Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• surface and prevent surface reactions, and in turn, hamper the photocatalytic activity [25]. In order to address the above issues, TiO2 photocatalysts are often synthesized in the form of a porous colloidal particle in sub-micrometer dimensions [8][26][27]. They can be calcined at high temperature, which

• ]. Although hydrothermal or solvothermal process are simple and convenient, they are typically conducted under high pressure and high temperature conditions for an elongated reaction time in a sealed reactor which requires high energy and large expense. In addition, it is difficult to monitor the overall

Absence of free carriers in silicon nanocrystals grown from phosphorus- and boron-doped silicon-rich oxide and oxynitride

• Daniel Hiller,
• Julian López-Vidrier,
• Keita Nomoto,
• Michael Wahl,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Tomáš Chlouba,
• František Trojánek,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Margit Zacharias,
• Dirk König,
• Petr Malý and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1501–1511, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.141

• of thermal activation via, e.g., a high-temperature annealing process a significant fraction of potential dopants will remain on interstitial sites [3]. The decreasing number of Si–Si bonds per Si NC atom is a crucial point for the increase of dopant formation energies [4]. These factors impede

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• , oxidizing agents (Cr(VI), MnO4−, ClO−, Cl2 etc.) and reducing agents (H2, CO). Secondly, energy consuming conditions such as high temperature and high pressure processes are to be avoided [39][40][41][42]. In semiconductor-mediated photocatalysis, the eCB− in the CB combines with molecular O2 as shown in

Disorder-induced suppression of the zero-bias conductance peak splitting in topological superconducting nanowires

• Jun-Tong Ren,
• Hai-Feng Lü,
• Sha-Sha Ke,
• Yong Guo and
• Huai-Wu Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1358–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.128

• ], among which some possible reasons have been proposed, such as the combining effect of high temperature and multisubband occupancy in a Coulomb-blocked nanowire where the non-topological low-energy Andreev bound states and MBSs simultaneously exist [53], the zero-energy pinning effect induced by the

Formation mechanisms of boron oxide films fabricated by large-area electron beam-induced deposition of trimethyl borate

• Aiden A. Martin and
• Philip J. Depond

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1282–1287, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.120

• absorbers, and high-temperature and chemically resistant ceramics. In this article, the first investigation into the deposition of boron-based material via electron beam-induced deposition (EBID) is reported. Thin films were deposited using a novel, large-area EBID system that is shown to deposit material

• deposition rate with temperature is expected for the majority of EBID precursors. However, it is in stark contrast to the silicon alkoxide precursor TEOS [14]. The deposition rate of TEOS recovers at high temperature through the activation of chemisorption where scission of Si–O bonds enables TEOS to react

• this system. This finding is significant as it confirms that alkoxy ligand precursors are not necessarily a perfect candidate for chemisorption, which would enable recovery of the deposition rate at high temperature. When compared to conventional, EBID at the scale of a few micrometers at room

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• increased as the temperature was increased to above 600 °C (873 K), as Equation 2 and Equation 3 are favorable at high temperature. The results obtained for the equilibrium conversion of CH4 and CO2 showed that the ratio of unity was the best ratio to obtain a balanced conversion between CH4 and CO2. As the

• reaction in terms of carbon deposition, so the effect of inert gas at high temperature could be negligible. DRM reaction mechanism DRM is an endothermic reaction favored at high temperature and a low pressure. The reaction mechanism is extremely important for understanding the involved processes or for

• of thermal calcination techniques at high temperature. This plasma treatment is the most well-known technique because of its requirement for a low operation temperature with greatly energetic electrons for catalyst preparation. Thus, this method is very friendly towards heat sensitive substrates

Electrostatic force spectroscopy revealing the degree of reduction of individual graphene oxide sheets

• Yue Shen,
• Ying Wang,
• Yuan Zhou,
• Chunxi Hai,
• Jun Hu and
• Yi Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1146–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.106

