Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• surface area for adhesion. Also, mucus penetration would be hindered because of the mesh-like structure of mucin. For therapeutics that have gastric mucosa as target, this might limit the efficiency and decrease the drug absorption at the site. A smaller particle size, however, is advantageous because of

• the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, which may result in more contact points with the tissue and increased mucoadhesion [27]. In addition, a nanoscale size leads to improved penetration through the pores of the mucin network, which have a size of approximately 500 nm [9][28], enhanced retention

• important parameters to be considered when developing mucus-interactive drug delivery systems. To study the possible penetration of the designed nanoparticles through the mucus layer, artificial mucus was prepared using gastric mucin, which was placed on a hardened gelatin layer. The penetration of

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• length λJ = γs, where s is the distance between the superconducting planes, γ is the anisotropy parameter, and λ is the London penetration depth of the magnetic field. When the ratio λ/λJ < 0.46, crossed lattices of Abrikosov and Josephson vortices (vortex chains) are observed; at λ/λJ > 0.46, the

• artificial pinning centers, or in samples with columnar defects perpendicular to the superconducting planes, the average deviation of pancakes from the axis of the vortex filament due to thermal motion is much less than λ, that is, the London penetration depth of the magnetic field into the superconductor

• magnetic field penetration depth and the coherence length [28]. In this paper, the following forms of this dependence are used: and These relations fairly accurately reflect the temperature dependence of the characteristic lengths in bismuth HTSC [29]. In this work, in addition to the classical potential

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• ) (Table 1). Generally, the particle size was smaller compared to the size of the corresponding non-irradiated formulations, which can be attributed to the penetration power and destructive effect of the gamma rays and the dissociation of certain molecules from the nanocarriers into the surrounding medium

• be explained by the different effects on cell membranes during internalization. While the tubular shape of the CNTs provides membrane penetration whithout significantly affecting the integrity of the cell membrane, the flat surface of GO leads to more intense contact and rupture of the cell membranes

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• light can be divided into ultraviolet (UV; 190–400 nm), visible light (400–780 nm) and near-infrared light (NIR; 780–2500 nm) [28][29]. UV light has shorter wavelengths and higher photon energies that can be absorbed by most body tissues. Hence, its penetration is limited, and it may trigger a number of

• endogenous chromophores (i.e., blood, water, and melanin) and biomolecules in the human body have a low absorption rate of NIR light. Hence, NIR has a high tissue penetration depth, which can avoid photothermal damage to healthy tissues [35][36][37]. Activation of photothermal nanomaterials with NIR light

• penetration and deposition [163]. Moreover, common ocular drug delivery methods have disadvantages such as short intraocular retention time, low drug accumulation, and low bioavailability [164]. Because of the transparency of the cornea and crystalline lens, the eye allows various wavelengths of light to

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , the penetration of different molecules is no longer determined by the selectivity of the MOF, but rather by the size of the void. The voids arise from poor adhesion between the MOF and the polymer, emphasizing the importance of utilizing compatible components for MMMs [76][78][87][89][92][113

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• color of MB in wastewater reduces light penetration into aquatic organisms, disturbing the balance of the ecosystem and harming various forms of life [3]. Effluents and water bodies containing MB require prioritized treatment due to its adverse effect on water quality. Therefore, it is crucial to

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• limited by low drug penetration. NCs can overcome this hurdle by offering new avenues for drug delivery that enhance effectiveness and reduce side effects. AMs play a critical role in asthma by maintaining inflammation and tissue damage. Holotomography was used to analyze the morphological and

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• core. This extensive penetration aligns with OLA’s hydrophobic nature, indicating strong interactions with the lipid tails. The overlap between OLA’s density and the membrane’s density profile suggests that OLA is well embedded within the membrane, potentially leading to significant perturbations in

• rather than deep penetration into the hydrophobic core. The MSD analysis (Figure 8f) reveals that OLA significantly enhances the lateral mobility of lipids within the bilayer, indicative of a fluidizing effect. This increased mobility likely results from OLA’s ability to disrupt lipid packing through its

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• enhance BBB penetration. Studies have shown that polymeric biomimetic nanoparticles carrying proteins can penetrate the brain parenchyma and release active agents, demonstrated by the increased accumulation of 3D6-Fab antibody fragments in the brains of mouse models, and reducing Aβ1-42 aggregation, which

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• therapeutic effects [30][31]. Poor permeability and penetration are additional obstacles. Phytochemicals may have difficulties crossing biological membranes, such as the intestinal epithelium or the blood–brain barrier, because of their molecular size, polarity, or lipophilicity. Poor permeability limits the

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• -energy electrons produced by ion–substrate interactions. In this respect, the increased importance of this reaction pathway is a consequence of the extremely inefficient momentum transfer for H2+/Pt(CO)2X2 collisions, coupled with the greater penetration depth of the lighter ions within the tantalum

