Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• .) antimony by spray pyrolysis [9] or by sol–gel methods followed by spin-coating and annealing in different environments [10], ii.) manganese by long-time annealing of Mn/SnO2 bilayers in air at 200 °C [11] or by co-precipitation [12], iii.) aluminum, copper or indium all by spray pyrolysis from ethanolic

• solutions [13] and iv.) iron by laser pyrolysis [14][15] or by electron beam evaporation [16]. Cobalt-doped tin oxide has also been reported, and the resulting polycrystalline films were prepared by spin-coating and annealing from chloride ethanolic solutions resulted in lower bandgap values than pure SnO2

• measurements can help in engineering so that Zn/F-doped SnO2 can be considered as a typical transparent conducting oxide (TCO) suitable for solar cell applications. Thin films were prepared from the as-synthesized powders using spin-coating and found to have an apparent density of around 0.8 g/cm3. The

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• electrical and high thermal conductivity, the photoresist SU8 was used for this purpose. In order to apply the photoresist, a precursor solution was distributed evenly on the sample via spin coating (Figure 12b). Subsequently, this solution was photochemically converted into SU8 and cured by means of thermal

• . The advantage of the spin-coating approach is that the insulating layer not only covers the molybdenum substrate, but also fills cavities or holes that might form sporadically within the islands and that would lead to power leakage in a lithography-based isolation approach. Characterization of solar

• created, site-controlled via femtosecond-laser treatment, which were subsequently processed to microabsorbers. For further processing to microcells, a pathway was demonstrated, in which an isolation concept based on spin coating was applied. The advantage of this approach is that imperfections can be

Electrostatic force microscopy for the accurate characterization of interphases in nanocomposites

• Diana El Khoury,
• Richard Arinero,
• Jean-Charles Laurentie,
• Mikhaël Bechelany,
• Michel Ramonda and
• Jérôme Castellon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2999–3012, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.279

• nm) were deposited or grown over the whole sample surface. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) shells were prepared using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) shells by spin coating, and silicon dioxide (SiO2) shells by plasma sputtering deposition (PSD). The signature of each

• Al2O3 and PS + 100 nm Al2O3 + PVAc samples are presented in Figure 2a and 2b. The topography height was lower in samples with than in those without the matrix surface layer. Additional nanomechanical measurements indicated that this decrease was due to the non-uniformly thick spin-coated PVAc film [38

• ]. In fact, as our samples were highly rough owing to the sub-micrometer PS spheres, spin-coating could not produce uniformly thin films [37]. However, this did not affect our study because the EFM results were compared at the center of the particles. Concerning the EFM signals, the average values

Ternary nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide, polyaniline and hexaniobate: hierarchical architecture and high polaron formation

• Claudio H. B. Silva,
• Maria Iliut,
• Christopher Muryn,
• Christian Berger,
• Zachary Coldrick,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Marcia L. A. Temperini and
• Aravind Vijayaraghavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2936–2946, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.272

• PANI, the emeraldine salt (PANI-ES) contains two species: unpaired spin segments, the polarons (also known as radical cations); and paired spin segments, the bipolarons (also known as dications) [24][25]. The combination of PANI and inorganic materials at the nanoscale has shown interesting results for

Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers

• Kateřina Kopecká,
• Ludvík Beneš,
• Klára Melánová,
• Vítězslav Zima,
• Petr Knotek and
• Kateřina Zetková

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2906–2915, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.269

• CaPhP_exf prepared by spin coating on the glass support (A) and XRD pattern of free film with exfoliated filler CaPhP_exf_0.5 (B). Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (project No. TH02020201).

