Synthesis of carbon dot-mediated gold nanostructures: experimental and quantum chemical insights into turn-on fluorescence sensing of N-acetylcysteine

• Thuy-Huong Nguyen,
• Van-Nghia Nguyen,
• Ha Thi Thu Nguyen,
• Ha Ngoc Nguyen,
• Anh Duc Nguyen,
• Tuyen Viet Nguyen and
• Truong Xuan Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1103–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.75

• the NAC concentration (mg/L). At concentrations higher than 20.0 mg/L, the fluorescence recovery gradually approached saturation, resulting in a reduced analytical sensitivity. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the proposed assay were determined based on the validated

Electrochemical sensing of sildenafil in pharmaceutical formulations using an (S,N)-doped reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Ngo Thi Thanh Xuan,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Duc Anh,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Hai Phong,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Lam Son and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1087–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.74

• parameters, including accumulation potential, accumulation time, pulse amplitude, and scan rate, were optimized to achieve the best analytical performance. Calibration curves were constructed by measuring the peak current response at different concentrations of SDN. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit

Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• a full UV–vis spectral scan of the EO. The limit of detection (LOD ≈ 0.0016 mg/mL) and the limit of quantification (LOQ ≈ 0.005 mg/mL) were calculated according to ICH guidelines based on the standard deviation of the regression intercept and the slope of the calibration curve. Blank nanocapsules

Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

• matrices containing abundant co-ions and natural organic matter; this requires an understanding of unwanted interferences for the system [8][9][10] and smart design, modification, and protection of the active surface according to the system. (ii) Sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), and dynamic range

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• currents versus CPR concentrations. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated based on the formula 3S/b where S is the standard deviation of the blank signal (or the standard deviation of the intercept of the calibration curve), and b is the slope of the calibration curve [19]. Repeatability

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• purple. The sensor’s effectiveness was confirmed with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 μg/mL and a recovery rate (RR) of 92.0–95.3% for VB12, equivalent in accuracy to ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrometry. Since the sensor’s LOD for VB12 was above the recommended dietary allowance level (0.02–0.03

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• rate [27]. The results show that the (limit of detection) LoD for dopamine with the DENA nanoscale electrode is 30 nM as depicted in Figure 3d. In glucose detection testing, two peaks were observed from both forward (Figure 4a) and reverse (Figure 4b) cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans. During forward scan

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• electrochemical biosensor after confirming the high specificity for hemagglutinin. In the ELISA, the limit of detection (LOD) of the viral H1 protein was determined to be 0.1 ng/mL. Biosensor response to standard solutions of H1 protein The biosensor was characterized using known concentrations of H1 protein

• logarithm of the concentration of H1 in the solution. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated following a conventional criterion where LOD is equal to the mean of the signal of a blank solution plus three standard deviations [39]. The mean of the signal was obtained from a series of DPV experiments

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• presents the comparison of this work with other similar works. The fabricated sensor showed a slightly higher limit of detection (LOD) value, which is due to the use of PBS and the higher impedance of the electrode. An acidic pH provides better sensitivity, but it also brings health and safety issues

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• to quantitatively measure SDS concentrations. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined through a linear calibration plot, wherein varying concentrations of SDS were mixed with PEG–PCL NPs. As shown in Figure 6c, the plot demonstrated excellent linearity, with a

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• end concentration of 0.5 ppm, followed by the addition of ʟ-car-AgNPs as a sensing probe. The dispersion was then examined for colorimetric/spectrophotometric changes. Finally, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the developed nanosensors were estimated through a

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• capacity, and an acceptable efficacy of the electron transfer, Cu3(BTC)2 exhibited a good sensitivity to 2,4-dichlorophenol in the range from 0.04 to 1.00 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 9 nM in differential pulse voltammetry measurements. Moreover, the combination of metal oxides and MOFs showed better

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• detecting H2O2. The researchers obtained broad linearity between 5 and 1000 M H2O2, a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 M, good accuracy (3.5%), recovery (95–105%), and high selectivity. Gold nanoparticles loaded on a hydrogel based on alginate (Alg) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) showed excellent

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• . Aligholizadeh et al. [72] detected DMMP using a handheld Raman spectrometer with an excitation of 785 nm, and the analytes were measured in a liquid-phase solution. The limit of detection (LOD) achieved for DMMP was 9 mM. Chang et al. [67] utilized a combination of cotton swabs with a Ag NP substrate along with

