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Search for "Ga" in Full Text gives 151 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

  • Thomas Henning Loeber,
  • Bert Laegel,
  • Meltem Sezen,
  • Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
  • Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
  • Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

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  • currents. Deposition rate, material composition, and electrical resistivity were examined and compared with layers deposited at comparable settings with a standard gallium (Ga) FIB. The deposition rate is found to depend linearly on the current density. The rate is comparable for Cs+ and Ga+ under similar
  • conditions, but the deposit has lower Pt content for Cs+. The electrical resistivity of the deposit is found to be higher for Cs+ than for Ga+ and decreasing with increasing acceleration voltage. Keywords: cesium ion source; cold atom ion source; focused ion beam (FIB); FIB-induced deposition (FIBID
  • time, and refresh time, precursor material and substrate have an influence on the effective deposition rate. Gallium (Ga+) and helium (He+) are the most often utilized ion species for FIBID [1][2][5]. Besides these standard FIB systems, new kinds of laser-cooled ion sources have been developed in the
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Published 16 Jun 2025

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

  • Uyen Bao Tran,
  • Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
  • Khai The Truong,
  • Dat Anh Nguyen,
  • Quang Nhat Tran,
  • Huu-Quang Nguyen,
  • Jaebeom Lee and
  • Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

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  • , abundance of raw materials, and cost-effective synthesis, CMC is now widely used in food, textile, pharmaceutical, and wastewater treatment industries. This study aims to synthesize a cellulose-based multicomponent adsorbent material (PGC) using commercial sodium CMC, cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA
  • concentration exceeds this threshold, TC adsorption efficiency declines. This is because higher PVA levels hinder dissolution and mixing, particularly as viscosity increases. Similarly, TC adsorption efficiency also declines as GA concentration increases. At high concentrations, GA can dissolve PVA
  • , compromising the material’s stability. This interaction significantly influences the model (p-value < 0.05), particularly through the GA volume (X3). The interaction of the mole ratio between Ca2+ and Mg2+ (X4) with other factors also has a significant effect on the model, yielding an optimal value of
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Published 27 May 2025

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

  • Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
  • Lukas D. Cavar,
  • Franjo Weber,
  • Peter G. Reichel,
  • Mara Niebling and
  • Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

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  • , which is 25·1021 Ω, taking into account the electrical resistivity of silicon dioxide of [92] and a thickness of the SiO2 layer of 300 nm on an area of 9 μm2. The observed discrepancy may be attributed to the increased conductivity of the microcapacitors, which is a result of the incorporation of Ga
  • Nanolab FIB apparatus with a dual Ga+ ion beam. Multifrequency heterodyne electrostatic force microscopy MFH-EFM was measured on an Oxford Instruments/Asylum Research MFP-3D Infinity AFM in a nitrogen glovebox (level of humidity below 0.3%, level of oxygen below 0.1%). The typical resonance frequency of
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Published 08 May 2025

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

  • Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
  • Dylan Maguire and
  • Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

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Published 27 Mar 2025

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO2 capture

  • Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
  • Nicholas Hansen,
  • Mahboubeh Motadayen,
  • Nina Lock,
  • Martin Lahn Henriksen and
  • Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

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Published 12 Feb 2025

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

  • Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
  • Arkaprava Banerjee,
  • Joyita Roy,
  • Kunal Roy,
  • Giannis Savvas,
  • Haralambos Sarimveis,
  • Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
  • Mateusz Balicki,
  • Tomasz Puzyn,
  • Georgia Melagraki,
  • Iseult Lynch and
  • Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

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  • Algorithm (GA) (using MAEtrain as the fitness function) were implemented for feature selection followed by the BSS method to select the best model based on the quality and prediction performance. Initially selected QSAR descriptors (obtained by the grid search algorithm). Ten descriptors (from a total of 72
  • descriptors) were obtained after Stepwise Selection, GA, and BSS. These are Hamaker (self/water), amount of Ce, amount of Zr, rod (shape), coating, the total number of atoms, tot_metal_alpha, Metals_SumIP, X_ActivM, and Valence electron potential. Additionally, we performed a correlation analysis of the
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Published 29 Nov 2024