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• previously to be suitable for electron beam lithography [38]. Derivatisation of the fullerene renders it soluble in common spin-coating solvents. A number of different fullerene derivatives have been spin-coated and patterned using electron beam lithography [38][39]. An ultrathin-film, ultrahigh-resolution

• : HM-01A using anisole solvent and HM-01C using chlorobenzene. The spin-coatability of the two formulations is shown in Figure 4a. Figure 5 shows 8 nm isolated lines written with a line dose of 0.08 nC·cm−1 in a 10 nm layer of HM-01A negative tone fullerene resist [41]. (Many novel resists require

• physical vapour deposition but HM-01A and HM-01C have the advantage of being spin-coatable.) A comparison of the sensitivity of the HM resists for He+ ion beam lithography at a beam energy of 30 keV and that for electron beam lithography at the same beam energy is shown in Figure 6 [41]. The HM resists are

Nanostructure-induced performance degradation of WO₃·nH₂O for energy conversion and storage devices

• Zhenyin Hai,
• Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari,
• Zihan Wei,
• Danfeng Cui,
• Chenyang Xue,
• Hongyan Xu,
• Philippe M. Heynderickx,
• Francis Verpoort and
• Serge Zhuiykov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2845–2854, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.265

• used without further purification. Before the hydrothermal reaction, the seed solution was first spin-coated on the FTO/glass and annealed at 350 °C for 20 min. To prepare the seed solution, 0.824 g of sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4·2H2O) was initially dissolved into 10 mL deionized water under

• deionized water to a total volume of 12.5 mL accompanied by another 15 min of stirring. The prepared seed solution was spin-coated onto FTO/glass at 3000 rpm for four times with each step consisting of 40 s spin-coating at room temperature followed by annealing at 350 °C for 20 min. The as-prepared FTO

Near-infrared light harvesting of upconverting NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺-based amorphous silicon solar cells investigated by an optical filter

• Daiming Liu,
• Qingkang Wang and
• Qing Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2788–2793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.260

• mixture containing NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ (0.6 wt %) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, 10 wt %) was prepared in trichloroethane. One UC/PMMA layer was spin-coated on the back contact at 900 rpm for 60 s, heated at 120 °C for 1 h and slowly cooled down to room temperature. Finally, white paint was applied as back

Magnetic and luminescent coordination networks based on imidazolium salts and lanthanides for sensitive ratiometric thermometry

• Pierre Farger,
• Cédric Leuvrey,
• Mathieu Gallart,
• Pierre Gilliot,
• Guillaume Rogez,
• João Rocha,
• Duarte Ananias,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Emilie Delahaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2775–2787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.259

• 0.5 T dc magnetic field. The magnetic susceptibilities and products χT are presented as functions of the temperature in Figure 3. At 300 K, the value of χT for the compound [Gd(L)(ox)(H2O)] is 7.88 emu·K·mol−1, which agrees well with the theoretical value for spin-only S = 7/2 Gd3+ ions. The χT

• product remains almost constant above 30 K and then decreases down to 6.7 emu·K·mol−1 at 1.8 K. This decrease suggests the occurrence of antiferromagnetic coupling between neighboring gadolinium centers. Since [Gd(L)(ox)(H2O)] is constituted of linear chains of Gd3+ ions with large spin moment, S = 7/2

• , we evaluated the magnetic coupling, J, between neighboring Gd3+ ions by using the Fisher expression for classical spin chains [48][49]: In the above expression, N is the Avogadro number, g is the Landé factor, β is the Bohr magneton, k is the Boltzmann constant, S is the spin moment, J is the

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• was boiled under reflux for 60 min (Pd), 120 min (Rh), and 240 min (Pt), respectively. At the end of reaction time, the mixture was rapidly cooled to room temperature in an ice bath. Most of the water and the synthesis by-products were removed by centrifugation (4,000 rpm) in a spin filter tube

• stirred for at least 12 h. Most of the water and the by-products were removed by centrifugation (4,000 rpm) in a spin filter tube. The nanoparticles were purified by a final centrifugation step at 66,000 g for 30 min and redispersed in ultrapure degassed water. The dispersion was stored under argon at 4