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• follows: The limit of detection (LOD) is described as 3S/M, where S is the standard deviation and M is the slope obtained from the calibration plot. The LOD values are 0.58 µM for URI and 0.68 µM for HYP. The cross-effect is a key factor for the simultaneous determination of analytes in a mixture. Figure

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• ). At the limit of detection (LOD) of 10−8 M, the SERS spectrum clearly shows emerging peaks, the highest enhancement factor (EF) of which reaches 6.29 × 107, proving the NFT residue tracing capability of the Ag NPs-DES substrate. These peaks correspond to vibrations of characteristic groups of NFT as

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• nanocomposite was used for the preconcentration of antigen in the sample using a magnetic field and Au was used as a photothermal signal amplification probe. This method enabled the quantitative determination of OTA using a portable thermal camera with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.12 pg·mL−1 [81]. Graphene

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• concentration for malathion detection is: Using the equation kSb/m [35], where Sb represents standard deviation of the peak current of the blank, m represents the slope of the calibration plot, k has a value of 3, the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.62 nM. In a similar manner, the limit of

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• and challenges It is crucial to assess the performance of sensors during development using standard metrics such as selectivity, sensitivity, the limit of detection (LOD), and response time. Selectivity refers to a sensor’s capacity to respond to a narrow range of target analytes while resisting

• (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and capillary electrophoresis are common analytical techniques used to qualitatively or quantitatively determine pharmaceuticals in various matrices because they are sensitive (Figure 2), have a significant tolerable limit of

• detection (LOD), and are selective in many cases. However, they have a number of shortcomings. For example, in order to increase the sensitivity of the established immunoassays, Mitchell and Lowe [20] and Wu et al. [21] used the ELISA technique for the analysis of testosterone and progesterone, respectively

Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Walter Puglisi,
• Damien Thiry,
• Cristina Satriano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.10

• mostly built to detect low concentration of molecules in a solution. Therefore, RhB solutions were diluted in order to reach the limit for which the signal of the molecule cannot be seen, corresponding to the limit of detection (LoD) of our material (Figure 8a). For this part, AlAg30 thin films dealloyed

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

• Abu Hashem,
• M. A. Motalib Hossain,
• Ab Rahman Marlinda,
• Mohammad Al Mamun,
• Khanom Simarani and
• Mohd Rafie Johan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1458–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.120

• linearity in the range of 1 × 10−11 to 5 × 10−6 M. The limit of detection (LOD) of the developed electrochemical DNA biosensor was calculated and found to be 0.85 × 10−12 M, which implies that the performance of the developed biosensor is quite satisfactory to detect box turtles in a sample. The previously

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• of DCX was measured by UV spectrophotometry (Shimadzu UV-1800 UV–vis spectrophotometer, Shimadzu corporation, Japan) at 230 nm (λmax). Validation of the spectrophotometric method was carried out. Linearity, accuracy, precision, reproducibility, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of determination

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• ] + 3.7526 (R² = 0.9936) for 3–15 nM, Ip (μA) = 19.176 [PT] + 4.2723 (R² = 0.9367) for 0.03–0.15 nM. The corresponding sensitivity was found to be 50.5 μA·μM−1·cm−2 with a wide linear range for quantification of PT. The limit of detection (LOD = [(3 * standard deviation of blank)/slope of the lowest range of

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• change of GNPs-GSH-RH6G2 from colorless to pink when Hg2+ was added (Figure 5e). The fluorescence response showed a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.025–0.3 mM. The linear regression equation was F = 86.96c − 27.76 (R2 = 0.9914) (c represents Hg2+ concentration), and the limit of

• detection (LOD) was calculated to be 8.4 μM (S/N = 3). In Table 1 the analytical performance of the constructed sensors is compared with other reported methods and with sensing techniques based on GNPs. The results indicate that the proposed strategy has good selectivity and acceptable sensitivity compared

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• detection of dopamine, an enhancement factor of Au–ZnO NRs greater than 1.2 × 104 was obtained. The 3D SERS substrates based on Ag/ZnO/Au structures showed a higher SERS enhancement factor of 1 × 1010 and a limit of detection (LOD) down to 10−16 for rhodamine 6G (R6G) [68]. In this case, the charge transfer