Impact of the anodization time on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes

• Jesús A. Díaz-Real,
• Geyla C. Dubed-Bandomo,
• Juan Galindo-de-la-Rosa,
• Luis G. Arriaga,
• Janet Ledesma-García and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2628–2643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.244

• dielectric constant of the material. From the CV curves, an increase in the capacitive current was observed towards lower potential values, which is typical for a transition to the accumulation region of n-type semiconductors. The calculated values for Eg and ND are summarized in Table 3, and compared to the

• values of jph for longer nanotubes. Along with an increase in the current density for the accumulation region, the percolation of the electrolyte in the nanostructures was confirmed. The kinetics of the filling of trap states and the decay of the jph became sluggish when the length of the nanotubes

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• ][9]. These include the presence of specific conjugated antibodies on the surface to bind selectively to related receptors and inhibit tumor growth and/or release loaded drugs for targeted therapy. This will result in increased drug concentration and accumulation at the pathological site, improved

• therapeutic performance of the anticancer agents and reduced non-specific toxicity to normal cells. Moreover, the strong magnetic susceptibility of the nanoparticles enables magnetic targeting, and the accumulation of these particles can be monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Magnetic targeting is

• , biocompatibility, absence of toxicity, minimal immunogenicity, and enhanced permeability and retention to cancer cells [18]. Moreover, PHPMA, which has a long history of biomedical applications as a drug-delivery vehicle, enables the control of biodistribution and accumulation via molecular weight limitations [19

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• . The enhanced accumulation of the drug in acidic pH correlates with the characteristic release profile in the tumour microenvironment [28]. This can be explained by the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the drug and nanoparticles, which might be strong in physiological pH (pH 7.4) and exhibits

A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO₂/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications

• Laurie Letertre,
• Roland Roche,
• Olivier Douhéret,
• Hailu G. Kassa,
• Denis Mariolle,
• Nicolas Chevalier,
• Łukasz Borowik,
• Philippe Dumas,
• Benjamin Grévin,
• Roberto Lazzaroni and
• Philippe Leclère

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2087–2096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.197

• was observed as a result of the accumulation of photogenerated holes in the P3HT layer. A positive photocurrent was recorded in PC-AFM measurements, whose spatial mapping was interpreted consistently with the corresponding KPFM analysis, offering a correlated analysis of interest from both a

• ITO/HHJ structure. The dipole pointing away from the TiO2 at the TiO2/P3HT-COOH interface, leading to a partial accumulation of e− (h+) in the TiO2 (P3HT), will bend the vacuum level downwards, hence lowering the surface workfunction of the TiO2 once grafted with P3HT-COOH. The more positive Vcpd of

• , irrespective of the location where the excitons are generated, they will be able to reach the TiO2/P3HT-COOH interface, and dissociate by transferring an electron from P3HT into the conduction band of TiO2. An accumulation of holes in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of P3HT and electrons in the

Defect formation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes under low-energy He and Ne ion irradiation

• Santhana Eswara,
• Jean-Nicolas Audinot,
• Brahime El Adib,
• Maël Guennou,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1951–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.186

• tubes, the sputter rate could be higher or comparable to the damage accumulation rate, thereby avoiding large damage leading to a reduction of sixfold rings in the MWCNTs. For He irradiation, the sputter yield at the bottom surface of the sample depends far less on fluence than for Ne irradiation due to

• sample thickness on damage accumulation and amorphisation of the MWCNTs has also been discussed. For He+ irradiation, Raman spectra show that the sample starts to be heavily damaged starting from a fluence of 1016 ions/cm2. Nevertheless, the structure of the single CNTs is still visible for higher

Nonlinear effect of carrier drift on the performance of an n-type ZnO nanowire nanogenerator by coupling piezoelectric effect and semiconduction

• Yuxing Liang,
• Shuaiqi Fan,
• Xuedong Chen and
• Yuantai Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1917–1925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.183

• establish the corresponding nonlinear governing equation of carrier concentration in this paper. The nonlinear accumulation of n-type carriers on one side of the ZNW cross section is shown in detail. Distribution characteristics of carrier concentration and electric potential in the cross section are

• accumulation at the stretched side, Δn/n0, becoming so large that the linear balance regime collapses. Non-uniformity in carrier concentration accompanied by drift will bring about also diffusion. These two effects of drift and diffusion will achieve a new equilibrium at every step of increase in P. A higher

• accumulation of carriers in results in a stronger nonlinearity. Figure 2a shows the nonlinearity manifesting itself from carrier drift with n0 = 1.0·1023m−3 for P = 0.7, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0 nN. P = 0.7 nN corresponds to the linear case of which the largest variance of carrier concentration, , appears along