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• , most systemically administered drugs cannot reach the brain as a site of action. The BBB is reported to limit the passage of 98% of small-molecule drugs and almost all large-molecule therapeutics to the brain [15]. The high density of the intact barrier prevents an easy penetration of the barrier. The

• limited insights as some factors, such as injection position and the effect of the mucus layer, were not considered [84]. The study also highlighted that the chitosan coating favored the penetration in the mucosa. This was attributed to the swelling of chitosan at the pH value of the healthy nose and the

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• facilitating attachment, penetration of substrates, production of sound, perception of volatiles, and delivery of venoms, among others. These morphological features offer valuable insights for biomimetic and bioinspired technological advancements. Here, we explore the biomimetic potential of hymenopteran body

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• demonstrate favorable tumor penetration and intratumoral diffusion. Active targeting strategies, incorporating ligands for specific tumor receptor binding, serve to further enhance usNP tumor selectivity and therapeutic performance. Numerous preclinical studies have already demonstrated the potential of

• % ID/g, while PEG-coated AuNCs displayed even higher passive tumor uptake efficiency of ≈8% ID/g owing to their longer blood retention time [77]. Besides achieving decent tumor uptake levels in some cases, usNPs exhibit easier penetration and diffusion through the dense tumor microenvironment relative

• 90% saturation), but challenges with insufficient NP tumor penetration and diffusion make this unlikely. Even if delivering a high local concentration of targeted usNPs were possible, the contribution of active targeting would not be distinguishable from the nonspecific background in this case. To

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• are spherical. It was also observed that a low proportion of SNPs were around 200–300 nm, and the majority were around 150 nm. SNPs may provide a larger specific surface area, resulting in a high loading capacity for DOX. Also, this property is an advantage regarding the penetration of SNPs into cells

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• functionality [23][24]. Here, skin depth refers to the penetration depth of an electromagnetic field into a (non-transparent) metallic material. While pure metal deposition by direct electron beam writing was demonstrated for gold precursors with inorganic ligands [25][26], high purity comes often at the

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• penetration through biological barriers, leading to the alteration of the drug’s pharmacological activity. Among them, lipid-based NPs, including liposomes, represent the most common nanocarrier platform currently used at the clinical stage for liver fibrosis treatment [21][22][23]. Nanocarrier–liver

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• are designed to be resistant to light, detergents, and cleaning products, making them difficult to remove. When these dyes are released into water bodies, they cause pollution problems such as chemical oxygen demand, toxicity, and reduced light penetration, which affects aquatic life. As a result, the

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• providing insulation (Figure 2A), prevent the penetration of water through hierarchical superhydrophobicity (Figure 2B), or provide protection from predators or disease vectors through mechanical interactions (Figure 2C). Thermoregulation Regarding thermal regulation, mammals have evolved certain traits

• , also known as a peg-in-pit sensillum [154]. The protruding hair-like receptors help to absorb thermal radiation, since the penetration depth of infrared radiation into insect cuticle is quite shallow [155]. Additionally, the hair-like sensillum possesses electron-dense filaments that may improve

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• smaller contributions from hydrogen bond acceptors [89]. Although this type of graphic is clearly a simplification of the whole database, it offers simple guidelines for researchers concerned with designing NDD compounds or libraries with improved probability of BBB penetration. The size of the vast

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• transdermal delivery of a DCS aqueous solution with hydrophobic formulations The transdermal formulation of DCS should demonstrate long-term penetration capability and stability in the Franz diffusion cell system. In the reservoir transdermal delivery system, compounds were mixed in a compartment and well

• suspended in liquid (i.e., the compounds became an emulsion solution or suspension liquid) or gel form [30]. Deionized water was used as a receptor medium for drug penetration tests [31][32]. To study the in vitro release of DCS in different crystal forms, the reservoir transdermal delivery system was used

• E exhibited a small amount of DCS penetration when a low concentration of the commercial DCS powder was loaded. Interestingly, by simply increasing the concentration of DCS powder and adding mannitol as an enhancer (Formulation D), the release of DCS significantly increased from 0.16 ± 0.20 mg to

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• metallic ferromagnetic layers, and S is a superconducting layer. Both models analyze the penetration of Cooper pairs from the S layer into the F layers under the action of the exchange field generated by the F1 and F2 layers. Those early theoretical works implied the operation principle of the SSV

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• × 1017 ions/cm2. Due to a higher mass difference between Si and Ge, Ge being a heavier target, there was not too much damage as a result of Ar ion irradiation. Therefore, most of the region remained unaltered beyond the ion penetration depths for both cases. This may be due to the high penetration depth

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• different areas [1]. However, the innovation of nanomaterials (NMs) is hindered because of potential adverse effects. It is believed that small particles can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, and skin penetration and have the potency to interact with macromolecules for a long period. Many

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• less than the London penetration depth to the normal-state sheet resistance R□ and the superconducting energy gap Δ0. For a conductor of length ℓ and width w, the kinetic inductance is where Lk,□ is the kinetic inductance per square. From Equation 4, we require a superconducting film with large normal