Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• to the site of action because of increased drug retention at the mucosa [7]. These systems have the capacity to strongly adhere to the mucus layer, provide slow release of its contents, and even reduce the required dose because of higher accumulation of the drug at the target site [8]. Nanoparticles

• EudAlg nanoparticles Encapsulation efficiency is an important parameter in determining the dose of therapeutic agents and, thus, the efficacy of the treatment. In the present study, we aimed to determine the encapsulation of a positively charged and large peptide molecule (Mw = 2.8 kDa) into the delivery

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• GO–Chl nanoconjugate (dose chosen based on cell death analysis in our previous study) [25] for 24 h, rinsed with 1× PBS, and stained with 50 mM of MDC at 37 °C for 1 h. Finally, cells were washed with 1× PBS, and the cellular fluorescence changes were observed using a Nikon Eclipse Ti-S inverted

• the effect of GO–Chl on plasma membrane integrity and cell viability, we performed flow-cytometry-based PI uptake analyses. Figure 5 reveals the dose-dependent increase in the number of cells with compromised membranes, which indicates significant growth in the number of dead A549 cells after exposure

• tail DNA percentage and Olive tail moment using Equation 3 and Equation 4, respectively. Figure 7b–d reveal a dose-dependent increase in tail length, tail DNA percentage, and Olive tail moment, and collectively show the genotoxicity induced in GO–Chl-exposed A549 cells. Recently, it has been shown that

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• Fe2O3 promoted the electron–holes segregation rate and reduced the rate of recombination. A TiO2/GO/chitosan photocatalyst was synthesized by Erim et al. [73] for the degradation of CFX under UV-A irradiation. Under optimized conditions (catalyst dose of 0.327 g/L, CFX concentration of 20.29 mg/L, pH

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• -functionalized carbon nanostructures (CNs) were evaluated in vitro on a GBM cell line (U87MG), as well as their radiosensitizing properties after exposure of the pre-treated GBM cells to gamma radiation with a standard clinical dose for patients with GBM. All prepared formulations underwent biopharmaceutical and

• of the functionalized CNs with and without TMZ were investigated and compared in vitro, using human glioblastoma cell line exposed to irradiation with a dose rate used in clinical settings for most of the patients with GBM. Simultaneously, the formulations exposed to irradiation under the same

• . Such a trend was observed in a study of Jun et al. [47] in which MWCNTs conjugated with chitosan oligomers and with incorporated tea polyphenols for cancer treatment were irradiated by gamma rays from 60Co for 30 min with a dose of 1.5 Gy. The irradiation also led to changes in zeta potential to lower

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• supernatant upon several washing steps. “In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry” studies were undertaken to determine the cell-delivered dose for all culture conditions based on the specific density and size parameters of the bio-nano conjugates [52]. Finally, comprehensive physicochemical

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• , respectively, demonstrating a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect at elevated lipid concentrations. SO-Lipo displayed a similar trend, maintaining non-significant cytotoxicity from 15.625 to 250 µM (p > 0.05), supporting the biocompatibility of the SO modification at lower concentrations. A noticeable reduction in

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• independent on λL [63], instead the HSFL size depends on laser parameters such as fluence, energy dose, and pulse duration [64]. Re-deposition and re-solidification of the ablated NPs on NSs were also observed, which matches with observation in an earlier reported work [65] for titanium ablation. These

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• hepatotoxicity at a cumulative dose of more than 244 mg/kg over 28 days of exposure [35]. By controlling the physical properties of nanoparticles, it is possible to regulate their delivery and sequestration processes [36][37][38][39]. Depending on the size, coating, and duration of exposure, they can exhibit

• nanoparticles allows for the delivery of biologically active phytocomponents to the target site with a lower likelihood of their biotransformation, significantly reducing the therapeutic dose of these agents [37][48][49]. The NPs themselves, possessing a certain spectrum of biological activities, contribute to

• hepatocytes. Discussion Combining plant extracts with biocompatible nanoparticles allows for the delivery of biologically active components to the target site with a reduced likelihood of their biotransformation, thus significantly lowering the therapeutic dose of these agents [52][53][54]. Moreover

