Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• their surface chemistry and structure, emphasizing the need for systematic evaluation of their degradation pathways and by-products to ensure the safe design of nanomedicines. Moreover, CNMs can contain impurities that may impact their biological activity and safety. Therefore, it is important to assess

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agency approved the first nanomedicine, Doxil® (doxorubicin-loaded liposomes) for chemotherapy. Over the past 30 years, research and development in nanotechnology have expanded significantly, with more than 70 nanomedicines approved by FDA or EMA [83][84][85][86

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• [106] and stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems [107], represent significant advances toward enhanced therapeutic efficacy and precision medicine. However, most nanomedicines still require intravenous injection [108], and there is no precedent for AFDNs in EC clinical trials; however, this advanced

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• their action site to achieve desired therapeutic effects. Thus, it is critical to explore and understand the types, targeting mechanism, immune responses, and therapeutic outcomes of such NPs. Unlike previous reports, here, we provide an up-to-date review of recent advances in biomimetic nanomedicines

• with a specific focus on their types and recent advancements only for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the recent advancements in biomimetic nanomedicines engineered with various biomaterials, emphasizing their interactions with different types of tumors and tumor microenvironment (TME). It

• penetration of drugs and drug carriers. In addition, cancer cell membranes express specific receptors and antigens that help them recognize and target through a homotypic binding mechanism [44][45]. Therefore, cancer cell membranes are also extensively explored to localize nanomedicines to cancer cells

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• , supramolecular nanoconstructs, and nanomaterials photoreleasing NO have been developed as potential nanomedicines over the last decades [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. In this regard, generating NO with highly biocompatible long wavelength green or red light is highly desirable over blue or even UV

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -based propidium iodide uptake analysis The efficacy of nanomedicines mainly depends upon the effective cellular internalization and their transport to the appropriate intercellular effector site [52][53]. Studies have shown that based on its size and surface characteristics (i.e., hydrophilicity or

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• an aim to contribute to the improvement of global visual health. 2 Photothermal treatment mechanisms and nanomaterial properties of ophthalmic nanomedicines Nanomaterials with highly tunable photothermal conversion properties are referred to as photothermal nanomaterials [22]. These materials are

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• anticancer nanomedicines are administered intravenously. This route is fast and precise as the drug enters directly into the systemic circulation, without undergoing absorption processes. When nanoparticles come into direct contact with the blood, however, they interact with physiological components that can

• exhibit heightened efficacy and reduced toxicity for medical purposes. Keywords: colloidal stability; complex media; functionalized nanoparticles; hemolysis; targeting tumor; Introduction In recent years, there has been a growing search for developing high-efficiency nanomedicines for cancer treatment

• to the formation of aggregates of NPs and activation of unplanned biological pathways (e.g., the complement system) [16][17][18]. The factors mentioned above hamper the biodistribution of nanomedicines and their targeting efficiency, therefore causing adverse effects. Multiple functionalization

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• heamatological tests. The authors concluded that DOX polymersomes have less side effects than Doxil because of the biodegradability and release features of the complex [42]. Conclusion Specifically designed nanomedicines can deliver various agents simultaneously to a desired site of action, resulting in more

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• of safer nanomedicines. MONPs are also being utilized in environmental remediation efforts to remove pollutants from water and soil. The insights gained from this study can help in selecting nanoparticles that are effective in remediation without posing significant risks to aquatic life and

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• cancer nanomedicines are now under evaluation in clinical stages [6]. Simple liposomal and micellar formulations containing chemotherapeutic agents still predominate in this group. Despite the obstacles and challenges, oncology has become the main focus of nanomedicine [8]. Liposomal doxorubicin was the

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• academia are not very familiar with) and describes possible strategies in order to bring new nanomedicines to the market [103]. Summary Future studies of NP uptake into cells and tissues are important to get a complete mechanistic understanding of how they affect cells of different types, how one may

When nanomedicines meet tropical diseases

• Eder Lilia Romero,
• Katrien Van Bocxlaer and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 830–832, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.69

• ]. Potentially beneficial properties of nanomedicines include enhanced drug solubility, improved bioavailability, targeted drug delivery, longer half-life, and reduced toxicity. This thematic issue covers pre-clinical research employing chemotherapeutic or prophylactic nanomedicines against NTDs in a concise

• , Morilla and collaborators presented a critical review on nanomedicines and Chagas disease, highlighting the potential of oral nanocrystals and parenteral nano-immunostimulants to treat this NTD [3]. Moving to leishmaniases, Verçoza et al. evaluated the therapeutic potential of green superparamagnetic iron

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• properties is a pharmacological challenge that could be addressed by formulating ALN in nanomedicines. Properly designed, intravenously administered nanomedicines allow one to control pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and pharmacodynamics of loaded active ingredients [19]. Inflamed endothelia present

• variable degrees of increased permeability, offering an anatomic-pathological context that favors extravasation and, therefore, the passive targeting of nanoparticulate material towards cells of the diseased vasculature [20]. Moreover, in recent years, the development of targeted nanomedicines for

