Structural and electronic properties of SnO₂ doped with non-metal elements

• Jianyuan Yu,
• Yingeng Wang,
• Yan Huang,
• Xiuwen Wang,
• Jing Guo,
• Jingkai Yang and
• Hongli Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1321–1328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.116

• (substituting O) can effectively increase the carrier concentration and improve the conductivity. Majumder successfully prepared SnO2:F thin films using spray pyrolysis with SnF2 as the precursor. By adjusting the concentration of the precursor solution, doped SnO2 films with different properties were obtained

• . When the concentration of the precursor solution was adjusted to 0.15 M and the substrate temperature was 773 K, a film with a resistivity of 1.2 × 10−4 Ω·cm was obtained [10]. Theoretical calculations, based on first principles, show that the doping of N into the SnO2 crystal structure can introduce

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• nanofibers have been widely used as a material to synthesize electrodes upon a carbonization step [13][14]. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is often used as a precursor to synthesize carbon nanofibers. It can be obtained from a variety of sources and it has good spinnability [14][15]. However, carbon-based materials

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• ][30][31][32], solvothermal [33] and hydrothermal [34] reactions, the polyol method [35], dehydration or reduction of precursor rod-like particles [8][11], sonochemical oxidation [36], thermal decomposition [23][26], sol–gel reactions [37], synthesis in worm-like surfactant micellar solutions [38][39

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• ]. The first step was a hydrothermal synthesis of a precursor, followed by a pyrolytic carbonization to get the final HC product. At first, a 25 wt % solution of ᴅ-fructose (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) in deionized water (Millipore, Merck, Germany) was prepared. Similar to a synthesis reported by Fellinger

• precursor overnight at 70 °C under vacuum, it was carbonized in a tube furnace with argon flow at a rate of higher than 0.5 L min−1 at 1000 °C for 1, 5, or 10 h. The carbons produced by this hydrothermal method (HT carbons) will be called HTx, where x is an integer. The synthesis conditions (temperature of

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• additional step in which the hydrothermal method or thermal decomposition technique are used. The method used to obtain nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of an iron precursor in the presence of NaBH4 in a polyol was found to be suitable for size control in both chemical approaches [1][2][3][4][6]. Since

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• . Helium ion microscopy in combination with a precursor gas can be used for direct writing of three-dimensional nanostructures with a precise control of their geometry, and a significantly higher aspect ratio than other additive manufacturing technologies. We report here on the deposition of 3D hollow

• is based on Ga+ ions. Functional 3D nanomaterials have been grown by Ga+ FIBID in the last decade [21][22][23][24][25][26]. In particular, Ga+ FIBID in combination with W(CO)6 as precursor material yielded 3D superconducting W-based wires with a critical temperature (Tc) below 5 K and a critical

• advantage of its small beam diameter (approx. 0.3 nm) and low proximity effect [28]. When precursor molecules from the gas phase are adsorbed on a substrate surface, He+ FIB dissociates them into non-volatile and volatile products. The non-volatile products attach to the surface, resulting in a deposit

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of rubrene on clean and graphene-covered metal surfaces

• Karl Rothe,
• Alexander Mehler,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1157–1167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.100

• Pt(111) by exposing the heated (1300 K) surface to the molecular precursor C2H4 (purity 99.9%) at a partial pressure of 10−4 Pa for 120 s [23]. C42H28 molecules were sublimated from a powder (purity 98%), deposited in a heated (500 K) W crucible and directed towards the sample surface at room

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• growth temperature of 720 °C, which yields a certain SiNW diameter distribution. VLS nanowire growth is carried out in a quartz tube furnace with a precursor gas mixture of H2 (270 sccm) and SiH4 (30 sccm), at a pressure of 100 mbar. Silicon shells are grown at a temperature of 520 °C with a gas mixture

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• , magnetron sputtering, molecular precursor techniques and photo-deposition techniques have been applied to the preparation of nanocomposites [6][21][22]. However, these techniques are very sophisticated and not optimized for synthesis on a large scale. Herein, a simple hydrothermal process was employed to

• with ethanol and centrifuged for further use. Pure TiO2 NPs were also prepared by using the above method without the addition of Ag as a precursor. Sample characterizations The crystal structure of the samples was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD, ARL X'TRA, Thermo Techno, USA) using a

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• them [8][9]. AuCl(tht) (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) has also been shown to be an interesting precursor of gold nanoparticles, but only in a few cases [10]. Among the stabilizing agents, dendrimers [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] have long emerged as a powerful stabilizer not only for nanoparticles in

