Electromigrated electrical optical antennas for transducing electrons and photons at the nanoscale

• Arindam Dasgupta,
• Mickaël Buret,
• Nicolas Cazier,
• Marie-Maxime Mennemanteuil,
• Reinaldo Chacon,
• Kamal Hammani,
• Jean-Claude Weeber,
• Juan Arocas,
• Laurent Markey,
• Gérard Colas des Francs,
• Alexander Uskov,
• Igor Smetanin and
• Alexandre Bouhelier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1964–1976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.187

• parameters can be extracted by fitting the experimental characteristics. Generally, the current-to-voltage plots measured from electromigrated gaps are not symmetrical with respect to the applied bias. The irregularities of the gap, such as protrusions, affect the two sides of the energy barrier, and

• Figure 4b the -dependence of the transition voltages measured on either side of the Fowler–Nordheims plot for a series of 15 electromigrated junctions. The solid black curve is |Vt| calculated using Equation 5 and the parameters and d extracted from fitting the experimental data of JT(Vdc) with Equation

• the best fit to the data using Simmons’ model of tunneling transport. (b) The fitting parameters , Δ, and d as functions of the junction area A. The yellow frame represents a parameter space consistent with respect to the experimental measurements. (a) Fowler–Nordheim representation of the JT(Vdc

Defect formation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes under low-energy He and Ne ion irradiation

• Santhana Eswara,
• Jean-Nicolas Audinot,
• Brahime El Adib,
• Maël Guennou,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1951–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.186

• highly disordered areas close to 1250 cm−1 and 1490 cm−1. In order for the fitting algorithm to converge, the peak positions of the Gaussian peak at 1250 cm−1 and the D’ peak needed to be fixed. After fitting, integrated peak intensities of the D and G bands and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of

Electrical characterization of single nanometer-wide Si fins in dense arrays

• Steven Folkersma,
• Janusz Bogdanowicz,
• Andreas Schulze,
• Paola Favia,
• Dirch H. Petersen,
• Ole Hansen,
• Henrik H. Henrichsen,
• Peter F. Nielsen,
• Lior Shiv and
• Wilfried Vandervorst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1863–1867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.178

• fitting the data with a constant sheet resistance Rsfin using the relation Rfin = Rsfin × s/Wfin. By comparing the slope of the fitted curve at Wfin = 20 nm (ca. 4 kΩ/nm) to the achieved precision (ca. 2.3 kΩ, Figure 3a), we can deduce that the technique has a sensitivity to variations in fin width down

Quantitative comparison of wideband low-latency phase-locked loop circuit designs for high-speed frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

• Kazuki Miyata and
• Takeshi Fukuma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1844–1855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.176

•  2. The latencies in the tables were estimated by performing curve fitting using Equation 1. These values are consistent with the delays visually estimated from the waveforms in Figure 6. Due to the existence of the phase feedback loop, the PLLs have narrower bandwidths and higher latencies than the

Numerical analysis of single-point spectroscopy curves used in photo-carrier dynamics measurements by Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency-modulated excitation

• Pablo A. Fernández Garrillo,
• Benjamin Grévin and
• Łukasz Borowik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1834–1843, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.175

• given to the mathematical model used in the data-fitting process as it constitutes a determining aspect in the calculation of time constants. Here, we propose and demonstrate an automatic numerical simulation routine that enables to predict the behavior of spectroscopy curves of the average surface

• function for fitting purposes), as well as a SPV built-up time ≤2 µs in order to simulate a surface photovoltage spectroscopy curve that passes through the data points with minimum deviation. Similar results were obtained for the oF2BnPA region (not shown). Figure 8 displays the best obtained result of the

Increasing the performance of a superconducting spin valve using a Heusler alloy

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Joachim Schumann,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1764–1769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.167

• present the results of theoretical modeling. Parameters used for fitting of the theory to the experimental results [17]. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 250: Fabrication of the SSV heterostructures. Acknowledgements A. K. gratefully acknowledges the Leibniz - DAAD Fellowship. Ya. F

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

• Yann Almadori,
• David Moerman,
• Jaume Llacer Martinez,
• Philippe Leclère and
• Benjamin Grévin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1695–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.161

• illumination (which is equal to SPav in the high frequency limit) and D is the illumination duty ratio. As seen in Figure 5b the agreement between this fitting law and the experimental curves acquired on the MAPbBr3 single crystal is excellent, which confirms that the SPV dynamics can be properly accounted for