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• modified with DSPE–PEG–COOH was determined by linear fitting of various Fe concentrations from 0.01 to 0.2 mM in water and 2% w/w agarose. Image acquisition was performed in the spin echo mode with the following parameters: repetition time 10 s, echo times 16, 24, …, 256 ms, flip angle 180°, resolution 640

Two-dimensional semiconductors pave the way towards dopant-based quantum computing

• José Carlos Abadillo-Uriel,
• Belita Koiller and
• María José Calderón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2668–2673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.249

• may affect device performance and reproducibility [1]. Few-donor specific configurations were explored by Kane [2] in his Si quantum-computer proposal, based on an array of donors in which each of them acts as a spin qubit. This, in principle, leads to a scalable quantum computer and would be

• compatible with the existing Si-based transistor industry. For spin qubits, Si has the additional advantage of sustaining very long spin-coherence times, up to seconds for isotopically purified Si [3]. The effort to understand single-donor behavior has led to significant raise of expertise on the

• oscillations [11]. This problem can be deterrent to the implementation of quantum computing in Si due to the relative lack of control about the exact position of dopants in the bulk. Alternative proposals suggested to overcome this difficulty include hybrid dopant–quantum dot structures [12][13], a charge–spin

Silicene, germanene and other group IV 2D materials

• Patrick Vogt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2665–2667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.248

• that the two sub-lattices in silicene, resulting from the buckling, are moved further apart by an orthogonal electric field, which leads to a band gap opening [7][8]. Another important advantage of these new materials is the significant spin–orbit interaction, which also increases with increasing

• atomic size of the involved elements. This opens the way to observe a quantum spin Hall effect, for example, in germanene or stanene in an accessible temperature range, possibly even at room temperature. The occurrence of topologically nontrivial properties will be more robust for the heavier

• constituting elements because of the related stronger spin–orbit interaction. Topological properties are expected to enable entirely new concepts in electronic devices. These characteristics make the young class of buckled 2D elemental materials a new progressing research field with anticipated outstanding

Polarization-dependent strong coupling between silver nanorods and photochromic molecules

• Gwénaëlle Lamri,
• Alessandro Veltri,
• Jean Aubard,
• Pierre-Michel Adam,
• Nordin Felidj and
• Anne-Laure Baudrion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2657–2664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.247

• , we diluted the sample in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) solution in toluene and spin-coated them onto the sample. The phototransition is realized by illuminating the sample with a Xe lamp filtered with a 400 nm low-pass filter. The excitation lasts two minutes and the polymer film becomes violet

Improved catalytic combustion of methane using CuO nanobelts with predominantly (001) surfaces

• Qingquan Kong,
• Yichun Yin,
• Bing Xue,
• Yonggang Jin,
• Wei Feng,
• Zhi-Gang Chen,
• Shi Su and
• Chenghua Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2526–2532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.235

• forms, but spin-polarization for lowly coordinated Cu on the surface and radicals involved in CH4 oxidation deserves serious consideration. For instance, the difference in calculated adsorption energies with and without spin-polarization can be as high as 0.1–0.2 eV, with geometries showing slight

• differences too. Therefore, all energies and geometries shown below are based on spin-polarized calculations. Starting from clean (001), CH4 is firstly adsorbed with AE = −0.86 eV, followed by a spontaneous dissociation with CH3 and H adsorbed on surface oxygen, as depicted in Figure 4a–c. Similar as

• (Hiden MS HPR20) with a secondary electron multiplier detector. Methane conversion was defined as: (influent concentration of CH4 − effluent concentration of CH4)/influent concentration of CH4 × 100%. Theoretical calculations Spin-polarized DFT calculations were performed under the generalized gradient

High-temperature magnetism and microstructure of a semiconducting ferromagnetic (GaSb)_1−x(MnSb)_x alloy

• Leonid N. Oveshnikov,
• Elena I. Nekhaeva,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander B. Davydov,
• Mikhail A. Shakhov,
• Sergey F. Marenkin,
• Oleg A. Novodvorskii,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Boris A. Aronzon and
• Erkki Lahderanta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2457–2465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.230