• ], platinum [31], ruthenium (in the presence of a reducer) [32], titanium oxo-clusters [33][34] and even from crystals of Au55 gold clusters [35][36]. In most cases, the oxidation state of the metal precursor was either zero (Pd0, Pt0, Au0) or four (TiIVO2 clusters) and no change in the oxidation state

• happened in the nanoparticle metal precursor, except in the case when a reducer was used for the Ru nanoparticle synthesis. Commercially available gold nanoparticles are sold as colloidal suspensions that are generally dissolved either in water or in buffer. As an alternative to this commonly used method

Uniform Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃-DHCA nanocubes for dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging

• Miao Qin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Mengjie Xu,
• Hui Yan,
• Yizhu Cheng,
• Xiumei Zhang,
• Di Huang,
• Weiyi Chen and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1000–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.84

• gadolinium chloride hexahydrate (GdCl3·6H2O) were purchased from Rhawn technology Co, Ltd. Ultrapure water was purified by Ulupure (UPR-II, China). All the reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade and used as received without further purification. Synthesis of metal oleate precursor The

• similar way. Synthesis of Fe3O4/Gd2O3-OA (FGOA) nanocubes The uniformly distributed FGOA nanocubes were synthesized by the one-step thermal decomposition method. 1.12 g of metal oleate precursor, 0.17 mL of oleic acid and 15 mL of 1-octadecene were added into a 250 mL three-necked flask. The reaction

• salts was added to a three-necked flask where it was heated and refluxed at 75 °C for 4 h. After cooling, the organic phase obtained was rinsed and dried, forming the metal oleic acid precursor. Next, the precursors were mixed with octadecene and the reaction was heated up to 310 °C and refluxed for 30

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• chitosan solutions containing IOPs (orange lines). The precursor solution consisted of 30 mg·mL−1 chitosan and 10 mg·mL−1 IOPs. (C) Chitosan–IOP microfibers on a glass slide obtained by wet-spinning followed by coagulation in ethanol. Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis of bare IOPs (brown line), bare

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• well documented in the literature, and this paper provides a direct comparison under identical experimental conditions of electrochemical measurements and in identical units. In the first method, based on classical engineering, the bimetallic catalyst is deposited by dip-coating in a precursor solution

• consider here two distinct catalyst preparation methods. As a standard method used in the engineering context, we perform an acid etch of the titanium fibers (to generate surface roughness and thereby increase the specific surface area), followed by dip-coating of a noble metal salt precursor solution on

• the performance comparison. Results and Discussion Catalyst coating: thermal decomposition In the thermal decomposition method, platinum and iridium metal salts (the perchlorometallates) were dissolved in 1:1 ratio in butanol to form the catalyst precursor solution. The Ti felts (two distinct

Band tail state related photoluminescence and photoresponse of ZnMgO solid solution nanostructured films

• Vadim Morari,
• Aida Pantazi,
• Nicolai Curmei,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Emil V. Rusu,
• Marius Enachescu,
• Ion M. Tiginyanu and
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 899–910, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.75

• to some Zn clusters [43]. A peak at 40.5° marked with an asterisk in Figure 6b was previously found in ZnO nanopowders prepared by the sol–gel method with zinc acetate dihydrate as a precursor [44]. In contrast to this, only peaks related to the Zn0.8Mg0.2O phase are observed in the film annealed at

• the oxygen gas flow by means of a syringe controlled by a stepper motor (Jova Solutions TIMS-0201™), operated by a computer. The produced film thickness is determined by the rate of precursor solution injection and the duration of deposition process. Usually, an injection rate of 0.33 mL/min was used

Simulations of the 2D self-assembly of tripod-shaped building blocks

• Łukasz Baran,
• Wojciech Rżysko and
• Edyta Słyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 884–890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.73

• this research, several factors have been established that can help to control the self-assembly process, such as precursor design [4][5], substrate nature and symmetry [6][7], type of solvent and its concentration, and thermodynamic conditions. The knowledge of the influence of these variables is

Transition from freestanding SnO₂ nanowires to laterally aligned nanowires with a simulation-based experimental design

• Jasmin-Clara Bürger,
• Sebastian Gutsch and
• Margit Zacharias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 843–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.69

• temperature, the inflow was changed to a gas mixture of 5% oxygen in argon, which initiates the NW growth. Although often no inflow of oxygen is reported in literature, oxygen as a process gas has to be provided and – as we showed previously – it cannot originate from the precursor powder [19]. The oxygen of

• the thermally reduced SnO2 powder of the precursor will be bound in the CO/CO2 gas generated by the carbothermal reduction. After a specified process duration, the introduced gases were changed back to 100% Ar and a volumetric flow of 25 sccm was maintained during the cool down phase the furnace