Toward the use of CVD-grown MoS₂ nanosheets as field-emission source

• Geetanjali Deokar,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Junjie Li,
• Francis Leonard Deepak,
• Wei Ou-Yang,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Jean-Francois Colomer and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1686–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.160

• 1s core-level spectrum (inset of Figure 2c), a small peak corresponding to MoO3 in agreement with the Mo 3d spectra fitting with a binding energy of 530.2 eV was observed [24][25]. The other peak at 532.3 eV is assigned to O–C bonds [25]. This peak could be explained by the fact that the sample was

• plot of ln(J/E2) versus 1/E as given in the inset of Figure 6a, using the following equation: A value of 867 is estimated by linearly fitting the FN plot. This value is indeed higher than that of MoS2 nanoflowers [8][13], and in the range of few-layered MoS2 NS field emitters (β = 1138 for

• density as a function of the electric field for the transferred MoS2 NSs on FTO/glass. The inset shows the corresponding FN plot with a linear fitting used for estimating the field-enhancement factor. (b) The long-term field-emission stability for the same sample at the pressure of ca. 10−6 mbar with

Sheet-on-belt branched TiO₂(B)/rGO powders with enhanced photocatalytic activity

• Huan Xing,
• Wei Wen and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1550–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.146

• TiO2 nanobelts (TiO2 NB), TGN and TGN-branch 4 h under UV light illumination: (a) the degradation curves; (b) the fitting results assuming a pseudo-first order reaction; and (c) the cycling performance of TGN-branch 4 h samples. Photoluminescence spectra of TGN and TGN-branch 4 h. Supporting

Absence of free carriers in silicon nanocrystals grown from phosphorus- and boron-doped silicon-rich oxide and oxynitride

• Daniel Hiller,
• Julian López-Vidrier,
• Keita Nomoto,
• Michael Wahl,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Tomáš Chlouba,
• František Trojánek,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Margit Zacharias,
• Dirk König,
• Petr Malý and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1501–1511, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.141

• SRO:B accelerated TT-dynamics exist. When fitting the curves, best results are obtained for a two-exponential fit where the fast component τ1 ≈ 0.5 … 1.5 ps for all samples is attributed to ultrafast carrier trapping and thermalization events. The long component τ2 is associated with the actual Auger

Electrostatically actuated encased cantilevers

• Benoit X. E. Desbiolles,
• Gabriela Furlan,
• Adam M. Schwartzberg,
• Paul D. Ashby and
• Dominik Ziegler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1381–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.130

• , electrostatic excitation (Figure 2b) results in a clean Lorentzian resonance peak with a smooth 180° phase transition. The resonance matches the thermal peak shown in Figure 2c. By fitting a harmonic oscillator model to the thermal peak (fit shown in green), we find a resonance frequency of f0 = 347.530 kHz

• = 5 V and Uac varying from 1 to 5 V. As predicted, the electrostatic force and resulting amplitude increase quadratically with Uac. Figure 4b confirms that the oscillation amplitude is independent of Udc. Sweeping Udc from −3.75 V to +3.75 V leaves the amplitude unaffected. Through fitting of our

• deflection is monitored as we sweep Udc − UCPD from −4 V to +4 V. (Figure 5). Uac is maintained at zero and an offset of ca. 0.65 V is added to compensate UCPD. As expected from Equation 3, we observe a quadratic behaviour with Udc − UCPD. Fitting a parabola (blue curve) we find that the experimentally found

Formation and development of nanometer-sized cybotactic clusters in bent-core nematic liquid crystalline compounds

• Yuri P. Panarin,
• Sithara P. Sreenilayam,
• Jagdish K. Vij,
• Anne Lehmann and
• Carsten Tschierske

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1288–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.121

• of the Debye type. Figure 2b shows the temperature dependence of Δεj and fj obtained from fitting the dielectric data to Equation 1 over the entire temperature range of the nematic phase and temperatures in the isotropic phase close to the isotropic–nematic transition temperature. Fitting of the

• the other hand, an increase in the cluster size slows down the relaxation process, which is evidenced by the relaxation peak shifting to lower frequencies. To illustrate it clearly, we plot the dielectric spectra of the two individual relaxation modes deduced from the fitting procedure separately

