Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• characterise drug release kinetics and skin permeation/penetration behaviour, which will be essential for advancing this printed multilayer system toward broader application in topical drug-delivery research. (A–C) Rheological behaviour with oscillation frequency data for storage (G′), loss modulus (G″), and

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• -infrared (NIR) range to enable deep tissue penetration, addressing a key PDT limitation. However, the use of longer wavelengths (>800 nm) is not practical due to their inefficiency in exciting an oxygen molecule from the triplet ground state to the excited singlet state [21]. A high quantum yield for ROS

• vasculature, penetration through the interstitial space, and cellular internalization at the target site [47]. Conferring the carriers with a biomimetic shell that mimics the functions of biological cells potentially increases their circulation time and targeting properties, while significantly reducing the

• . These properties are particularly valuable for treating inflammatory diseases and targeting tumors. Crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) remains a significant challenge for nanomedicine. BNPs coated with membranes from cells capable of BBB penetration, such as neutrophils or cancer cells, show

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• threshold characterises the “gentle” ablation phase [177]. The ablation rate is low and determined by the optical penetration depth [178]. The rapid ionisation of the material leads to the ejection of charged particles due to electrostatic repulsion, named Coulomb explosion. This process occurs within a few

• penetration depth δ and the electron-thermal penetration depth, l, related to electron heat conduction. Considering that the Gaussian beam fluence distribution follows Φ = Φ0exp(−r2/ω2), with ω being the radius of the beam and Φ0 = E0/πω2 the peak fluence, ΔV is given by: where Φth is the threshold fluence

• , E0 is the absorbed energy and with Φth,δ and Φth,l are the threshold fluences regarding the two different penetration depths [20]. The constants A and B in Equation 3 are derived from the experimental data. In comparison, picosecond pulse durations are in the range of the electron–phonon coupling

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• are characterized by significantly different electrical resistivities, with Au being an excellent electrical conductor even at small thicknesses and Py films showing high resistivity in the ultrathin film regime [40][41]. To calculate the London penetration depth at T = 0 K, the formula λ(0) = 1.05

• = [43], where Λ = 2λ2/d is the Pearl penetration length. The theoretical values of Bs are = 5.3 mT and = 7.4 mT. The linear fits to the data were carried out fixing the value of Jc at μ0H = 0 T to the experimental values (0) = 2.64 × 109 A/m2 and (0) = 8.7 × 109 A/m2. The fits yield Bs equal to ≈ 60

• enhancement of Bs can be understood by considering that the theoretical expression accounts for the suppression of the edge barrier, whereas the experimental Bs extracted from Jc(B) reflects the onset of vortex penetration into the bulk, which, in the presence of bulk pinning, may require magnetic fields

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• the sample. Conversely, the increased absorption at 532 nm is advantageous, offering sufficient absorption while allowing deeper light penetration without significant energy loss. This facilitates the efficient use of high-power lasers operating at 532 nm for the fabrication of diffraction gratings

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• normal cells [69]. Wang et al. developed a pH/hypoxia synergistic nanocarrier technology, which, with the aid of azo and sulfamide-based zwitterions, achieved targeted medication release and deep tumour penetration [70]. Miao et al. designed a pH/reduction-sensitive, charge-reversal PMAABACy/CS/CS-DMMA

• effective tumour penetration and notable reduction in MCF-7 tumours, with excellent biosafety in vivo [83]. 3.4 Improved cellular uptake Upon exposure to mildly acidic conditions of the tumour microenvironment (around pH 6.5–6.8), ionizable groups such as amines, imidazoles, or carboxyl-based moieties, CRNs

• accumulation, cellular uptake, and controlled drug release in response to tumour microenvironmental cues. Different CRN architectures, including pH-responsive polymeric micelles, lipid-based nanoparticles, and dendrimer-based systems, have demonstrated improved tumour penetration and minimised systemic

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• parameter here is the London penetration depth [5], which was taken as 85 nm according to manufacturer data. Details of 3D-MLSI numerical technique can be found in [49][50]. An input data file, specified in text format, must contain the geometry of the device in the plane of the substrate, the parameters of

• manufacturer’s design rules. So ah can hardly be chosen larger then 2 μm since the minimal width was 4 μm for all samples studied here. In principle, the lower grid scale ahb < ah should be related to the London penetration depth λ = 85 nm for all superconducting layers. However, ahb, and ah as well, must not be

• and ahb = 0.5 μm was used, which provides a reasonable estimate, as was stated above. Summarizing, 3D-MLSI evaluates two-terminal partial inductances of thin multilayer structures, with the only free parameter being the London penetration depth. A fairly good performance rate is achieved due to the

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• interfacial adhesion under various environmental conditions, including immersion in saline solutions. It also effectively reduced chloride ion penetration, contributing to the durability of concrete substrates. Additionally, the coating was also able to promote temperature regulation by lowering surface

• minimal intervention. The claimed “labyrinth effect” and the strong adhesion were due to the Si–O–metal bonds, which impeded the penetration of corrosive ions, yielding suitable properties to consider the coating for long-term heritage bronze conservation and protection (Figure 6b). Several papers have

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• superconductors has long served as a fundamental criterion for their classification into distinct types. Traditionally, two types are recognized, namely, type I, in which magnetic fields are completely expelled from the material (the Meissner state), and type II, with magnetic flux penetration in the form of

• quantized vortices forming a mixed state [1][2][3]. Within the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) framework, the boundary between these regimes is determined by the GL parameter κ = λL/ξGL, where λL is the magnetic London penetration depth and ξGL is Ginsburg–Landau coherence length, with the critical value separating