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

  • Aram Shirinyan and
  • Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

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  • , respectively. (As we know, most elements of the periodic table are metals.) Among the metals undergoing polymorphic transformations are Fe, Co, V, W, Ti, Tl, Zr, Sr, Mn, Al, Ga, Sc, Ba, Li, Na, and K. Therefore, it is important to examine a comprehensive range of quantities, including thermodynamic parameters
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Published 21 Nov 2024

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2

  • Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
  • Patrick M. Eckhert,
  • Atul Chaudhary,
  • Johnathon M. Johnson,
  • Jo-Chi Yu,
  • Lisa McElwee-White and
  • D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

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  • deposits with greater Pt content than FEBID expressed by C/Pt ratios of 4:1 or lower [21][32][33]. FIBID is commonly conducted using Ga+ ion sources; however, ion implantation is observed with gallium contamination reported between 5% [34] and 30% [33] in the resulting deposits. Ion implantation can be
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Published 19 Nov 2024

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

  • Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
  • Crina Anastasescu,
  • Silviu Preda,
  • Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
  • Simona Petrescu,
  • Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
  • Dana Culita,
  • Veronica Bratan,
  • Ioan Balint and
  • Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

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  • step width of 0.02°. The phase identification was performed using the search/match algorithm connected to (ICDD PDF-2). Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms (BET) at 77 K were recorded on a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 analyzer (Norcross, GA, USA). The samples were degassed at 200 °C for 4 h under
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Published 28 Oct 2024

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

  • Annalena Wolff,
  • Nico Klingner,
  • William Thompson,
  • Yinghong Zhou,
  • Jinying Lin and
  • Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

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  • , collagen’s fibrillar structure, visible by microscopy, is denatured by heat to give gelatin that lacks any fixed structure [22][23], making heat damage easily recognizable. Despite the focus on Ga ions impacting in skin (simulations) and collagen (experimental), the broader results presented here are true
  • numerical heat transfer approach A 3D numerical heat transfer approach was used to include the effect of multiple ion impacts. A time-dependent heat equation was used to assess the effects of global and local heat damage for 5 keV Ga ions when using picoampere and nanoampere ion beam currents. The surface
  • simulations and experimental data Cross sections were cut into collagen using 5 keV energy Ga ions to evaluate the results from the simulations and the proposed model. One cross section was cut with an acceleration voltage of 30 kV, beam current of 1 nA, 200 nm blur, and 20% overlap to assess the heat damage
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Published 27 Sep 2024

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

  • Hlib Lyshchuk,
  • Atul Chaudhary,
  • Thomas F. M. Luxford,
  • Miloš Ranković,
  • Jaroslav Kočišek,
  • Juraj Fedor,
  • Lisa McElwee-White and
  • Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

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  • This work has been supported by the Czech Science Foundation project 21-26601X, by the OP JAK project CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004558 “AMULET” co-financed by EU, and by the EU H2020 program via the RADON project (GA 872494). LMW and AC thank the National Science Foundation for funding under grant CHE
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Published 03 Jul 2024

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

  • Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
  • Nikolai I. Borgardt,
  • Roman L. Volkov and
  • Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

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  • -dispersive X-ray microanalysis with a focus on the distribution of oxygen atoms in the redeposited layer, which was recognized in the elemental map acquired for silicon, oxygen and gallium by the presence of Ga atoms. Subsequent analysis of silicon and oxygen concentrations was performed only in the gallium
  • of the cross section are depicted in (a), while the cross-sectional view of the fabricated structure can be seen in (b). Averaged sputtering yield shown together with the dependences of Yi(θ′) for Ga ions with an energy of 30 keV. Plan-view SEM (a, e) and cross-sectional STEM (b–d, f–h) images with
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Published 24 Jun 2024
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  • model. Model development Zeta potential QSPR model To develop the property-based QSPR model, the training set was utilized for model development. The training set of 13 compounds was processed through feature selection via stepwise regression and genetic algorithm (GA) [29]. After feature selection, the
  • after feature selection through GA was further used for model development. The model development was performed with stepwise regression using the MINITAB software followed by the best subset selection method. Further, to enhance the quality of predictions for the test set, we have performed a chemical
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Published 12 Mar 2024

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

  • Leo Sala,
  • Agnes Zerolová,
  • Violaine Vizcaino,
  • Alain Mery,
  • Alicja Domaracka,
  • Hermann Rothard,
  • Philippe Boduch,
  • Dominik Pinkas and
  • Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