• therapeutic, diagnostic, or theragnostic applications to pathological macrophages and endothelia is of major pharmaceutical interest [21]. The vascular endothelium can be actively targeted with nanomedicines of high structural sophistication [22][23], which are, however, difficult to fit within the

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• , researchers have explored innovative approaches for the treatment of atherosclerosis, with a particular focus on the use of metal-based nanomaterials. The advancement of nanomedicines in CVD treatments will gain from the comprehensive understanding of the rate and extent of nanoparticles (NPs) inside the

• nanomedicines, particularly AuNPs, have been implemented in various settings, with twelve clinical trials already completed or in progress. Notably, one of these trials, NCT01436123, focuses on utilizing heat for the photothermal treatment of atherosclerosis [176]. In an observational study with three arms

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• benznidazole. Nanomedicines reduce toxicity and increase the effectiveness of current oncological therapies. Could nanomedicines improve the treatment of the neglected CD? This question will be addressed in this review, first by critically discussing selected reports on the performance of benznidazole and

• other molecules formulated as nanomedicines in in vitro and in vivo CD models. Taking into consideration the developmental barriers for nanomedicines and the degree of current technical preclinical efforts, a prospect of developing nanomedicines against CD will be provided. Not surprisingly, we conclude

• still required regarding a realistic use of nanomedicines effective against CD. Keywords: benznidazole; liposomes; nanocrystals; nanomedicines; nanoparticles; Trypanosoma cruzi; Introduction Nanomedicines are used to solve the problems posed by poor solubility and/or permeability and high toxicity of

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• and 72 h. The cytotoxicity results for F127@NP and F127-folate@NP was significantly lower at 72 h than that for PVA@NP. There were no statistically significant differences between F127@NP and F127-folate@NP. Discussion Nanomedicines have their applications in a number of cancer treatments and

• diagnoses, including tumor-targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, and imaging. Nanomedicines can be made from a variety of inert, biodegradable, and in vivo biocompatible materials. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) is one of the most biodegradable and biocompatible copolymers owing to its

• of NPs in circulation, and the other is nanoparticle targeting. The size, charge, and coating materials of NPs have a considerable influence on the half-life of NPs. It has been observed that nanomedicines with a size of approximately 100 nm have a longer half-life in the bloodstream, but those with

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• since it is a neglected disease. Nonetheless, there is big diversity of solutions with great potential to be superior to PZQ using nanotechnological resources. However, governmental investment is necessary for these nanomedicines to achieve full potential. Experimental Searches were done in Pubmed

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• ][17]. Similarly to the advent of nanomedicines, certain standardization in terms of methods and parameters is necessary to allow for a better comparison between different studies. Perspective Measurement conditions influencing the absolute values of elastic properties Different possibilities to

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• . These results show potential for the development of new nanomedicines against T. cruzi. Keywords: benznidazole; biopharmaceutical study; Chagas disease; nanoparticles; nanostructured lipid carriers; physicochemical characterization; Trypanosoma cruzi; Introduction Chagas disease is a neglected disease

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• genetic alterations leading to drug resistance. Further, an emphasis will be put on the developmental challenges of targeted nanomedicines for the co-delivery of therapeutic agents to lung tumors. Finally, current approaches in literature used to design nanotools loaded with logical combinations of

• , this combined therapeutic approach has been characterized by an increased incidence of adverse reactions of grades 3–5 [41][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Nanomedicines can be used as tools for improved localization of combination therapy at the site of action, improving the outcome and decreasing

• , defective intracellular trafficking of the HER2 antibody–drug conjugates, masking of the HER2 epitope, high rate of recycling, and the effect of upregulated drug efflux pumps, may be resolved by novel nanomedicines designed to interact with the tumor cells in a variety of ways with the goal of overcoming

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• compounds. Because of the decomposition of nanomedicines through these two pathways, the siRNA was efficiently released in target cells and silenced the pathogenic gene. 3.3 Simultaneous delivery of multiple types of therapeutic drugs When two types of therapeutic DNA (or RNA) drugs are simultaneously

• , various functional groups are introducible to desired positions in the nanoarchitectures through chemical modifications of CyDs, facilitating a precise design for predetermined DDSs. Inclusion complexes of CyDs are sufficiently dynamic so that the drugs encapsulated in CyD-based nanomedicines are released

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• therapeutic molecules) in the gastrointestinal tract. These inherent limitations led to the development of nanomedicines as potent drug delivery vehicles approved for medicinal use and treatment of life-threatening diseases. Several types of nps, such as liposomal, polymer-based, terpenoid-based, and

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• MBs can be loaded with cargo and also modified with specific ligands for targeting [178]. The use of MBs in combination with other types of NPs could also provide additional possibilities. These hybrids could enhance the accumulation, penetration, and uptake of nanomedicines [179][180][181]. These