• molecules in the cluster. The effect of temperature and the bias voltage on the dielectric spectra of both compounds were investigated. Fitting of the dielectric spectra to the standard Havriliak–Negami equation gives accurate values for the relaxation parameters, i.e., the dielectric strength and the

Field-controlled ultrafast magnetization dynamics in two-dimensional nanoscale ferromagnetic antidot arrays

• Anulekha De,
• Sucheta Mondal,
• Sourav Sahoo,
• Saswati Barman,
• Yoshichika Otani,
• Rajib Kumar Mitra and
• Anjan Barman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1123–1134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.104

• Oe−1, anisotropy field Hk = 0, saturation magnetization Ms = 860 emu cm−3, and exchange stiffness constant A = 1.3 × 10−6 erg cm−1. The material parameters were extracted by measuring the variation of precessional frequency (f) with bias magnetic field H for a Py thin film and by fitting them using

Imaging of viscoelastic soft matter with small indentation using higher eigenmodes in single-eigenmode amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

• Miead Nikfarjam,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra,
• Santiago D. Solares and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1116–1122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.103

• Gn and τn used in the simulations were digitalized from the data provided by Brinson and Brinson [17], who obtained the values by fitting the experimental data of Catsiff and Tobolsky [22]. The digitalized values are summarized in Table 1. The plot for these values is also provided in Supporting File

P3HT:PCBM blend films phase diagram on the base of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry

• Barbara Hajduk,
• Henryk Bednarski,
• Bożena Jarząbek,
• Henryk Janeczek and
• Paweł Nitschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1108–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.102

• optical model parametrizes the spectral dependence of the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k on the wavelength λ by the following relations: where the temperature-dependent parameters ni and ki, with i = 0, 1 and 2, are the model (fitting) parameters and the coefficients C0 and C1 are the

• a function of the temperature for P3HT, PCBM and P3HT:PCBM (1:1) blend films are shown. At each measured temperature T the thickness was determined by fitting the Cauchy optical model to the experimental data using the SpectraRay 3 software from SENTECH Instruments. For comparison, we have also

A simple extension of the commonly used fitting equation for oscillatory structural forces in case of silica nanoparticle suspensions

• Sebastian Schön and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1095–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.101

• suspensions measured with a colloidal probe AFM. Using the simple fitting procedure with three parameters often leads to underestimation of actually measured forces. The deviation of the fit from the experimental data is especially pronounced at small distances of the confining surfaces and at high

• fitting parameters in the system studied here. Keywords: confinement; depletion; fitting; silica nanoparticles; structural forces; Introduction Oscillatory structural forces are a genuine feature observed for simple and complex fluids in the vicinity of smooth surfaces [1][2]. Due to the ubiquitous

• into the fit leads to a poor fit of the experimental data at larger separations. It has been noted also, that amplitude A and decay length ξ vary strongly depending on the exact starting point of the fit. In this work, we focus on the dependence of the three fitting parameters A, ξ and λ with respect

Room-temperature single-photon emitters in titanium dioxide optical defects

• Kelvin Chung,
• Yu H. Leung,
• Chap H. To,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Snjezana Tomljenovic-Hanic

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1085–1094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.100

• in the HBT setup. For D1, a three-level model was chosen to fit normalised g(2) data. It has the form [6][58]: g(2)(τ) = A − B·exp(−κ21)τ + C·exp(−κ23/31)τ, where A, B and C are fitting coefficients. The excited state and non-radiative decay rates are represented by κ21 and κ23/31, respectively. An

• linear fits omit the pump powers of 99 and 148 μW due to their poor statistics, there was a large variance in the correlation data away from the centre of the antibunching dip. A moving average filter was applied to the data to obtain a smooth response to assist with the fitting, without success

An implementation of spin–orbit coupling for band structure calculations with Gaussian basis sets: Two-dimensional topological crystals of Sb and Bi

• Sahar Pakdel,
• Mahdi Pourfath and
• J. J. Palacios

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1015–1023, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.94

• fitting multiplicative factor to effectively model the SOC effect. Importantly, despite the fact that we are dealing with different types of orbitals of different shells, only a single parameter is needed since the relative values of the matrix elements are properly captured. As possibly relevant examples

Automated image segmentation-assisted flattening of atomic force microscopy images

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li and
• Huimin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.91

• -based polynomial fitting was proposed to process images with complex background trends. The working principle of the two-step image flattening scheme were presented, followed by the investigation of the influence of a sliding-window size and polynomial fitting direction on the flattened images

