The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• generates a sideband signal at frequency f2, which is used as input for the KPFM feedback loop. For the extraction of the electric field and photocarrier density profiles from the surface potential data, we applied the definitional voltage equation for a conservative electric field and the Poisson equation

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• the Pt/Ir-coated conductive cantilevers (NuNano SPARK-150Pt and MikroMasch HQ:NSC18/Pt) was ≈75 kHz; the levers had a spring constant of 2–3 N·m−1, a tip radius of 18 nm, and a tip height of 10–18 μm. The topography feedback measurements were performed with amplitude modulation on the first eigenmode

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• signal analyzer. The tip motion and the feedback loop are controlled by electronics from RHK technology. A phase-locked loop is employed for locking the phase between the AC drive signal to the QTF and the signal input. When the phase is locked, the resonance frequency of the tuning fork will shift as

• the tip interacts with the surface. Amplitude, frequency, and phase are measured. These signals are then fed into the electronics for monitoring and feedback options. The RHK software (R9 plus) allows for various user controls, that is, setpoint (frequency shift for AFM feedback or current for STM

• feedback), amplitude, and phase as well as the current images can be recorded separately or in several combined modes and compared in real time. Results and Discussion To demonstrate the capabilities of the combined ReactorAFM/STM, we show results from two different types of experiments. In the first, we

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• test users were engaged in assessing the tool’s usefulness and interface usability. Regular feedback during all phases of the development was crucial in guiding the development process with regards to defining and prioritising the requirements in terms of nodes and edges. An instance map can be created

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• with the SEM, and the three anonymous reviewers for the helpful feedback on the manuscript. Funding We acknowledge the start-up funding from the University of Salzburg.

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• -based and data-driven approaches, a digital twin can encompass the complete picture of the performance of materials under different conditions. This mutual positive feedback between model-based simulations and data-driven methods is depicted in Figure 5. In the context of nanomaterials, the digital twin

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• estimate the TES ampere–watt sensitivity, spectral density of various noise components, and energy resolution. The ampere–watt sensitivity of TES is represented as Here, LI is the DC gain, τ is the time constant in the absence of electrothermal feedback, τI is the time constant in the limit when the

• from 0 to 1 kHz and is 7.6 × 105 A/W. The current noise of the SQUID readout system from Supracon, available in our lab, is calculated to be 20 pA/Hz1/2. It can be seen that the intrinsic noise of the TES and feedback circuit is significantly lower than the noise of the SQUID, so that the total noise

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• of humidity sensing is the use of nanoparticles, particularly alginate-based nanoparticles. One research presented an autoregulatory system for humidity sensing employing a nanoscale wrinkle-patterned hydrogel with programmable feedback cycle. The wrinkled pattern monitors humidity fluctuations, and

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• out the pad cuticle, making it less flexible and providing reduced attachment [40]. Jiao et al. [73] also reported desiccation and depletion of pad fluid to reduce adhesion in excised tarsi. Pad deflation could also have negative influence on sensory feedback. The mechanoreceptors on the pads of stick

• insects, which provide feedback about substrate contact [37], usually occur solely on attachment pads with nubby microstructures and only rarely on smooth eupantulae [34]. The setae of mechanoreceptors are usually mounted in a flexible membrane, which also contains resilin [87]. The combination of a

• impact the ability of old cockroaches to walk up an incline. It seems plausible to assume that the walking speed might also be affected by poor sensory feedback. Conclusion An effect of age on the attachment abilities of stick insects was found. Attachment and friction forces declined with age on both

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• [30]. This issue can be addressed with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Under ambient conditions, the most common mode is amplitude modulation (AM-AFM), which uses the oscillation amplitude reduction as the input for the topography feedback. Its main aspects are summarized in [31]. At large free

• waited for a minimum of 1 h until the humidity stabilized. The experiments were performed at room temperature and low relative humidity (RH < 10%) in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. Topography images were acquired in AM-AFM mode by using the oscillation amplitude as the topography feedback channel. To

• charging the flakes through bringing the tip into contact while applying an external bias voltage to the tip [78] (see Supporting Information File 1, section SI.3 for further details). Following the charging process, without activating the KPFM feedback (Figure 2a), there is a noticeable increase in the

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• (c). The STS data for defects 1 and 2 were acquired with the same tip. The spectra are shifted vertically by 0.02 nS. Feedback loop parameters prior to spectroscopy: 500 mV, 50 pA. Atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy of defect types 1 and 2 in graphene on Ir(111). (a) Constant-height AFM

• tip excursion used for the constant-height Δf current maps in (a–d). Displacement Δz = 0 defines the tip–sample distance at which the feedback loop was deactivated above pristine graphene (10 mV, 50 pA). Vertical probe–surface distance dependence of AFM topographies of defect 1. (a–c) Constant-height

• is defined by the feedback loop parameters 10 mV and 50 pA above intact graphene. The same tip–surface distance prior to data acquisition above the defect is ensured by taking the apparent height difference at the feedback loop parameters into account. Total vertical force F as a function of tip

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• highly desirable. Furthermore, we would like the integrated sensor package, that is, transducer and detector, to be easily exchangeable, as AFM tips are frequently damaged when scanning over unknown surface features. Dynamic AFM is typically operated in two alternative modes of scanning feedback, namely