• an anomalous Hall effect above room temperature, confirming the presence of spin-polarized carriers. Electron microscopy, atomic and magnetic force microscopy results suggest that the films under study have a homogenous columnar structure in the bulk while MnSb inclusions accumulate near the surface

• doped by Mn [1][2][3]. Among these systems, the most well-known and extensively studied is Ga1−xMnxAs. Here Mn atoms substitute Ga atoms and establish a ferromagnetic state realized through carrier-induced indirect exchange between Mn atoms by a Zener–RKKY mechanism accompanied by the spin polarization

• was suggested [9] that the ferromagnetic ordering in this case is induced by the interaction of MnSb magnetic clusters with carriers inside the matrix. It should induce carrier spin-polarization and lead to the formation of a long-range ferromagnetic percolation cluster, which includes both MnSb

Droplet-based synthesis of homogeneous magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Christian D. Ahrberg,
• Ji Wook Choi and
• Bong Geun Chung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2413–2420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.226

• by laser cutting from acrylic polymers [27]. Through these devices, it was possible to reduce reaction times significantly compared to batch reactions. Furthermore, in the case of spin-crossover particles, a 20-fold downsizing of particles compared to batch reactions could be observed [29]. Although

High-throughput micro-nanostructuring by microdroplet inkjet printing

• Hendrikje R. Neumann and
• Christine Selhuber-Unkel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2372–2380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.222

• surfaces by a dip-coating or spin-coating process. Using this method, the spacing of the nanoparticles is controlled by the size of the micelles and by the coating conditions. Whereas block copolymer micelle nanolithography is a high-throughput method for generating well-ordered nanoparticle patterns at

• spacing between a few tens to several hundreds of nanometers is block copolymer micelle nanolithography (BCML) [8]. This technique is based on the self-assembly of metal-containing micelles on surfaces during dip-coating or spin-coating. BCML is very efficient in coating large areas with nanoparticles in

• quasi-hexagonal arrays. The spacing between the nanoparticles is controlled by the block copolymer used for forming the micelles and by the coating conditions, e.g., spin-coating and dip-coating parameters. BCML has been realized for preparing arrays of different types of nanoparticles, including gold

Magnetism and magnetoresistance of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires

• Andreea Costas,
• Camelia Florica,
• Elena Matei,
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Victor Kuncser and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2345–2355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.219

• coherent such as rotation to the more complex transversal and vortex wall modes), depending on the wire diameter [2][3][4][5]. Accordingly, the associated magnetoresistive phenomena due to scattering of conduction electrons on different field-dependent spin configurations can be also tuned. The magnetic

• the shape anisotropy). It is worth mentioning that Δρ might be positive or negative depending on whether the electron conduction is dominant by spin-up or spin-down electron scattering as well as by the ratio between the spin–orbit coupling parameter and the splitting of the uppermost bands of the

• perpendicular geometry is almost insensitive to values of the stiffness constant, but decreases strongly with the saturation magnetization. The evolution of the spin structure of the wire is similar to one of a magnetic monodomain, with gradual in-field reorientation for almost all spins (only the outermost

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• copolymers were spin-coated onto a macroporous substrate (namely, silicon microsieves with pores of 5 µm width). Since the goal was to obtain a perpendicular cylindrical morphology, a possible technical solution is the addition of small molecules (or salts) able to stabilize a preferentially interaction with

• close-packed spherical system was obtained by solvent evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) process. Different pore sizes can be obtained by changing the block length in the soft templates. By coupling the spin-coating deposition technique with the soft-templating approach, mesoporous silica coatings

• also be produced by spin-coating deposition followed by calcination in order to obtain a nanostructured titania layer [106]. The thermal degradation of the organic polymeric template was successfully achieved without causing a collapse of the titania nanoarchitecture. The driving force behind these

