Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• G3139 to acute myeloid leukemic cells [113]. Agarose gel electrophoresis retardation essays revealed that both PEI and transferrin were critical to achieve nanocomplexes with long-term stability and optimal cargo protection under physiological conditions. Moreover, LPNs exhibited enhanced cellular

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• ]. Apart from that, quantitative and qualitative measurements of SDS in terms of laboratory use are necessary. The SDS is widely used in protein estimation via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) [10]. Several research groups widely explore nanoparticle synthesis using SDS as a capping agent for

• applications within permissible limits. To assess the safe dose of SDS in other products, various high throughput tools are available, including spectrophotometrics, potentiometrics, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and fluorescence-based methods [15][16][17][18][19

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• electrophoresis for DNA damage analysis upon exposure of A549 cells to GO–Chl nanoconjugates Single-cell gel electrophoresis was used to investigate DNA denaturation and single-strand DNA breaks upon exposure of A549 lung cancer cells to GO–Chl nanoconjugates. For quantitative estimation of DNA damage, we

• electrophoresis tank containing freshly prepared chilled electrophoresis solution (1 mM of EDTA, 300 mM of NaOH, pH > 13) for 20 min for DNA unwinding and subsequently subjected to electrophoresis with a 300 mA current, 0.7 V/cm at 4 °C under dimmed light for 30 min. After electrophoresis, the slides were treated

• sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) [36], transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane by electroblotting, blocked with casein-blocking buffer (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 h at room temperature, and incubated with primary antibodies in 1× TBST overnight at 4 °C. On the next day

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• , ultimately triggering cell death [32]. The findings of Peng et al. on Streptococcus agalactiae indicated that berberine significantly disrupted the cell membrane structure. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis results showed that some protein bands were blurred or absent, suggesting that berberine led to complete or

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• cycles consisting of denaturation at 94 °C for 45 s, annealing at 52 °C for 1 min, and elongation at 72 °C for 1 min. After the final cycle, polymerization continued at 72 °C for 5 min. The PCR products were then analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel. Visualization was performed under UV light

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• ’ nanotopography was realised through pore formation during synthesis using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The non-covalent conjugations between nanomaterials and proteins were quantitatively characterised, directly by gel electrophoresis and indirectly by quantifying the amount of unbound protein in the

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• corona formation in cell culture medium and human plasma To verify the adsorption of proteins on the functionalized SiO2NPs, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) experiment was performed. For this, the nanomaterials (in concentrations of 2 to 5 mg·mL–1) were incubated in

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• within channels is distributed between more fibers surrounding the channels. Panel (b) shows a scanning electron microscopy image of a 5 × 7 mm gecko gasket design for electrophoresis. Panel (c) is a compilation image of multiple applications for the gecko gaskets, including microfluidics integrated on

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• Zhang describes [47]. Lück et al. showed by two-dimensional electrophoresis that upon serum incubation, protein accumulation occurred on latex particles with an average size of 660 nm leading to complement activation [48]. At this time, it is unclear whether this mechanism could also play a role in HbMP

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and capillary electrophoresis are common analytical techniques used to qualitatively or quantitatively determine pharmaceuticals in various matrices because they are sensitive (Figure 2), have a significant tolerable limit of

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• adapted with permission from [14]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Characterization of membrane-encapsulated NPs. (A) Gel electrophoresis analysis showed that liver cancer biomimetic nanoparticles (a) basically retained and transferred the extracted

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• et al. [39] proposed a multistep assembly method to fabricate carbon nanotube tips by developing a well-controlled procedure to fabricate scanning probe carbon nanotube tip microscopes. The process consists of three steps: purification and alignment of nanotubes using electrophoresis; transfer of

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• resonance [10], Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) [11], UV–vis absorption spectrometry [12], mass spectrometry (MS) [13], titration microcalorimetry [14], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [15], gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) [16], and electrochemical chiral

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• ]. Godavarthi et al. used seaweed (Sargassum fluitans) to synthesize N-CDs. 1H NMR and 13C NMR were used to analyze Sargassum fluitans and showed that amino acids acted as a nitrogen source, for the preparation of N-CDs. The reported N-CDs were used as a fluorescence probe to detect DNA, and gel electrophoresis

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• ligands by exponential enrichment” (SELEX). In this study, we select an aptamer (termed ZIKV60) by capillary electrophoresis SELEX (CE-SELEX) to the Zika virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and counterselection against the NS1 proteins of DENV (serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4) and YFV. The ZIKV60 dissociation

• reported in an attempt to reduce processing time, generate aptamers with novel designs and functions, or increase the process throughput [14][15][16]. In particular, the CE-SELEX technique is a SELEX variation in which capillary electrophoresis (CE) is used to separate oligonucleotides that have bound to