• of oxygen consumed by the carbon due to CO or CO2 formation [19][20]. As previously discussed, taking care to ensure a vacuum-tight system and a homogeneous temperature distribution for the powder precursor as well as for the substrate position, the main influencing parameters on the growth mode

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• immobilized on the CTFs via the decomposition of the metal precursor in the IL (Scheme 1). The composites were designated Ni/CTF-1-400-X and Ni/CTF-1-600-X, where X represents the weight percentage of nickel in the composite material based on flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Nickel loadings of 20

• to 35 wt % on CTF-1 were obtained. The initial Ni/CTF mass ratios were 1:2 and 1:1. Thus, a large fraction of the nickel precursor was indeed deposited on the CTF. The starting mass ratio of 1:2 (or 33 wt % Ni) yielded 20–22 wt % Ni/CTF-1; the ratio of 1:1 (corresponding to 50 wt % Ni) gave 33–35 wt

• in a glovebox for 12 h. The mass of the nickel precursor was set to yield 0.5 or 1.0 wt % metal nanoparticles in IL, whereas 1.0 wt % CTF was used for all syntheses in IL dispersions. This dispersion was placed in a microwave (CEM Discover) and irradiated with a power of 50 W to 230 °C for 10 min

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• nanocolumns was deposited (300 cycles) on the AAO template using ALD (home-built) with TiCl4 as the precursor. The preparation of Ag-filled TiO2 nanocolumns (AFT) was as follows: A sample deposited with TiO2 was placed in a vacuum evaporation apparatus (Shen Yang, LN-1004A) and subjected to Ag deposition at a

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• a sol–gel precursor by adding tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and then synthesized a silica/PVP nanofiber composite by electrospinning. The content of silica nanofibers in the composite is 9.1 wt %, and the CTE was decreased by ca. 40%. Jeyranpour et al. [13] studied

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• ]. It is also reported that the exfoliation efficiency of layered materials may differ depending on the bulk precursor. To validate this, the exfoliation of MoO3 was carried out from two different precursors procured from different manufacturers. Similar concentrations of MoO3 dispersions were obtained

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• . Carbonized PVDF/PAN CNFs have excellent mechanical properties due to the partial melting of PVDF after carbonization leading to point bonding. Therefore, blends of these two polymers were used as precursor for preparing the heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded CNF membranes (CNFMs) in our studies. In our previous

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• incorporation of [Ag(NH3)2]+ complexes, followed by the reduction of the silver precursor with polyvinylpyrrolidone [23]. The resulting composite was examined with regard to its antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Similarly, Liao et al. obtained polystyrene

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• ] synthesized photoluminescent CDs of 1.5–4.5 nm in diameter from orange juice at 120 °C. Liu et al. [22] produced photoluminescent polymer nanodots of 3–5 nm in diameter by using grass as a precursor at 180 °C, and Zhu et al. [10] synthesized bifunctional blue-emission carbon nanodots with diameters of 13–40

• the fluorescent quenching to the aggregation of CDs, which increased the particle size from 2.6 ± 0.2 nm to 4.4 ± 0.2 nm. However, there are few studies in the literature focusing on the comparison of the PL behavior of CDs made from the same biomass precursor with different synthetic or processing

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• perovskite phase a 1.0 M PbBr2 stock solution in DMF was prepared. 2.0 equiv of the appropriate Azo-(O)Cn ligand was added to the solution. Under vigorous stirring 0.2 mL of the precursor solution was added quickly into 30 mL DCM (n = 2) or acetone (n = 4, 12). The suspension was stirred for 1 h, then the

• solution in dried triethylene glycol was prepared. For the preparation of the precursor MABr (0.9 equiv) and the appropriate Azo(O)Cn ligand (0.1 equiv) were dissolved and the solution was cooled for at least 1 h. Under vigorous stirring 0.2 mL of the precursor solution was added quickly into 30 mL DCM

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• physisorption was applied, using deuterated p-xylene (DPX) as a contrast-matching agent in the neutron scattering process. The impact of the carbon precursor on the structural order on an atomic scale in terms of size and disorder of the carbon microstructure, on the nanopore structure, and on the template

• porosity on the precursor materials is expected as some materials are better graphitizable than others. For instance, resin-based carbon materials are not graphitizable, while pitch-based carbon materials develop a comparably high structural order upon heat treatment and can be converted into graphite. The

• main approaches to influence the carbon structure are the choice of the carbon precursor and the applied heat treatment temperature for carbonization or graphitization. These two factors have the highest impact on the resulting sp2-hybridized microstructure. Since the porosity mainly consists of