Synthesis of carbon nanowalls from a single-source metal-organic precursor

• André Giese,
• Sebastian Schipporeit,
• Volker Buck and
• Nicolas Wöhrl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1895–1905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.181

• estimated error of ±3%. Since the intensity of the aluminium is much weaker, the morphology is not so clearly represented in the picture as in the carbon measurement where the concentration (and thus the signal) is much higher. No visible accumulation of aluminium can be found in the film or close to the

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

• Yann Almadori,
• David Moerman,
• Jaume Llacer Martinez,
• Philippe Leclère and
• Benjamin Grévin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1695–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.161

• consistent with the conclusions that can be drawn from former KPFM works performed on perovskite single crystals (band bending induced accumulation of negative photocarriers at the surface of MAPbBr3) and thin films (SPV time evolution resulting from an interplay between photocarrier and ionic species

Nanoscale electrochemical response of lithium-ion cathodes: a combined study using C-AFM and SIMS

• Jonathan Op de Beeck,
• Nouha Labyedh,
• Alfonso Sepúlveda,
• Valentina Spampinato,
• Alexis Franquet,
• Thierry Conard,
• Philippe M. Vereecken,
• Wilfried Vandervorst and
• Umberto Celano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1623–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.154

• which, if mobile, start to accumulate at the tip–sample interface. As shown in Figure 2, such local accumulation of Li locally induces a non-volatile change in resistance under the tip. While this effect is visible in Figure 1 for the (squared) regions we show the effect in a local point-contact I–V

Absence of free carriers in silicon nanocrystals grown from phosphorus- and boron-doped silicon-rich oxide and oxynitride

• Daniel Hiller,
• Julian López-Vidrier,
• Keita Nomoto,
• Michael Wahl,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Tomáš Chlouba,
• František Trojánek,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Margit Zacharias,
• Dirk König,
• Petr Malý and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1501–1511, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.141

• and I–t was measured under accumulation bias, in dark and at room temperature, with an Agilent B1500A semiconductor device analyser and a Cascade M150 Prober in a shielded dark box. Results and Discussion Dopant concentration and -incorporation At first, we determine the P-concentration as function of

• comparable slope but remains on a plateau for SRO:P. The origin of the J-signal is the ionization of substitutional P-atoms in Si NCs and the subsequent accumulation of the “free” charge carriers under the gate blocking oxide (cf. [29] and [52] for details). Following the calculations therein, we can

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• urbanization, which in turn act to increase the level of environmental pollution [1][2][3]. Heavy metals contribute to a significant extent towards environmental pollution because of their toxicity, bio-accumulation and non-biodegradable nature. They also release large quantities of hazardous waste during

Tailoring polarization and magnetization of absorbing terahertz metamaterials using a cut-wire sandwich structure

• Hadi Teguh Yudistira,
• Shuo Liu,
• Tie Jun Cui and
• Han Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1437–1447, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.136

• , respectively. The important parameters of a cut-wire sandwich structure are the gap size between two unit cells and the thickness of the dielectric spacer. Accumulation charge is located at the edge of the arm and generates a very large electric dipole moment, which then leads to a large effective permittivity

Inverse proximity effect in semiconductor Majorana nanowires

• Alexander A. Kopasov,
• Ivan M. Khaymovich and
• Alexander S. Mel'nikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1184–1193, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.109

• Γs ≥ Tc0, we get Γw ≈ (10−3–10−1)Tc0. Note that under realistic experimental conditions the number of modes in the wire (Nw) can increase due to the formation of the accumulation layer near the superconductor–semiconductor interface [29][30][31]. However, the increase of the shell thickness ds may

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• were observed at low metal loadings (<12%), and a small particle size (<6 nm) could prevent carbon accumulation on the catalyst surface. The effects of operating conditions were investigated by adjusting the reaction temperature, feed ratio, space velocity, and temperature. The following sections

Semi-automatic spray pyrolysis deposition of thin, transparent, titania films as blocking layers for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells

• Hana Krýsová,
• Josef Krýsa and
• Ladislav Kavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1135–1145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.105

• these potentials titania is in the depletion regime. The cathodic current onset (beginning [Fe(CN)6]3− reduction) appears at potentials negative to the φFB when the titania electrode is in the accumulation regime, mimicking metallic behaviour. Defects, such as cracks in the blocking layer are thus

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• in rats [62]. Dust particles on Mars can damage the solar panels of the exploration robots via accumulation and affects the power source for sensing, communication, and locomotion [63]. Astronauts who are frequently on longer space missions have prolonged exposure to cosmic dust with an increased