Graphical Abstract
  • detector was calibrated beforehand using a Faraday cup. Focused ion beam irradiation A Tescan Amber FIB-SEM was used to etch the sample surface. A Ga+ focused ion beam was used (E = 30 keV, I = 10 pA) to draw 10 μm trenches with a nominal depth of 100 nm using single line scan. This resulted in actual
  • with DNA origami nanotriangles and then etched with FIB (Ga+, 30 keV, 10 pA). The height gradient scale is shown on the right; its range is chosen to reveal the surface features and the deposited DNA origami nanostructures. Everything below 0 nm appears black (i.e., the bottom of the trenches
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Published 12 Feb 2024

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO2 substrates

  • Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
  • Jan M. Michalik,
  • Inés Serrano-Esparza,
  • Zdeněk Nováček,
  • Veronika Novotná,
  • Piotr Ozga,
  • Czesław Kapusta and
  • José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

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  • -beam bombardment, which initially introduces defects into the graphene structure and then knocks out carbon atoms, although the edges of the fabricated nanostructures remain rough after the process [11]. Other direct techniques, such as focused ion beam (FIB) milling with heavy Ga+ ions, are not
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Published 07 Feb 2024

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

  • Nittiya Suwannasom,
  • Netsai Sriaksorn,
  • Chutamas Thepmalee,
  • Krissana Khoothiam,
  • Ausanai Prapan,
  • Hans Bäumler and
  • Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

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  • due to the preparation process, which involves cross-linking of amino acid residues in proteins by glutaraldehyde (GA). As shown in Figure 3B, HSA retained its secondary structure, while both HSA-MPs and CUR-HSA-MPs lost their peptide bonds and secondary structure. The lack of secondary structure of
  • cancer [38][39]. The low percentage of CUR released from CUR-HSA-MPs could be attributed to CUR being covalently bound to the hydrophobic domains of albumin. Another important factor is the shell of GA molecules cross-linking the amino groups on the particles’ surface to form an effective polymeric
  • ), manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O), and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium carbonate anhydrous (Na2CO3) and glutaraldehyde (GA, 25% solution in water) were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO
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Published 21 Nov 2023

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

  • Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
  • Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
  • Chiraphat Kloypan,
  • Ulrich Kalus,
  • Saranya Chaiwaree,
  • Axel Pruß,
  • Radostina Georgieva,
  • Yu Xiong and
  • Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

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  • with the particles for 5 min. After washing in 0.9% NaCl solution, particles were centrifuged (3000g, 3 min), and the supernatant was decanted. Particles were then resuspended in 0.9% NaCl. For crosslinking, 0.02% glutaraldehyde (GA) was added to the particle suspension, which was then incubated for 1
  • uptake. Future research will have to show whether this mechanism might also be responsible for a part of the uptake of HBOCs in monocytes and macrophages. Conclusion With this study, the role of CD163 in the phagocytosis of hemins by monocytes could be confirmed also for our HbMPs, namely GA-polymerized
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Published 19 Oct 2023

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

  • A. R. Indhu,
  • L. Keerthana and
  • Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

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Published 27 Mar 2023

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

  • Roger Cattaneo,
  • Mikhail A. Galin and
  • Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

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  • using photolithography and reactive ion etching. The JJ sensor with variable thickness and a width of ≈100 nm is made by Ga+ focused ion beam etching. The JJ is made small in order to increase its resistance Rn to approx. 50 Ω, which is needed for a good impedance matching with the antenna. In order to
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Published 28 Dec 2022

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

  • Olga Shikimaka,
  • Mihaela Bivol,
  • Bogdan A. Sava,
  • Marius Dumitru,
  • Christu Tardei,
  • Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
  • Daria Grabco,
  • Constantin Pyrtsac,
  • Daria Topal,
  • Andrian Prisacaru,
  • Vitalie Cobzac and
  • Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

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  • addition of different dopants to the glass can enhance the osteogenesis (Mg, Sr, Fe, and Zr) or can yield particular properties such as angiogenesis (Cu and Co) and antimicrobial activity (Ag, Zn, Ce, Ga, and Cu). Also, dopants can change the glass solubility [13][15][16][17][18][19]. The presence of the
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Published 12 Dec 2022