• T. The variation of g and T modifies both the coherence length ξ and the magnetic penetration depth λ, and hence their ratio κ = λ/ξ, which determines the superconductivity type. Within the GL theory, ξ and λ share the same temperature dependence, ξ,λ ∝ (1 − T/Tc)−1/2, making the superconductivity

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• partial penetration, removal, or reduction cannot be excluded. We did not detect changes in the roughness between pristine and plasma-treated surfaces (RMS < 0.2 nm at 5 × 5 µm area) that would contribute to a change in friction. Interfacial redox reactions between the copper NP and the wafer surface

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• volumetric temperature sensing through fluorescence-lifetime or UC nanothermometry. However, these approaches remain limited by point-by-point scanning, shallow penetration depth, and narrow fields of view (typically below 100 µm), restricting their applicability to intact organisms. Beyond these

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• London penetration depth [18][53]. The experimental results for the S21 coefficient of the 300–550 GHz and 500–700 GHz matching circuits and the calculations are shown in Figure 6a and Figure 6b, respectively. The experimental values of Ipump are normalized to Ig. However, the experiment shows a

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• very little penetration into everyday public life. This stark gap highlights a sobering reality: Even after decades of research and good funding, the real-world integration and due consumption of nanomaterials are still minimal. When we compare the return on investment and impact with other

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• degrading enzymes from biofilms with nanomaterial carries can enhance MP degradation under cold, UV-rich conditions [47]. Such synergies offer sustainable MP removal in remote high-altitude lakes. Future work should explore their performance under freeze–thaw cycles, low sunlight penetration, and high

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• frequency response, which is unexpected for a soft material such as PEO. We attribute this to a very high elastic modulus measured a low penetration depths in PEO samples [26]. Model 3 (Figure 1a(iii))) in this case does not saturate as early, but the plateau in the dispersion curve translates into a wide

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• Flory radius (RPEG) of PEG and the interchain distance (D). According to polymer scaling theory, when D exceeds twice RF (D > 2RPEG), chains exist as isolated mushrooms with minimal overlap, enabling protein penetration to the nanoparticle surface. Experimental validation using quartz crystal

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• . aegypti mosquitoes using thermal fogging techniques in outdoor environments [104]. This superior performance was attributed to the reduced droplet size, which facilitates penetration through mesothoracic spiracles and into the inner walls of the mesothoracic trachea, thereby increasing insect mortality

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• of these particles facilitate deeper penetration into complex canal anatomies and improve antimicrobial action against resistant endodontic pathogens, which is critical for preventing reinfection and ensuring treatment success. The incorporation of biogenic nanoparticles into irrigating solutions

• , intracanal medicaments, and filling materials enhances their penetration and antibacterial action against resistant microorganisms, including Enterococcus faecalis [8][43][44]. Green-synthesized AgNPs and ZnO-NPs are particularly relevant due to their ability to disrupt biofilm architecture within dentinal

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• thermal degradation of sensitive compounds, as well as excessive loss of volatile substances such as PHYT [30]. The small droplet size results in a large surface area, which enables effective interaction with biological membranes and consequently enhances drug penetration and retention [31]. Key

• nanoscale size, lipid fusion with membrane components, or disruption of the plasma membrane structure [48][49]. However, several studies have also highlighted the remarkable potential of nanoemulsions against intracellular amastigote forms. In addition to enhancing cutaneous penetration, nanoemulsions also

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• MeV Ag ions. In this case, the electron stopping powers dominate near the surface. At 1.5 MeV, the Sn/Se ratio is lower (3.3–3.6), meaning that electronic interactions dominate, especially in the initial stages of penetration. The ions penetrate much deeper (Rp = 700–760 nm). At this energy, the

• ions with an energy of 1.5 MeV show reasonable agreement with the Ag concentration depth profiles in Figure 4a for GO and Figure 4b for PI. At this depth of ion penetration, we anticipate the most significant disruption of the carbon structures in both materials, involving the formation of vacancies

• to deeper ion penetration. While higher fluences also distort the surface, the resulting densification or redistribution of defects may lead to a decrease in roughness at the highest fluence. The findings for PI suggest that the application of low-energy 20 keV Ag (Figure 10) ion implantation results

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• increasing mucus penetration by modulating cellular absorption and reducing particle entrapment [65][66]. Maisel et al. [67] demonstrated that hydrophobic mucoadhesive particles adhere to mucus, leading to aggregation and limited distribution along the GIT after oral administration. Conversely, non

• polymer begins to degrade at the outer layer of the matrix and progressively advances inward, with the degradation rate exceeding that of water penetration. In bulk erosion, water rapidly penetrates the entire polymer structure, promoting homogeneous degradation of the matrix. This type of erosion

• physiological pH 7.4, by enhancing penetration and opening epithelial tight junctions in basic and neutral environments, thereby improving the paracellular transport of the drug molecule and reducing transepithelial electrical resistance [135][136]. In this regard, Farhadian et al. [118] manufactured

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• to improve the penetration and accumulation of drugs in the lesion, providing more possibilities for the treatment strategy of EC. In addition, aptamer-based biosensors offer flexibility in design, combined with nanotechnology to achieve outstanding sensitivity [41]. Detection of EC-related

• penetration. Cell-penetrating peptides can improve aptamer transport by triggering adsorption-mediated endocytosis and may be an alternative strategy to solve this puzzle. For example, Le et al. [132] constructed nanocomplexes promising for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by double modification of