• transparency injury in sample 2 caused by high temperature (450 °C) and oxidation in the atmosphere, no other differences amongst samples 1–5 were observed. In addition, the increased apparent height in the SPFM images compared with the height in the topography images (Figure 1d–n) indicates that the GO sheets

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticle-filled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties

• Rasha Ghunaim,
• Maik Scholz,
• Christine Damm,
• Bernd Rellinghaus,
• Rüdiger Klingeler,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Michael Mertig and
• Silke Hampel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1024–1034, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.95

• ][20], and are thus highly suitable for high-temperature applications. However, reducing the size of these materials down to the nanoscale to produce nanowires and nanoparticles results in a robust enhancement in the coercivity [21][22], which make them good candidates for high-density magnetic storage

• coatings, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been introduced as a protective shell due to their high stability in different chemical and physical environments such as acidic, basic, high temperature and pressurized conditions [33][34][35][36]. CNTs can also act as a template to control the size and morphology of

Effect of annealing treatments on CeO₂ grown on TiN and Si substrates by atomic layer deposition

• Silvia Vangelista,
• Rossella Piagge,
• Satu Ek and
• Alessio Lamperti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 890–899, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.83

• . Incidentally, such a high-temperature regime is typical of front-end CMOS processes, and could be of relevance to evaluate a possible CeO2 integration at this process step. Deposition of CeO2 thin films in previous studies has been achieved by using a variety of growth techniques, such as RF-magnetron

• deposited structures have been characterized by X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and diffraction at grazing incidence (GIXRD) using a XRD3000 diffractometer (Italstructure) with monochromated X-ray Cu Kα radiation (wavelength 0.154 nm) and beam size defined by slits aperture of 0.1 × 6 mm. The high temperature

• nm thick interlayer included in the model accounts for the suspected further oxidation of the silicon substrate during annealing. ToF-SIMS depth profiles collected from the samples annealed at high temperature confirm the XRR findings. To further clarify the sample response to the annealing

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• dominates the macroporous structure. Characteristics of imines New imines, (E,E)-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(oxybutane-4,1-diyl) bis(4-{[(benzo[d][1,3]thiazol-2-yl)methylidene]amino}benzoate) (SP1) and (E)-N-[(benzo[d][1,3]thiazol-2-yl)methylidene]-4-dodecylaniline (SP2), were obtained via high-temperature

Facile synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄ photocatalysts for decolourization of organic dyes under solar irradiation

• Arjun Behera,
• Debasmita Kandi,
• Sanjit Manohar Majhi,
• Satyabadi Martha and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 436–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.42

• furnace at heating and cooling rates of 5 °C·min−1 [23]. Most of these preparation processes require various reaction steps or high temperature, which is the major drawback of the prepared materials. The prepared ferrite materials have been widely applied in the field of photocatalysis to degrade most of

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• residual stress within the thin film layers which has to be taken into account for NEM switch applications as it can cause unwanted out-of-plane deformations of switching elements [6][142]. Therefore, specific treatments for switching elements such as high-temperature annealing is necessary to release the

BN/Ag hybrid nanomaterials with petal-like surfaces as catalysts and antibacterial agents

• Konstantin L. Firestein,
• Denis V. Leybo,
• Alexander E. Steinman,
• Andrey M. Kovalskii,
• Andrei T. Matveev,
• Anton M. Manakhov,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Pavel V. Slukin,
• Nadezda K. Fursova,
• Sergey G. Ignatov,
• Dmitri V. Golberg and
• Dmitry V. Shtansky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 250–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.27

• also apparent within the BN/Ag HNMs (Figure 3e). Thermal stability of BN/Ag hybrid nanomaterials The majority of NH applications, including catalysts, are closely related to their high-temperature performance. Thus, HNMs with high thermal stability, i.e., capable of maintaining their structure at

Electrical properties of a liquid crystal dispersed in an electrospun cellulose acetate network

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Octavian Danila,
• Pedro L. Almeida and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 155–163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.18

