit similar heights. Therefore

• is roughly homogeneous along the flake. Conversely, when biasing the tip, not only does the overall height increase, but the increase is more pronounced in certain regions (Figure 4c,d). Comparing these regions with the 2ωelec image (Figure 4b), we find that the height increase is correlated to the

• , where the tip is far away from the surface; thus, we only keep the leading-order terms in z0→∞. This approximation allows for a simple treatment in terms of image charges, see for example [86][87]. In general, verifying the boundary conditions at the surface and at the tip surface requires to treat an

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• microscopy (SEM) image of the trenches with a superimposed line depicting the position of the prepared cross section. Figure 3b–d presents the corresponding cross-sectional STEM images of trenches, where the silicon dioxide is visualized as the dark layer. The shape of trenches was mainly determined by the

• crystalline silicon substrate covered by an approximately 600 nm thick silicon dioxide layer. The plan-view SEM image corresponding to M = 2 and cross-sectional STEM images of the prepared boxes are shown in Figure 3e and Figure 3f–h, respectively. As can be seen from Figure 3e–h, V-like boxes cutting through

• atoms caused by the ion beam movement during the fabrication of the boxes (see Figure 1a). Each stripe in the image corresponds to one of the line segments oriented along the y axis in the serpentine scanning pattern. The composition of the redeposited layer varies along the z axis direction, and

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• the length and width of NWs for three-point bending were measured in SEM, the heights were taken from the topography data obtained by AFM in the adhered parts of the NW at each end. In Figure 5a, an SEM image captures the morphology of a Ga2O3 NW positioned over an inverted pyramid structure. Notably

• ) X-ray diffraction pattern of β-Ga2O3 NWs on silicon substrate. b) TEM image of a β-Ga2O3 NW with interlayer spacing of 5.7 Å, indicating [001] growth direction. c) TEM image of a β-Ga2O3 NW with orthogonal (11−2) and (−112) planes and interlayer spacing 2.2 Å, indicating [021] growth direction. a

• ) SEM image of the as-grown Ga2O3 NWs on silicon substrate; b) an individual NW with trapezoid cross-section. SEM image of a NW fixed at one end and a closely positioned probe tip: a) without applied AC and DC; b) observable oscillation with 4V AC and 2V DC (no resonance); c) with 4V AC and 2V DC

Enhancing higher-order modal response in multifrequency atomic force microscopy with a coupled cantilever system

• Wendong Sun,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Yanan Chen,
• Zhipeng Dou,
• Rui Lin,
• Peng Cheng,
• Xiaodong Gao,
• Quan Yuan and
• Yifan Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.57

• the higher-order modal response of the coupled system gradually increases, which will improve the sensitivity of the detection and promote the development of multifrequency AFM utilizing higher-order modes of the cantilever to image sample properties. Finite element analysis Model size and simulation

• inset shows an enlarged view of the red boxed area. (b) The influence of different excitation positions on the frequency modal response of the microcantilever model. Experimental setup of the macroscale cantilever platform. Image of the macroscale cantilever. The left side is clamped by (a) a size

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• higher transparency to the microscope beam is observed, indicating fewer scattering centers. When comparing Figure 3a and Figure 3d, it is clear that the initial compact 3D TiN blocks underwent a transformation and evolved into plate-like thin layers. The high-resolution image in Figure 3f shows a

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• , equipped with a broadband Carmina OPO Laser (Angewandte Physik & Elektronik GmbH, Germany). Contact Mode NIR2 cantilevers from Anasys Instruments (PR-EX-nIR2-10) were used. The samples were first scanned in contact mode with a resolution between 512 × 256 and 256 × 256 pixels and an image size between 10

• with a 5 nm SiOx coating was used and, additionally to the AFM-IR spectra, a hyperspectral image was collected in contact mode. In addition to photothermal AFM-IR measurements in contact mode and surface-sensitive mode, the surface was analyzed with near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron

• image of the sample with the 50 nm SiOx layer (Figure 4a), a column-like grown SiOx film is visible. The surface became rougher. In addition to that, small cracks in the SiOx layer are recognizable. These cracks were induced by uniaxial stretching of about 10%. The topography of the 5 nm sample (Figure

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• = − f1 < 0 is tracked by the PLL and used as the input of the Z-controller to form a “topographic image”, which is actually a “constant-Δf” image. Alternatively, the image can also be acquired at constant height, which then forms a local Δf map of the surface. Δf is expressed according to [11][12]: where

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• diameters were 156 nm, 177 nm, and 199 nm, respectively (Figure 2e). The average size obtained from TEM was different from the sizes found by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The reason is that the TEM image depicts the size of the sample in the dry state, while the DLS method depicts the size of the

• as, *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001, ns (not significant). Synthesis of the Fe3O4 NCs, CUR-Fe NPs, and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs. Figure 1 was drawn using Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com), export ID AOPIS34314. The materials contained in the image are copyrighted by Home for Researchers. This content is not subject

• ), export ID AOPIS34314. The materials contained in the image are copyrighted by Home for Researchers. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. We would like to thank Prof Yingqi Li, Zhanfeng Zheng, Yongzhen Wang and Yong Wang for their technical help. Funding The authors are grateful for the financial

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• that up to three chains, parallel to an adjacent step edge, would fit on a terrace (one chain is 16.5 Å in width). A QA chain that is oriented perpendicular to the step edges would consist of seven molecules on one terrace (the intermolecular distance within a QA chain is 6.6 Å). An STM image of the Ag

• (35 1 1) surface is shown in Figure S1a of Supporting Information File 1. The STM image reveals that the Ag steps are not regularly spaced. Instead, the distribution of the terrace widths is very broad. The step distribution that was obtained by evaluating STM images with an Python script reported by

• Bastidas et al. [32] is shown in Figure S1b in Supporting Information File 1. On the left-hand side of the STM image (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1), the average distance between the steps is only 20 Å (seven atom rows), which is less than half of the expected terrace width of 50.5 Å. At the

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• 33342 for 10 min at RT. After staining, the membranes were separated from the inserts and were mounted on slides using a motion mounting medium. A Leica laser-scanning spectral confocal microscope TCS SP8 (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) was used. Image processing was performed using ImageJ

• test using Prisma 4.0 Software (Graph Pad Software, CA, USA). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; n.s. represents non-significant (p > 0.05). (A) Representative image of alendronate loaded in a cholesterol-containing