• . Additionally, the role of image flattening on the morphological characterization and segmentation of AFM images were verified with the proposed method. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; contour expansion; image flattening; polynomial fitting; sliding window; Introduction Since its invention, the atomic

• required prior to analysis. In AFM image flattening, individual scan lines are fitted as polynomial curves with the least-square method [29]. The obtained polynomial curves are then subtracted from AFM scan lines to get flattened images. The direct polynomial fitting can cause stripe-type artifacts

Electro-optical interfacial effects on a graphene/π-conjugated organic semiconductor hybrid system

• Karolline A. S. Araujo,
• Luiz A. Cury,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Thales F. D. Fernandes,
• Luiz G. Cançado and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 963–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.90

• these plots) and Table 1 shows the respective fitting parameters. Considering, initially, parameter α in Table 1, which is related to the geometric capacitance and dielectric constant, there is no significant variation, as expected, since the geometric capacitance should remain the same. The minor

• of RA molecules. For a better visualization, the inset at the top left shows the superposition of the G band obtained for both cases. The Raman mode at ≈1570 cm−1 originates from C=C RA molecule bond. Fitting parameters of Equation 2 for the experimental data in Figure 4c–e. The error values from the

• fitting analysis are shown in the first line of the table. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 66: Supporting Information File 1 contains morphological characterization of retinoic acid deposited on different substrates; morphological and electrical characterization of graphite microplate

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• potential in a frequency range from 104 to 10−1 Hz. The impedance spectra were fitted using the software ZView. The resulting impedance spectra and the equivalent circuit for data fitting are shown in Figure S2 (Supporting Information File 1). From EIS data, the corrosion current densities icorr were

• estimated as given on page 48 of [16] as from the area-normalized polarization resistance Rp. The latter was determined from fitting the EIS data. The inhibition efficiency η was calculated as from the corrosion current densities and recorded in the presence and absence of the inhibitor β-CD, respectively

Effect of annealing treatments on CeO₂ grown on TiN and Si substrates by atomic layer deposition

• Silvia Vangelista,
• Rossella Piagge,
• Satu Ek and
• Alessio Lamperti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 890–899, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.83

• atmosphere by using a graphite dome. Thickness, interface and surface roughness, and electronic density have been determined by data fitting using the MAUD software program [24]. MAUD has also been used for Rietveld refinement of GIXRD patterns, allowing to determine CeO2 cell parameter and crystallite size

• at 600 °C during diffraction acquisition in N2 atmosphere for CeO2/TiN and annealed at 900 °C during diffraction acquisition in N2 atmosphere for CeO2/Si). XRR data are resumed in Figure 1a for CeO2/TiN and Figure 1b for CeO2/Si. By fitting the XRR profiles of the as-deposited samples and the samples

• comparing the XRR profiles of the as-deposited samples with those annealed at high temperatures, we obtained different results, as shown by the fitting parameters reported in Table 1. In particular, we deduced an evolution of the composition of TiN, correctly simulated in a two-layer model, where the

Comparative study of antibacterial properties of polystyrene films with TiO_x and Cu nanoparticles fabricated using cluster beam technique

• Vladimir N. Popok,
• Cesarino M. Jeppesen,
• Peter Fojan,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Jan Hanuš and
• Ondřej Kylián

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 861–869, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.80

• performed using CASA XPS software. For the Ti 2p peak fitting the procedure described in [23] is applied. The Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 are fitted with four separate peaks that correspond to metallic Ti and three titanium oxides Ti(II), Ti(III) and Ti(IV). Metallic Ti is fitted by Lorentzian asymmetric peak in

Towards the third dimension in direct electron beam writing of silver

• Katja Höflich,
• Jakub Mateusz Jurczyk,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Maximilian Götz,
• Luisa Berger,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Caspar Haverkamp,
• Iwona Szymanska and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 842–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.78

• carbon-based fragments of the precursor molecules. The intensity ratios between the D and G bands (ID/IG) were evaluated using a Lorentzian peak fitting, which suggests the formation of nanocrystalline graphite clusters within a disordered carbon matrix in both deposits [30]. The Raman measurements

Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• shows the physical color of the samples. (b) The plot of (αhν)2 vs photon energy (hν). Photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination. (a) The rhodamine B (RhB) solution degradation of the as-prepared samples with sample with no catalyst and P25 as comparison. (b) The linear fitting of the