• results are summarized in Table 1. The VFT data processed parameters are presented parallel to the previously published results obtained using the I–V curves and the Arrhenius formula [28]. A good agreement of the obtained activation energies is observed, with lower values in the high-temperature domain

Dopant-stimulated growth of GaN nanotube-like nanostructures on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy

• Alexey D. Bolshakov,
• Alexey M. Mozharov,
• Georgiy A. Sapunov,
• Igor V. Shtrom,
• Nickolay V. Sibirev,
• Vladimir V. Fedorov,
• Evgeniy V. Ubyivovk,
• Maria Tchernycheva,
• George E. Cirlin and
• Ivan S. Mukhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 146–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.17

• diffraction (RHEED) patterns: we did not observe (7 × 7) a Si surface reconstruction pattern while cooling down the substrate that was subjected to the low temperature annealing. On the contrary, when the high temperature annealing (at least 920 °С) was applied, we observed a clear (7 × 7) reconstruction

• doping cell below 1060 °C. To obtain a high doping of the NWs we synthesized a sample on the substrate that underwent the high temperature annealing by increasing the Si cell temperature to 1160 °C. SEM images of the grown sample (Figure 2a) show the anticipated effect of the NW lateral extension towards

• thin AlN buffer layer. We demonstrated that the annealing procedure affects the nanostructure growth rate and surface density: the elongation rate on a substrate that underwent the low temperature annealing is twice as high as for the substrate that underwent the high temperature oxide removal

Transition from silicene monolayer to thin Si films on Ag(111): comparison between experimental data and Monte Carlo simulation

• Alberto Curcella,
• Romain Bernard,
• Yves Borensztein,
• Silvia Pandolfi and
• Geoffroy Prévot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 48–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.7

• , has been proposed [37][38]. At low temperature (T = 470 K), multilayer silicene would form, without Ag at the surface, whereas diamond-like growth would occur at high temperature (T = 570 K), with Ag acting as a surfactant. Thus, open questions remain on the nature of the films formed as a function of

• K, 473 K and 505 K). In the following, all intensities have been normalized to the Ag intensity measured for the clean surface prior evaporation. The evolution of the normalized Auger intensities IAg and ISi is shown in Figure 1d and 1e as a function of Si coverage. For high temperature measurements

CdSe nanorod/TiO₂ nanoparticle heterojunctions with enhanced solar- and visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Fakher Laatar,
• Hatem Moussa,
• Halima Alem,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Hatem Ezzaouia and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2741–2752, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.273

• to develop TiO2-based solar cells. Core/shell TiO2/CdSe NRs were also prepared by growing CdSe quantum dots onto TiO2 NRs at high temperature [42]. In this paper, we report an investigation on the synthesis of CdSe-NR-sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles and on the use of these materials for the degradation

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• observed. The wide low-temperature band centered at 179 °C originates from the highly dispersed CuOx clusters, while the sharp high-temperature peak located at 200 °C is due to the strong interactions in the Cu–[O]–Ce structure [13]. In general, commercial Cu2O and pure CuO synthesized using a conventional

• and CeO2. In addition, the pure Co3O4 bulk gets reduced at a high temperature of above 280 °C in the literature [6][11]. For the H2-TPR profile of CeO2–NiO sample, a sharp peak is clearly observed at around 250 °C, which can be due to the reduction of NiO cluster species weakly interacting with CeO2

• maintained 100% CO conversion at 165 °C after ten successive cycles. Interestingly, the catalytic activity in the 2nd to 10th run was not reduced, and even slightly higher than that in the first run. The possible reason can be attributed to an improvement of the oxidizability of CuOx species during the high

Robust procedure for creating and characterizing the atomic structure of scanning tunneling microscope tips

• Sumit Tewari,
• Koen M. Bastiaans,
• Milan P. Allan and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2389–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.238

• controlled by the overlap of the electronic wave functions of tip and surface. Many techniques are available for preparing atomically clean sample surfaces, including repeated cycles of sputtering and annealing in the case of metals, by fresh cleavage in the case of suitable materials, and by high

