Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• ]. The advent of multimodal AFM has extended the capabilities of tapping mode, exciting the cantilever at several eigenmode frequencies simultaneously. The amplitude of the primary eigenmode serves as feedback for topographical measurements, while the higher eigenmodes enhance material contrast. These

• withdraw with the sample surface periodically, forming a force curve. The peak force, identified within this curve, is utilized as a feedback parameter. By sustaining a constant peak force between the probe and the sample, the topography of the sample can be obtained. Quantitative mechanical properties of

• channels after the pre-amplifier for dedicated, parallel processing of PFT feedback path and high-eigenmode detection path. The channel of the PFT feedback path is processed by the system’s built-in PeakForce electronics. A low-pass filter (200 kHz cut-off) and synchronization algorithms suppress high

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• essential component for complex circuit design. This is particularly critical in architectures involving feedback loops, where it is necessary to unambiguously define the direction of signal propagation. This concept can be extended by cascading two such tunable diodes with opposing forward directions. This

• WayMatrix architecture lies in its potential use as a universal framework for creating programmable and reconfigurable connections between different circuit blocks. WayMatrix makes it easy to set up feedback loops between these blocks, change their connection order, and perform logical operations. We

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• feedback in both amplitude-modulation and frequency-modulation modes. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; cavity optomechanics; Introduction The past two decades have seen the emergence of a variety of remarkable microscopic and mesoscopic optomechanical devices. Through innovative design and fabrication

• refrigerator (DR). We operate the microscope with surface-tracking feedback using the two most common imaging modes of dynamic AFM: amplitude modulation (AM-AFM) and frequency modulation (FM-AFM) [19]. One of the biggest challenges of operating an AFM in a closed-cycle DR is the pulse tube cryogenic head

• –surface distance, oscillation amplitude of the driven cantilever, sharpness of the tip, and pickup of environmental vibrations and noise, such as noise from the actuator driving the cantilever oscillation as well as feedback noise and sample topography. We perform initial positioning of the microscope by

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• drugs from clearance, improve their accumulation at tumor sites, and potentially lead to more positive clinical feedback. Paclitaxel (PTX) was approved by the FDA in 1992 for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. Poor water solubility is a major obstacle limiting its anticancer activity. PTX

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• atomic resolution was obtained in STM feedback. SnPc was deposited onto the Au(111) surface using a custom-built evaporator, where the powdered source material is contained within a glass crucible using glass wool, around which a coil of tantalum wire is wound, providing a source of heat for the crucible

• ” sites of the herringbone structure. An STS spectrum (differential conductance) can be obtained in practice using one of two methods. Both begin by positioning the STM tip at a desired lateral position on the surface whilst scanning in STM feedback. At this point, the feedback loop is disabled, keeping

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• acidic tumor conditions favor ferrocene oxidation and the Fenton reaction between ferrocene and H2O2, resulting in more ferrocene ions and higher LPO levels that disrupt the integrity of the lipid membrane of the liposome, leading to increased ferrocene release. This positive feedback seems to be able to

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• density coherently oscillates, coupled to both media. Usually, LIPSS formation is a multipulse phenomenon, as pulse after pulse create a different roughness on the surface or feedback mechanism to form certain SPP modes. The interference of incoming light with scattering from the SPP modes can lead to the

• LIPSS occurs at repetition rates of 100 kHz or less, where the sequence of successive pulses creates a feedback mechanism conducive to LIPSS formation. This results in pulse intervals of more than 10 µs, deemed sufficient for efficient heat conduction [55][56]. To achieve a clear formation of HSFL or

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• consists of an inductive element Lsq, closed onto a superconducting screen through JJs JJI,II (an asymmetric two-junction SQUID, Figure 6b). The output signal is the current in the feedback loop of the SQUID Ifb that compensates the change in the output flux while sweeping Φin. In other words, the current

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• Professor Jarosław Domaradzki from Wrocław University of Science and Technology for their support in thin films manufacturing and their characterization and the valuable discussion and constructive feedback regarding the analysis and interpretation of the investigation results. Funding This work was co

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• drops sharply due to reduction of ion cross section. This decrease triggers the feedback system to stop the approach at a predefined setpoint current, effectively determining the z-position of the sample at that location. By scanning the sample pixel-by-pixel in hopping mode, a three-dimensional

• as quantity to be measured by a feedback loop. This current is generated by applying a voltage between two Ag/AgCl electrodes, one located in an electrolyte bath containing the non-conductive sample and the other within the nanopipette (Supporting Information File 1, Section S7, Figure S20). When the

• nanopipette is gently approached vertically towards the sample, within immediate distance to its surface, the ion current decreases as the ion delivering volume between the nanopipette opening and the sample surface is reduced. This current drop is used by the feedback loop, which regulates the pipette’s

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• was used. The NC-AFM was operated in the frequency-modulation mode with an oscillation amplitude of 7.4 nm, and images shown herein were acquired in the quasi constant-height mode [18]. Frequency shift values printed in the respective images correspond to the setpoint of the feedback loop. LT

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• generates a sideband signal at frequency f2, which is used as input for the KPFM feedback loop. For the extraction of the electric field and photocarrier density profiles from the surface potential data, we applied the definitional voltage equation for a conservative electric field and the Poisson equation