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• NMs and accelerate regulatory decision-making procedures [2][5][13]. An IATA scheme for the prediction of the short-term regional lung-deposited dose of inhaled inorganic NMs in humans following acute exposure and the longer-term NM biodistribution after inhalation, has already been presented [14

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• nanoparticles showed excellent serum stability and revealed sustained drug release characteristics. Cell culture experiments suggested that the developed PLHNPs exhibited a much higher dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity against both MCF-7 and HepG2 cells. After intravenous administration in SD rats, the

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• /bjnano.15.117 Abstract By employing a model of nanomaterials with polymorphic phase transitions and using a thermodynamic approach to describe the effects of vacancy saturation, irradiation dose, powder dispersion, and surface energies, we demonstrate the possibility of radiation-induced phase

• or amorphization in metallic/ceramic nanoparticles, leading to changes in the crystal structure? Is it feasible to establish a fundamental basis to explain the behavior of materials under irradiation? Most nuclear materials have not been tested beyond an irradiation dose of 200 displacements per atom

• ), the dose and energy of the radiation source, different types of radiation, environmental conditions, the purity and homogeneity of the material, and the crystal structure and phase stability. Let us briefly consider these publications and highlight characteristic factors to facilitate understanding

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• ion irradiation these PtCl2 or PtBr2 species experience ion-induced sputtering. The difference between halogen and Pt sputter rates leads to a critical ion dose at which only Pt remains in the film. A comparison of the different ion/precursor combinations studied revealed that this sequence of

• )2Cl2. The right panel of Figure 1 compares the rate of 13CO evolution (measured at m/z 29) for different ion fluxes (black: 60 nA; blue: 90 nA). When 13CO evolution is plotted in terms of the ion dose for both fluxes, both profiles follow a first-order decay process with similar rate constants as seen

• in the inset. The photoelectron spectra in Figure 2 display the C 1s, Cl 2p, and Pt 4f transitions of ≈2 nm thin films of Pt(CO)2Cl2 adsorbed at 230 K as a function of increasing ion dose (bottom to top). On the left-hand side the effect of Ar+ irradiation is shown, while on the right-hand side the

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• between these materials, and the intracellular uptake for gene delivery. The authors encapsulated luciferase mRNA in the cationic liposomal formulation to quantify the mRNA expression distribution in the brain. The results of the in vivo studies with mice showed a dose-dependent increase in luciferase

• potential of mAbs for treating CNS diseases is limited. It is estimated that only 1 in 1000 antibodies can reach the brain with a concentration as low as 0.1% of the injected dose [138]. As an example, aducanumab can be mentioned. Although it has low BBB passage, it targets the brain amyloid plaque at high

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• such as Hg2+ are poisonous environmental pollutants that cause damage at the DNA level by inhibiting DNA replication and DNA polymerase activity, ultimately affecting normal cell synthesis [13]. The less toxic Fe3+ is an essential nutrient for human health in a lower dose, while increasing the dose

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• modeling, including reactive classical molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations, we reveal that TA preferentially binds to the most reactive sites on GO surfaces via the oxygen-containing groups or the carbon matrix; van der Waals interaction forces dominate the binding energy. TA exhibits a dose

• directly affects delivered dose, internalization, and biodistribution in organisms. In the EPA medium, GO exhibited aggregation and precipitation at concentrations of 5.0 and 10 mg·L−1, respectively, a phenomenon attributable to the screening effect of salt ions diminishing the repulsive forces between GO

• %. Concentrations of 5.0 and 10 mg·L−1 of GO yielded similar mortality rates, up to 40% of mortality, which may be an effect of aggregation and precipitation of the material in the test medium. The colloidal instability of the nanomaterial in the test medium impacts the dose bioavailable to C. elegans, which stays

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• cantilevers in the direction of the bridge axis (i.e., elongating the cantilevers) reduces the residual strain and, consequently, the distance in the RoI. The alignment of the cantilevers in the RoI was therefore a combination of slit milling and FIB straining of the cantilevers with a total dose of 500 nC

• dose implantation value was used, as the aim of the modification was not the exact determination of the FIB influence on the surface strain. However, with exact knowledge of this influence, the modification would become a predictable, even automatable process. The complex structure of the opMEMS bridge