• incubated with 80 pmol of the ZIKV NS1 protein in borate buffer (60 mM) for 30 min, 200 rpm, at 37 °C. An incubation solution sample was submitted to separation by CE using a neutral capillary on a P/ACE MDQ capillary electrophoresis system (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA). The capillary was first

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• (Invitrogen). The cycling parameters used were as follows: initial 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 60 s, an additional extension at 72 °C for 7 min, and finally hold at 4 °C. The PCR products were resolved by electrophoresis using agarose gels

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• volume of all samples was completed to 250 µL with HBG. In the N/P calculation, 3 nmol of P per µg of dRNA or dDNA and 10 nmol of N per 0.9 µg of bPEI (25 kDa) were assumed [49]. The loading efficiency was checked by gel electrophoresis. Typically, 1.2 g of agarose was dissolved in 100 mL of tris-borate

• -EDTA (TBE) (Alfa Aesar, USA) buffer and boiled at 100 °C. After cooled down to 70 °C, 4 µL of ethidium bromide (10 mg/mL) was added and the gel was poured into a gel electrophoresis unit. A volume of 50 µL of the solutions containing 4 µg of PIC were mixed with 5 µL of a 6× DNA gel-loading buffer

• polypeptic nanoparticles (10–100 nm), which are capable of being absorbed by endocytosis [50][51]. The gel retardation of poly I:C (dsRNA analogue) happens after interacting with positively charged nanoparticles. According to our gel electrophoresis results and comparing between free poly I:C (well 8), at an

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• electrophoresis. All samples moved towards the positive potential due to the negatively charged PMA coating (Figure 2d). The colloidal stability (i.e., hydrodynamic size, surface charge, and polydispersity index, PDI) of NPs was assessed using dynamic light scattering (DLS). All NPs (PMA-coated, and drug-attached

• ZS (Malvern Instruments, 69 UK) and the uniform size distribution by gel electrophoresis (GE BIORAD). Drug attachment and drug release analyses were performed by using UV–vis spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific Evo 220). Phase transfer, polymer coating, and purification of MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) NPs

• by gel electrophoresis The synthesis and polymer coating of NPs were carried out as previously described [22][30]. The nanoparticles (1 mL) were mixed with 350 µL of PMA (0.8 M) and stirred at 60 °C for 1 h. The samples were slowly dried under vacuum and finally redispersed in SBB pH 9. PMA-coated

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• , electrophoresis, streaming current or potential, and sedimentation potential have played crucial roles in the development of microfluidics and nanofluidics [73][74][75]. Among them, the electro-osmotic flow refers to the motion of an electrolyte solution relative to the stationary charged surface due to an

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• applied, the four single-stranded DNAs of the robot can be captured one by one by the nanopores. Studies have shown that electroosmosis and electrophoresis are the main methods to actuate robot movement. By changing the charge on the nanopores, the strength and direction of electroosmosis can be well

• fields, which can accurately control the transport of cargo. The DC electric field changes the transmission speed through electrophoresis and electroosmosis effects, and the AC electric field independently and accurately guides the nanomotor through electric torque on the dipole. The effective

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• , research on MNRs has become the pursuit of many researchers [5]. In recent years, a variety of driving methods for MNRs have been proposed, such as light [6][7][8][9], acoustics [10][11][12], magnetic fields [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], self-electrophoresis and self-thermophoresis, bubbles, and many

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• laser Doppler electrophoresis (Malvern Zetasizer NanoZS, MA, USA). The mean of at least three consecutive measurements was reported. DLS data for AgNPs in RPMI medium was not included because of the low concentrations used. Absorption spectra of PVP-AgNPs was recorded in triplicate over the wavelength

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• electrophoresis. The cDNA was prepared using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using 1 µg of total RNA according to the protocol recommended by the manufacturer. Gene expression was measured by semi-quantitative real-time PCR using SYBR Green dye (Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix kit

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• ; bicompartmental particles; dielectrophoresis; electrokinetics; electrophoresis; electro-osmosis; microfluidics; protein nanoparticles; Introduction Over the past 30 years, nanoparticles have been developed for a wide variety of scientific applications, ranging from medical imaging to drug delivery and enzyme

• combination of electrophoresis (EP), dielectrophoresis (DEP), and EO flow effects [22], allowing for additional parameters to fine-tune a separation process. Particle characterization and manipulation with EK techniques offer the potential for developing novel separation schemes for the sorting and enrichment

• of the electric field, as particles move through an insulator-based microchannel the predominant forces will ultimately dictate the particle behavior. At lower magnitudes, the predominant force will be linear electrokinetics, EK, which is composed of electro-osmosis (EO) and linear electrophoresis

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• electrophoresis [168]. The results showed that guanine is the most affected nucleobase due to its low redox potential, and its oxidation produces a wide variety of modifications that ultimately affect DNA function (Figure 7) [169]. NPs can not only affect bacteria but also other complex multicellular organisms