Enhanced feedback performance in off-resonance AFM modes through pulse train sampling

• Mustafa Kangül,
• Navid Asmari,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Marcos Penedo and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.13

• vertical force changes during a defined time window of the tip–sample interaction. Through this, we use multiple samples in the proximity of the maximum force for the feedback loop, rather than only one sample at the maximum force instant. This method leads to improved topography tracking at a given ORT

• rate and therefore enables higher scan rates while refining the mechanical property mapping. Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); feedback control; off-resonance tapping (ORT); pulsed-force mode; Introduction Constant force mode, a widely used AFM imaging mode, utilizes a feedback controller that

• mode, where force-versus-distance curves are acquired periodically. The maximum cantilever deflection during one period, corresponding to the maximum exerted force, is sampled and fed into a feedback controller. The tip–sample contact duration is limited and easily tunable compared to the constant

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• integrated preamplifier, whose feedback resistor of 1 GΩ fixes the maximum measurable current to 12 nA, sets the amplification to 109 V/A, and allows one to measure currents down to few tens of picoamperes. In the studies presented here, two types of CAFM-probes were used. For the studies on DDT SAMs on Au

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• mechanical resonance frequency (f0) executed by the lock-in amplifier 1 and the generated topography signal is controlled by the Z feedback. A sinusoidal AC bias (VAC) with drive of 1 V and frequency (fAC) of 5 kHz is applied to the tip through lock-in 2, generating a signal with a frequency of f0 ± fAC near

• measure the sideband signals at f0 + fAC and f0 − fAC. Then, their average is used for the KPFM feedback to adjust the DC bias. If fAC is chosen to be small enough, such that the sideband peaks are close to f0, the amplitude of these peaks will be enhanced by the mechanical resonance of the cantilever

• leading to a better signal-to-noise ratio. The feedback applies a DC bias (VDC) matching the potential difference between the tip and the sample, which compensates for the electrostatic force. Therefore, the sidebands disappear. The value of VDC corresponds to the contact potential difference

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• + dc potential is applied, the KPFM tip scans across a surface. The ac signal is sinusoidal with a frequency that equals the mechanical resonance of the cantilever. The four-quadrant detector gives feedback in order to minimize cantilever oscillation modifying the dc signal providing the sample surface

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• Research, Oxford Instruments, UK). AFM images were recorded using Si AFM probes (MikroMasch HQ:NSC15, 40 N/m, 325 kHz, MikroMasch, Bulgaria) in tapping-mode feedback. AFM images were measured in square areas between 6 μm × 6 μm and 8 μm × 8 μm using 1024 × 1024 pixels with a scan speed below 20 μm·s−1. To

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• matching with free space and improves the radiation power efficiency. The cavity modes in the electrodes are excited collectively by the JJs, which are, in turn, mutually phase-locked by the modes. This provides a positive feedback mechanism allowing for the synchronization of large arrays without direct

• pumped collectively by the junctions, which are in turn mutually phase-locked by the modes. This provides a positive feedback mechanism, which allows for the synchronization of large arrays without direct interjunction interaction. The electromagnetic wave emission in this case is facilitated by the

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• of tip. The attachment process produces a tip with stability and higher sensitivity during image acquisition. The smaller tip diameter produces a higher peak force, resulting in very sharp images being collected. In general, if good images are to be achieved, it is at the expense of reduced feedback

• stability. This is partly due to the increased wear of the tip and electrostatic effects. SWCNT-modified tips offer feedback stability and higher current sensitivity, and SWCNT has good wear resistance. The overall performance of SWCNT probes shows that they can be produced at a lower price and meet all the

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• for green energy in the near future. MEGs are also widely used in sensors [54]. For example, a moisture-eletric touch sensor array can provide uniform and sensitive touch feedback (Figure 10e). As shown in Figure 10f, a breath detector can monitor different breathing patterns, including short breaths

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• -scan piezo reasonably high, as required for a fast feedback. Furthermore, to avoid instrument downtime due to piezo tube fractures, sample exchange inside the UHV must be performed with minimal force applied to the scan piezo. The schematic setup of our instrument is displayed in Figure 3b. Our

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• capable of atomic-scale spatial resolution and nanosecond time resolution under specific conditions. KPFM-based techniques can largely be classified as either “open loop” (OL) or “closed loop” (CL). CL techniques employ a feedback loop to apply a bias to compensate for the electrostatic force (or force

• gradient) between the tip and sample. CL techniques are more common than OL techniques due to the ease of implementation, wide-scale availability, and direct measurement of the apparent CPD. OL techniques, by contrast, are feedback-free and can be used to determine the CPD without the need to apply a DC

• currents and unwanted electrochemical reactions) [9][33][34][35]. OL techniques avoid the limitations and artefacts that can arise when using a feedback loop, for example, bandwidth limitations due to the time constant of the feedback loop [29], increased noise [36][37], and electrical crosstalk [38][39

Efficiency of electron cooling in cold-electron bolometers with traps

• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Vladimir A. Frost,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 896–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.80

• efficiency. This concept is based on negative electrothermal feedback for an incoming signal, which is due to the direct electron cooling of the absorber by the normal metal–insulator–superconductor (NIS) tunnel junctions. Recently, in receivers with cold-electron bolometers [4][5][6], electron cooling from