• beneficial biomedical applications. Insects have nanostructures that are formed via an evolutionary process which helps them to survive in harsh living conditions. Plants also utilize the nutrients available in soil and water for their growth which leads to the accumulation of these biominerals in nano-form

Magnetic characterization of cobalt nanowires and square nanorings fabricated by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Federico Venturi,
• Gian Carlo Gazzadi,
• Amir H. Tavabi,
• Alberto Rota,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski and
• Stefano Frabboni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1040–1049, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.97

• this map, a slight accumulation of deposit at the corner is visible. However, it does not appear to affect the overall magnetic state. Before performing MFM, the same external magnetic field Bext of 0.3 T, aligned with one of the sides, was applied outside the microscope. After the first analysis, it

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• − HOMO-CDonset to be 1.85 eV. The band gap of β-CD has been reported to be 12.44 eV [38], and judging from the position of the Fermi level, β-CD is in the same role as a p-type system. Charge dislocation must lead to hole accumulation at the ZnO side, i.e., depletion of negative charge. On the β-CD side

• , negative charge must be accumulated, either by electron accumulation or by molecular polarization. The latter is more likely, as the amount of free charge carriers in a molecular insulator such as β-CD is expected to be rather low. As the O 1s peak of β-CD is most affected by the charge dislocation, it is

• consequence of positive charge accumulation at the interface. On the β-CD side, negative charge accumulation causes a downward energy level change. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 28: Additional experimental data. Supporting information shows the control SEM image, detailed results of EIS

Effect of annealing treatments on CeO₂ grown on TiN and Si substrates by atomic layer deposition

• Silvia Vangelista,
• Rossella Piagge,
• Satu Ek and
• Alessio Lamperti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 890–899, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.83

• ) orientations grow in dimension while the accumulation of elastic energy further enhances the (200) texturing. Conclusion In conclusion, polycrystalline CeO2 films prepared via ALD with cubic fluorite structure have been studied after annealing at 300 °C in O2 atmosphere and after high-temperature annealing

Cyclodextrin-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous silica nanoparticles

• Fuat Topuz and
• Tamer Uyar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 693–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.64

• NMR Varian system fitted with a Jacobsen brand CP/MAS probe. Two thousand scans were acquired for measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of MSNs were recorded on a Bruker-VERTEX 70 spectrometer. The spectra were taken at a resolution 4 cm−1 after 128 scans accumulation for an

Perovskite-structured CaTiO₃ coupled with g-C₃N₄ as a heterojunction photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation

• Ashish Kumar,
• Christian Schuerings,
• Suneel Kumar,
• Ajay Kumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 671–685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.62

• responsible for the separation and migration of photogenerated charges. The appropriate band positions of the semiconductor materials produce space charge accumulation/depletion at the interfaces, which helps in the effective separation of photogenerated charge carriers [59]. In this regard, the valence band

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• results obtained in cell viability studies, fluorescence imaging experiments were conducted after the incubation of LN-229 and HK-2 cells for 24 h, with each C-dot solution (spice- and citrate-based C-dots) at a concentration of 1 mg·mL−1. Confocal fluorescence imaging shows a diffuse accumulation of the

• ). Thus, we can assume that the autofluorescence of cells is no limitation to imaging applications with C-dots. In summary, the observed anticancer activity of the as-synthesized spice-derived C-dots, in particular those from turmeric and black pepper, along with their preferential accumulation in

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• are placed on a substrate that has some interdigitated electrodes. After applying an AC electric field, the CNTs are aligned between the electrodes. This product is widely used in electrical CNT equipment. A DC electric field is not suitable because it causes the accumulation of CNTs near one of the

Nanoparticle delivery to metastatic breast cancer cells by nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells

• Liga Saulite,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 321–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.32

• -culture with nanoengineered MSCs. We found that incubation of MSCs with QDs in a serum-free medium provided the best accumulation results. It was found that 24 h post-labelling QDs were eliminated from MSCs. Our results demonstrate that breast cancer cells efficiently uptake QDs that are released from

• saturation was achieved in cells incubated with QDs in complete medium even at a concentration of 32 nM (Figure 1B). Next, we analysed the MSC viability in response to intracellular QD accumulation. Incubation time points were selected at 24 h and 48 h to identify the QD-induced cytotoxic effects. We did not

• observe any cytotoxic effect on MSC viability when the QDs were applied in complete medium (Figure 1C). On the contrary, due to the 100-fold increase in the QD accumulation ratio under serum-free conditions, the QD toxicity was observed after 24 h of incubation with 32 nM and 64 nM QD by 30% and 50

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29