• . The series in panel (c) shows consecutive steps of the alignment process, where each step is a new milling (red lines) and irradiation process (red field shows irradiated area) with a total dose of 500 nC/nm2. The scale bar in (c) is 10 μm long. Resistance measurements of a free-standing nanowire

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• [1][2][3][4]. Consequently, the scientific community has focused on improving the targeting of nanoparticles (NPs) to tumor cells through surface functionalization with active groups (e.g., folate, monoclonal antibodies) [5][6][7]. However, according to the literature, only 0.7% of the injected dose

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• , displaying a small hydrodynamic diameter around 3 nm, outstanding colloidal stability, resistance to protein interactions, and absence of protein corona formation [61][64][65]. The efficient renal clearance of usNPs – typically >50% of the injected dose (ID) over 24 h – prevents their long-term accumulation

• survival relative to control groups. Animals treated with 0.5 mCi (milliCurie) of targeted C’ dots demonstrated improved survival compared to those treated with the same dose of non-targeting C’ dots. 5.4 PSMA-targeting ligands/PMSA receptor Luo et al. developed AuNCs covered with PSMA-1 for selective

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• beam is increased; therefore, the smaller resulting local ion dose and dose rate both play a significant role in additionally reducing heat damage. This reduces the probability by a factor of r2, with r being the ion beam radius, of an ion impact in close proximity to the previous impact and reduces

• earlier study [16]. Schmied et al. showed that the dwell time plays a significant role in reducing local heating [16]. The effect of the ion dose rate/energy converted to heat per time is, thus, an important parameter and should be carefully investigated in future experiments. In addition, the effect of

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• used beam current of 0.5 nA corresponds to an electron flux of 6 × 104 electrons per second and square nanometer, and an overall dose of 1.7 μC or 1 × 1017 electrons per square nanometer in the center part. There is a visible halo deposition region extending several micrometers beyond the area

• (dose 1.5 × 10−7 C) and the pillar width of 320 nm, this corresponds to a volume growth rate of approximately 0.012 μm3 per minute and a vertical growth rate of about 200 nm per minute. The obtained vertical growth rate was sufficient to avoid any signs of halo evolution around the structure (Figure 3a

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• ]. Thus, more studies are required to investigate if and how in vitro protein binding studies can help us to explain the in vivo behavior of NPs. Following i.v. injection of NPs with a diameter of 5 nm, approximately half of the injected dose can be expected to be rapidly excreted in urine, whereas there

• (key constituents in these products) may create immune responses; see discussion in [97]. How much of the injected dose reach the target? Most studies performed with drug-loaded NPs have been performed with the goal of targeting and treating tumors, and there are numerous reports showing that only a

• try to increase the fraction of the injected dose ending up in the diseased area by employing targeting molecules to receptors in this area. Studies performed more than 20 years ago using only targeting molecules (e.g. antibodies), with the goal of developing radiotherapeutics or imaging agents

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• the surface of the nanofibrous scaffolds increases the therapeutic response to the drugs by a controlled and sustained release in the targeted tissue [35]. (v) Their ability to carry different drugs in their structure reduces the risk of multidrug resistance in cancer treatment with dose-specific or

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• ]. At the other extreme, there are studies where the only difference among the nanoforms used (without considering endpoint-related descriptors such as dose or time) is the size [58][59]. The size of nanoparticles is commonly measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images can provide

• specific variables can be found for particular tests, such as the number of daphnia individuals in an immobilization test [17]. Also, descriptors that quantify the exposure to the nanoform, such as exposure time [17][31][37][60][66] and dose [31][37][63][66] are very common in nano-QSAR models. A different

• for each kind of nanoforms. For example, key features such as the composition of a NM or its size are not included in all the models. It should be noted that some nano-QSAR models have been developed based exclusively on testing conditions (e.g., dose, preincubation, and sonication) of a single

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• , the desired properties are achieved by FIB processing of such substrates with different irradiation doses. A low-dose treatment is sufficient for cases that do not require sputtering of large amounts of material. Among such cases are the precise tuning of the magnetic characteristics of thin