• -temperature annealing as for many semiconductors. However, a well defined tip structure at the atomic scale is still hard to achieve. Mechanical grinding [1], electro-polishing [11] or electrochemical etching [12][13] are standard ex situ methods for preparing microscopically sharp tips. The tip apex can be

Ta₂N₃ nanocrystals grown in Al₂O₃ thin layers

• Krešimir Salamon,
• Maja Buljan,
• Iva Šarić,
• Mladen Petravić and
• Sigrid Bernstorff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2162–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.215

• longer wavelengths, high temperature durability, chemical stability, corrosion resistance, low cost or mechanical hardness, there is an increasing interest in various alternative materials that could optimize the device performance for specific plasmonic applications [8][9][10]. One promising group of

Ester formation at the liquid–solid interface

• Nguyen T. N. Ha,
• Thiruvancheril G. Gopakumar,
• Nguyen D. C. Yen,
• Carola Mende,
• Lars Smykalla,
• Maik Schlesinger,
• Roy Buschbeck,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Heinrich Lang,
• Michael Mehring and
• Michael Hietschold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2139–2150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.213

• adsorption geometry (templated by the planar substrate surface), favors the esterification reaction to proceed forward. Typically, the formation of an ester is promoted at high temperature. The effect of changing the temperature on the equilibrium, and thereby changing the heat in the system, can be

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

• Perumal Kannappan,
• Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Maria R. Soares,
• Bruno P. Falcão,
• Maria R. Correia,
• Nestor Cifuentes,
• Emilson R. Viana,
• Marcus V. B. Moreira,
• Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
• Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
• Juan C. González and
• Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

• of sample A, all components were observed until high temperature, which suggests the involvement of similar non-radiative de-excitation channels in the thermal quenching of these transitions. For sample B, C2 and C4 disappear at quite low temperatures (in the range 40–60 K), C5 quenches at ≈170 K

• experimental points in the high temperature region where the strongest PL thermal quenching occurs. For the other three components, the de-excitation channels only include discrete energy levels: two de-excitation channels for C3 (C5) with activation energies of E1 = 1.23 meV (3.0 meV) and E2 = 31 meV (15 meV

In situ controlled rapid growth of novel high activity TiB₂/(TiB₂–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites

• Jilin Wang,
• Hejie Liao,
• Yuchun Ji,
• Fei Long,
• Yunle Gu,
• Zhengguang Zou,
• Weimin Wang and
• Zhengyi Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2116–2125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.211

• the proposed growth mechanism of the TiB2/(TiB2–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites were further discussed. Keywords: chemical activity; hierarchical/heterostructures; self-propagating high-temperature synthesis; TiB2; TiN; Introduction Refractory materials such as borides, nitrides

• properties will make TiB2/TiN composites an attractive prospect for practical applications in many fields such as super-hard materials, electrodes, wear resistance materials, armor plates, jet engine parts and high temperature ceramic components [1][3][7][8]. The previous researches were primarily focused on

• display conventional particle morphology. Recently, several kinds of inorganic nanomaterials have been prepared in our research group using a developed reaction coupling self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (RC-SHS) technology [9][10][14]. The results showed that the heat of the reaction intensity

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• ) (PMMA) layer, which would remain stable during the preoxidation and the low-temperature carbonization. This layer, however, will completely degrade after the high-temperature carbonization on the surface of the PAN nanoparticle to inhibit the inter-particular adhesion between carbon nanospheres; thus

• in a high-temperature carbonization furnace, which was filled with pure nitrogen and heated to a given temperature at a rate of 5 °C/min and remained for 1 h (600 °C and 750 °C) or 0.5 h (1000 °C). After naturally cooling down to room temperature, the PAN-based carbon nanospheres were obtained

• -carbonization-treatment process, the two-carbonization-treatment process, which combined a low-temperature carbonization and a high-temperature carbonization step, results in product with a higher C content and a higher N content (CP4 vs CP5). After two carbonization treatments at 600 °C and 1000 °C, the C