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• the Pt/Ir-coated conductive cantilevers (NuNano SPARK-150Pt and MikroMasch HQ:NSC18/Pt) was ≈75 kHz; the levers had a spring constant of 2–3 N·m−1, a tip radius of 18 nm, and a tip height of 10–18 μm. The topography feedback measurements were performed with amplitude modulation on the first eigenmode

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• signal analyzer. The tip motion and the feedback loop are controlled by electronics from RHK technology. A phase-locked loop is employed for locking the phase between the AC drive signal to the QTF and the signal input. When the phase is locked, the resonance frequency of the tuning fork will shift as

• the tip interacts with the surface. Amplitude, frequency, and phase are measured. These signals are then fed into the electronics for monitoring and feedback options. The RHK software (R9 plus) allows for various user controls, that is, setpoint (frequency shift for AFM feedback or current for STM

• feedback), amplitude, and phase as well as the current images can be recorded separately or in several combined modes and compared in real time. Results and Discussion To demonstrate the capabilities of the combined ReactorAFM/STM, we show results from two different types of experiments. In the first, we

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• test users were engaged in assessing the tool’s usefulness and interface usability. Regular feedback during all phases of the development was crucial in guiding the development process with regards to defining and prioritising the requirements in terms of nodes and edges. An instance map can be created

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• with the SEM, and the three anonymous reviewers for the helpful feedback on the manuscript. Funding We acknowledge the start-up funding from the University of Salzburg.

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• -based and data-driven approaches, a digital twin can encompass the complete picture of the performance of materials under different conditions. This mutual positive feedback between model-based simulations and data-driven methods is depicted in Figure 5. In the context of nanomaterials, the digital twin

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• estimate the TES ampere–watt sensitivity, spectral density of various noise components, and energy resolution. The ampere–watt sensitivity of TES is represented as Here, LI is the DC gain, τ is the time constant in the absence of electrothermal feedback, τI is the time constant in the limit when the

• from 0 to 1 kHz and is 7.6 × 105 A/W. The current noise of the SQUID readout system from Supracon, available in our lab, is calculated to be 20 pA/Hz1/2. It can be seen that the intrinsic noise of the TES and feedback circuit is significantly lower than the noise of the SQUID, so that the total noise

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• of humidity sensing is the use of nanoparticles, particularly alginate-based nanoparticles. One research presented an autoregulatory system for humidity sensing employing a nanoscale wrinkle-patterned hydrogel with programmable feedback cycle. The wrinkled pattern monitors humidity fluctuations, and

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• out the pad cuticle, making it less flexible and providing reduced attachment [40]. Jiao et al. [73] also reported desiccation and depletion of pad fluid to reduce adhesion in excised tarsi. Pad deflation could also have negative influence on sensory feedback. The mechanoreceptors on the pads of stick

• insects, which provide feedback about substrate contact [37], usually occur solely on attachment pads with nubby microstructures and only rarely on smooth eupantulae [34]. The setae of mechanoreceptors are usually mounted in a flexible membrane, which also contains resilin [87]. The combination of a

• impact the ability of old cockroaches to walk up an incline. It seems plausible to assume that the walking speed might also be affected by poor sensory feedback. Conclusion An effect of age on the attachment abilities of stick insects was found. Attachment and friction forces declined with age on both

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• [30]. This issue can be addressed with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Under ambient conditions, the most common mode is amplitude modulation (AM-AFM), which uses the oscillation amplitude reduction as the input for the topography feedback. Its main aspects are summarized in [31]. At large free

• waited for a minimum of 1 h until the humidity stabilized. The experiments were performed at room temperature and low relative humidity (RH < 10%) in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. Topography images were acquired in AM-AFM mode by using the oscillation amplitude as the topography feedback channel. To

• charging the flakes through bringing the tip into contact while applying an external bias voltage to the tip [78] (see Supporting Information File 1, section SI.3 for further details). Following the charging process, without activating the KPFM feedback (Figure 2a), there is a noticeable increase in the

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• (c). The STS data for defects 1 and 2 were acquired with the same tip. The spectra are shifted vertically by 0.02 nS. Feedback loop parameters prior to spectroscopy: 500 mV, 50 pA. Atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy of defect types 1 and 2 in graphene on Ir(111). (a) Constant-height AFM

• tip excursion used for the constant-height Δf current maps in (a–d). Displacement Δz = 0 defines the tip–sample distance at which the feedback loop was deactivated above pristine graphene (10 mV, 50 pA). Vertical probe–surface distance dependence of AFM topographies of defect 1. (a–c) Constant-height

• is defined by the feedback loop parameters 10 mV and 50 pA above intact graphene. The same tip–surface distance prior to data acquisition above the defect is ensured by taking the apparent height difference at the feedback loop parameters into account. Total vertical force F as a function of tip

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• highly desirable. Furthermore, we would like the integrated sensor package, that is, transducer and detector, to be easily exchangeable, as AFM tips are frequently damaged when scanning over unknown surface features. Dynamic AFM is typically operated in two alternative modes of scanning feedback, namely