Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• , which implies that electron transfer at the electrode surface was enhanced, increasing the redox reversibility for the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− pair. CSPEs are reported to possess a rough surface at the nanoscale [34]. The electrodeposition technique employed takes advantage of this to control the nucleation

• increased. This effect is known as tunneling charge transfer enhancement and significantly improved the sensitivity of the biosensor. It can be attributed to electron transfer through bonds due to the small length (0.59 nm) and the delocalized π-electron system of the 4-ATP linker molecule. Interestingly

• the concentration range from 10 to 10 000 pg/mL. The experimental EIS data suggest that the electron transfer on the electrode was enhanced by a factor of 100 due to the increase in surface area and to a tunneling charge transfer effect. This improvement is attributed to the synergistic effect of the

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• electrode can provide additional details about the electrochemical process. It can help to understand the kinetics of electron transfer reactions, analyte diffusion, and electrode surface contact mechanisms. A modified Ag@ZnO NRs electrode with greater impedance is more stable and durable. This provides

• of lead chemical sensors. The significant rise in peak height is indicative of a faster electron-transfer event because it causes a sharper, more defined peak. Furthermore, the absence of a cathodic current in the reverse cycle indicates the irreversibility of the electrochemical response that was

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• heterojunctions are classified based on their charge transfer mechanism and the presence or absence of mediators. The direct Z-scheme relies on the direct electron transfer between photocatalysts; eliminating the electron mediator simplifies the design and enhances stability but may suffer from higher charge

• light exposure, the rates of TC degradation by pure ZnO, g-C3N4, and defective ZnO/g-C3N4 composite were found to be 35.20%, 71.48%, and 93.47%, respectively. Because of the existence of N defects, the constructed nanocomposite promotes the electron transfer efficiently with lower recombination rates

• molar ratios of AgX. With the inclusion of AgX, there was a significant enhancement in the removal rate of antibiotics. This was achieved by augmenting the positive potential and accelerating electron transfer rates. The most recent research on using tungsten oxide as photocatalyst to remove antibiotics

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• frequency (ω), Y, and n. The obtained results suggest robust electron transfer and enhanced electrocatalytic efficiency in dextrose oxidation [19][20][21] (Figure 5). Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs The biogenic ZnO NPs presented a good dispersion and exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram

• synthesized from different biological sources. In our study, cyclic voltammetry was used to assess the electrochemical properties of ZnO NPs, which exhibited reversible redox behavior and efficient electron transfer. A similar study by Matinise et al. [25] on ZnO NPs synthesized using Moringa oleifera also

• ) EDX spectroscopy for elemental composition. (e) Zeta potential measurement. (f) DLS results showing the size distribution of ZnO NPs. (a, b) Cyclic voltammetry response of the ZnO electrode in 0.1 M KCl solution at varying scan rates, showing redox behavior and electron transfer characteristics. (c

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• nanoparticle surface, followed by the electron transfer from NaBH4 to the adsorbed P-NP molecules facilitated by the AgNPs. The obtained rate constants indicate that ʟ-carnosine-capped AgNPs are comparable to or more efficient than other noble metal nanoparticles (Table 2), underscoring their potential as cost

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• capacity, and an acceptable efficacy of the electron transfer, Cu3(BTC)2 exhibited a good sensitivity to 2,4-dichlorophenol in the range from 0.04 to 1.00 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 9 nM in differential pulse voltammetry measurements. Moreover, the combination of metal oxides and MOFs showed better

• electrochemical detection ability than pristine MOFs. For example, Wang et al. developed a MOF/TiO2 composite to quantify chlorogenic acid in a range from 0.01 to 1.00 μM with a low LOD of 7 nM [30]. Utilizing carbon-based materials can provide not only enhanced electron transfer but also catalytic functions for

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• mechanism involves the transfer of electrons from BH4− (the electron donor) to the dye (the electron acceptor) facilitated by the surface of the metal nanoparticles [42][43]. Prior to electron transfer, dye and BH4− are adsorbed onto the catalyst surface, as depicted in Figure 5. Consequently, the

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• charge on the polymer. It is critical in enabling quick electron transfer between an enzyme and an electrode surface, triggering the enzyme’s catalytic function for rapid biosensing [100]. Environmental sensing applications One key advantage of using nanosensors in environmental sensing is their ability

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• adhesion of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Furthermore, graphene coatings can also exhibit antibacterial activity through electron transfer phenomena as reported by Yang et al. [114] for graphene coatings on titania. The authors reported that the increased electrical conductivity was due to the unpaired

• electrons at the Schottky-like interface between graphene and titanium. The enhancement of electron transfer rate promoted a relevant bactericidal action. Furthermore, the authors proved the relationship between activity and electron transfer rate by adding an insulating layer of zirconia and observing no

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

•  10 is obtained using the calculated conduction and valence bands positions. The more effective and faster electron transfer kinetics of MoS2/WS2 should account for the enhanced photocatalytic activity under irradiation. The PD process can take place as per the following two mechanisms: Or as follows

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• through edge effects. Edge-functionalized GQDs have oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxy, carboxyl, carbonyl, and epoxy groups, which can conjugate to various biological/organic/inorganic molecules such as proteins, antibodies, or metal ions [12]. The capability of electron transfer/energy

Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• barrier width enhances electron transfer in the on-state. Leakage current in the off-state is reduced by a wide tunneling barrier. Subthreshold swing The gate dielectric material and the geometry of the transistor help in reducing the subthreshold swing. The subthreshold swing is 5 mV/dec for VTFET with

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• proposed a mechanism of electron transfer from the solvent, which produced acetone as a by-product. Since this transfer is not possible in water and only plasma reactions are available, Ag could not nucleate during LRL in water because of the oxidizing activity of hydroxyl radicals [121]. Overall, LSPC in

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• simple electron transfer process [34]. If the •OH radicals play a crucial role in the MB degradation, the reaction rate is expected to decrease significantly. As depicted in Figure 8a, adding an excess amount of 10 mM IPA to the reaction mixture significantly suppresses the MB degradation (by ca. 28.5

• anions through a simple electron transfer process [37]. The photocatalytic degradation of MB is mildly affected by BQ (decolourisation efficiency drops by 13.5%, indicating the influence of during the photocatalytic degradation of MB [37]. The mineralisation of MB was estimated with COD measurements

• the valence band to the conduction band (Equation 1). Hence, photoinduced electron transfer possibly takes place from CF to GQDs, which are excellent acceptors [39] (Equation 2). This retards the recombination of electrons and holes in the nanocomposites [40]. The photoinduced holes are, therefore

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• ], hybridization of the graphene defect with the metal possibly induces electron transfer into graphene giving rise to local n-doping and the Dirac cone below EF. In addition, the distortion of the graphene lattice that accompanies the increased hybridization with the surface may explain the dim rim of the vacancy

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• hydroxylamine intermediates in a two-step, two-electron transfer reaction, culminating in 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyimidazole, whose breakdown releases the reactive dialdehyde glyoxal, which, in the presence of guanosine, generates guanosine–glyoxal adducts. These reactive metabolites are toxic to the parasite

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• combinations as part of the donor:acceptor blend is prompted by singlet excitons. This increases the electron transfer current, leading to higher efficiency. By incorporating quantum dots into active layers, the following effects were observed: boosted exciton formation, minimized interface charge

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• absorption peak below 400 nm due to the nanometric size effect of the synthesized ZnO and characteristic hexagonal ZnO NPs [32]. A broad band at 362 nm in the UV–vis spectrum was reported, indicating the formation of ZnO NPs, and it could be due to an electron transfer from the valence to the conduction band

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• particles dispersed inside the structure of the hydrogel (75–90 mV/dec) (Figure 5c). Depending on the potential applied and the process condition, the water oxidation could be a one to four electron transfer process [57][58]. Tafel slope values in the range of 75–90 mV·dec−1 represent a possible mixed

• mechanism (two or three electron transfer processes), with a strong influence of two electron transfers. Comparing the value of the Tafel slope of the hydrogel composite containing MCO and cCB particles with the Tafel slope of pure hydrogel (141 mV·dec−1), it is visible that the addition of the catalyst

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• properties of ZnO nanostructures, such as bandgap or conductivity [26]. Decorating ZnO with metals such as Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, and Al [27][28] can provide surface plasmonic effects that assist the electron transfer process in materials and extend the light absorption range of a photodetector [29][30]. However

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• scale was calibrated using a flow of SF6 gas through the oven that produced the well-known SF6− resonance near 0 eV. The measurements were performed without the presence of the calibration gas, avoiding potentially unwanted reactions such as dissociative electron transfer with the investigated molecules

Silver nanoparticles loaded on lactose/alginate: in situ synthesis, catalytic degradation, and pH-dependent antibacterial activity

• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu,
• T. Lan-Anh Vo,
• T. Thu-Trang Ho,
• Kim-Phuong T. Dang,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Phan Nhat Minh,
• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Vinh-Thien Tran,
• Van-Su Dang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Thi-Lan-Huong Nguyen,
• Van-Dat Doan and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 781–792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.64

• the nanoscale metal particles served as an absorbent of dyes and BH4− ions. Subsequently, an electron transfer process occurs from BH4− (electron donor) to the dyes (electron acceptor) (Figure 6). As a result, the catalytic efficacy of metal NPs is significantly influenced by factors such as the

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• use of graphene and its derivatives is widespread for electrochemical detection since 2D graphene sheets provide numerous electrochemical sites for the detection of target molecules, while electrons in the sp2-hybridized pz orbital have a faster electron transfer rate, which enhances response time and

• [FeIV(CN)6]2− as reported in [39]. As a result of the modification with GQDs, electron transfer was improved, resulting in a higher peak current and an electron-conducting channel on the modified electrode, showing an increase in peak current from 0.037 to 0.39 mA. Effect of scan rate Figure 7b shows

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• limit of detection for SMZ is 0.655 μM, and the Ln-MOF luminescence is strongly quenched, with a quenching constant of 4.60 × 104 M−1. They proposed two potential mechanisms for quenching (inner-filter effect and electron transfer). The overlap between the antibiotic’s absorption spectrum and the Ln

• -MOF’s excitation/emission spectrum is thought to be the cause of the inner-filter effect, as shown in Figure 7. The second process was linked to an electron transfer from the L-MOF’s conduction band to the antibiotic’s lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. In a related study, Zhang et al. [43

• on IFE was responsible for the tetracycline-induced fluorescence quenching. Photoinduced electron transfer (PET): PET is an excitation-induced electron transfer between analytes (electron acceptors) and a fluorophore (an electron donor). Typically, PET results in photoquenching due to an internal