Optimization of the optical coupling in nanowire-based integrated photonic platforms by FDTD simulation

• Nan Guan,
• Andrey Babichev,
• Martin Foldyna,
• Dmitry Denisov,
• François H. Julien and
• Maria Tchernycheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2248–2254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.209

• encapsulating spin-on-glass layer partially covering the NW is considered (used as a mechanical support for the contacts). The NW LED is buried to one half of its diameter into this spin-on-glass (SiOx) layer, and the SiNx waveguide is positioned on top of the spin-on glass. In the optimization, calculations

• without the spin-on-glass layer are also performed. The LED is connected to a straight SiNx waveguide, which has a thickness chosen to match the top surface of the guide with the top facet of the lying hexagonal NW. The end of the NW overlaps with the waveguide over a 1.5 µm long segment. On the opposite

• end of the waveguide, a horizontal NW detector is positioned, with its 1.5 µm long end overlapped with the waveguide, and it is also embedded into a spin-on-glass layer. The axes of the LED and detector NWs are aligned with the waveguide direction as shown in Figure 1a. The optical refractive indices

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

• Oleksandr Stroyuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2209–2235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.207

• role in the efficiency of the solar cells based on this light harvester. This fact stimulated a screening of suitable solvents and deposition conditions, revealing dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as one of the most promising candidates for spin-coating deposition technology [113][114], which produced uniform

• for the thermodynamics-driven formation of HPs, resulting in a higher material quality and reproducibility as compared to the conventional kinetically quenched syntheses (solvent evaporation, spin or spray coating). The shape control over CsSnX3 nanoscale phases grown in the presence of tri

• oriented parallel to the substrate when the HP is spin-coated from DMSO and perpendicular – if the deposition occurs from N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The CB energy position was found to strongly depend on the HP composition (Figure 8b). This allows for the search of an optimum between the efficiency of

Influence of the thickness of an antiferromagnetic IrMn layer on the static and dynamic magnetization of weakly coupled CoFeB/IrMn/CoFeB trilayers

• Deepika Jhajhria,
• Dinesh K. Pandya and
• Sujeet Chaudhary

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2198–2208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.206

• that with the increase in IrMn layer thickness a nearly linear enhancement of the effective magnetic damping constant occurs, which is associated with the simultaneous influence of spin pumping and interlayer exchange coupling effects. An extrinsic contribution to the linewidth originating from the two

• . Keywords: ferromagnetic resonance; interlayer exchange coupling; magnetic damping; magnetic thin films; spin pumping; Introduction Traditionally, antiferromagnets (AF) are known to play only a static role by pinning adjacent ferromagnetic (FM) layers via exchange bias in spin-valve devices [1]. Recently

• , AF-based spintronics is gaining momentum because of the unique properties such as zero net magnetization, no stray fields, low magnetic susceptibility, large spin–orbit coupling, ultrafast dynamics and large magneto-transport effects [2][3][4][5][6]. Several of the effects such as tunnel anisotropic

Interaction-induced zero-energy pinning and quantum dot formation in Majorana nanowires

• Samuel D. Escribano,
• Alfredo Levy Yeyati and
• Elsa Prada

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.203

• features are observed in recent experiments on the detection of Majoranas and could thus help to properly characterize them. Keywords: hybrid superconductor–semiconductor nanowires; interactions; Majorana bound states; quantum dots; Introduction Semiconducting nanowires with strong spin–orbit interaction

• some critical Zeeman field without the expected oscillatory pattern [12][19][24][25]. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the reduction or lack of oscillations, such as smooth confinement [21][26][27][28], strong spin–orbit coupling [29], position-dependent pairing [30], orbital

• annihilation operators, and σ and τ are the Pauli matrices in spin and Nambu space, respectively. The model is defined by setting the parameters m*, μ, α, VZ and Δ, corresponding to the effective mass, the chemical potential, the spin–orbit coupling, the Zeeman energy caused by an external magnetic field, and

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202