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

  • Roopakala Kottayi,
  • Ilangovan Veerappan and
  • Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

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  • of solar cells. In this study, we synthesized Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se-based alloyed QDs by colloidal hot injection and characterized them. The X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis confirms the +1, +2, +3, −2, and −2 oxidation states of, respectively, Ag, Zn, Ga, S, and Se in the QDs, and the energy-dispersive
  • X-ray spectrum analysis confirms the 1:1:1:1.5:1.5 stoichiometric ratio of, respectively, Ag, Zn, Ga, S, and Se. These two results indicate the formation of I-II-III-VI3-type alloyed crystals (AgZnGaS1.5Se1.5 nanocrystals). TEM image analysis reveals the QD nature of the synthesized Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se
  • lead and cadmium have been used as sensitizers in QDSCs. However, due to the high toxicity and low efficiency, research moved to group I-III-VI QDs such as Cu-In-Se, Cu-In-S, Ag-In-Se, Ag-In-S, Ag-Ga-S, and Ag-Ga-S. Even though their light-harvesting capability is still limited by a high number of
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Published 14 Nov 2022

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

  • Hendrik Bargel,
  • Vanessa T. Trossmann,
  • Christoph Sommer and
  • Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

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  • silks. However, some conserved motifs like polyalanine (An, poly-A), glycine–alanine (GA), glycine–glycine–X (GGX) and glycine–proline–glycine–(X)n (GPG(X)n, where X is typically tyrosine, leucine, or glutamine) are abundant in the repetitive core regions in various spidroins [120]. Similar to silkworm
  • silk, poly-A and GA sequences in the spider dragline thread form nanocrystalline hydrophobic β-sheets aligned along the fibre axis, which are embedded in a matrix of more hydrophilic GGX and GPG(X)n regions responsible for helical and spring-like secondary structures with fewer hydrogen bonds and
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Published 08 Sep 2022

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

  • Yujin Han,
  • Pierre-Marie Thebault,
  • Corentin Audes,
  • Xuelin Wang,
  • Haiwoong Park,
  • Jian-Zhong Jiang and
  • Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

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  • interfacial energies between a eutectic Ga–In–Sn liquid alloy and single nanoscopic asperities of SiOx, Au, and PtSi have been determined in the temperature range between room temperature and 90 °C by atomic force spectroscopy. For all asperities used here, we find that the interfacial tension of the eutectic
  • Ga–In–Sn liquid alloy is smaller than its free surface energy by a factor of two (for SiOx) to eight (for PtSi). Any significant oxide growth upon heating studied was not detected here, and the measured interfacial energies strongly depend on the chemistry of the asperities. We also observe a weak
  • increase of the interfacial energy as a function of the temperature, which can be explained by the reactivity between SiOx and Ga and the occurrence of chemical segregation at the liquid alloy surface. Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); interfacial energy; liquid alloy; Introduction Recently, room
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Published 23 Aug 2022

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

  • Nahal Habibi,
  • Ava Mauser,
  • Jeffery E. Raymond and
  • Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

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  • protocol published by Rahmani and co-workers [35]. Briefly, a protein solution was pumped at 0.1 mL/h through a 25 Ga needle. Once an electric voltage was applied, the meniscus was distorted and formed a Taylor cone [25]. An electrically charged protein solution then ejected from the apex of the Taylor
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Published 28 Feb 2022

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

  • Axel Steffen,
  • Yu Xiong,
  • Radostina Georgieva,
  • Ulrich Kalus and
  • Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

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  • product. The production process includes several washing steps that could contribute to the depletion of a potential bacterial load. Glutaraldehyde (GA) is used for the inter- and, to a certain extent, intramolecular cross-linking of the hemoglobin molecules at a concentration of 0.02% [20][21]. It is
  • permeabilize the cell wall of Gram-negative cells [28][29]. A certain inhibitory effect of EDTA on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis could also be shown [30]. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate whether the steps of cross-linking with GA or dissolution with EDTA, in addition to the
  • HbMP. To investigate the possible inhibitory effects of the chemicals used in the CCD process, we assessed the growth of bacteria upon the addition of GA and EDTA to the growth medium. In addition, HbMP fabricated with bacteria-spiked hemoglobin were produced and the bacterial load was examined at
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Published 24 Jan 2022
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