The high potential of methyl laurate as a recyclable competitor to conventional toxic solvents in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions

• Ayhan Yıldırım and
• Mustafa Göker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2389–2415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.184

• sugars (Figure 1) [42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. More specifically cycloaddition reactions of nitrones (1,3-dipoles) with N-aryl-substituted maleimides (electron-poor dipolarophiles) are a highly popular and versatile method for the formation of regio- and stereoselective pyrrolo-isoxazolidine-fused ring

• chloroform, for the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between nitrones and diverse dipolarophiles has not been predicated on any criteria other than their inertness [60]. Conversely, certain studies have reported that the effects of organic solvents in such reactions are negligible, and that an increase in

• cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with N-arylmaleimides to synthesize a series of pyrrolo-isoxazolidines. In this context, an investigation was conducted into the potential of vegetable oils and certain derivatives to serve as biocompatible solvents in cycloaddition reaction contexts. This investigation

C2 to C6 biobased carbonyl platforms for fine chemistry

• Jingjing Jiang,
• Muhammad Noman Haider Tariq,
• Florence Popowycz,
• Yanlong Gu and
• Yves Queneau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2103–2172, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.165

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• 323 (Scheme 74B) [126]. In addition, Sun and co-workers (2020) utilized diphenylcyclopropenone (309) and nitrones to access the corresponding imides 324–327 via a Ag-mediated β-carbon elimination promoted ring-opening reaction involving species 328 and 329 (Scheme 75A) [127]. The method could be

Access to 2-oxoazetidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives via thermal microwave-assisted Wolff rearrangement of 3-diazotetramic acids in the presence of nucleophiles

• Ivan Lyutin,
• Vasilisa Krivovicheva,
• Grigory Kantin and
• Dmitry Dar’in

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1894–1899, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.164

• cyclization [15][16]. Additionally, the manganese(III)-promoted cyclization of N-alkenyl malonamides [17][18] and the Cu(I)-catalyzed reaction of propiolic acid derivatives with nitrones (Kinugasa reaction) [19][20][21] should also be mentioned, as well as intramolecular C–H insertion using

Functionalization of imidazole N-oxide: a recent discovery in organic transformations

• Koustav Singha,
• Imran Habib and
• Mossaraf Hossain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1575–1588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.168

• (Scheme 3). Five polyphenols with at least two OH groups gave the corresponding products in 70–95% yields. After that, through the study of the scope of nitrones against phloroglucinol (16e), it was found that the products corresponding to 2H-imidazole 1-oxides bearing either electron-donating groups (18e

A facile approach to spiro[dihydrofuran-2,3'-oxindoles] via formal [4 + 1] annulation reaction of fused 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with diazooxindoles

• Pavel A. Topanov,
• Anna A. Maslivets,
• Maksim V. Dmitriev,
• Irina V. Mashevskaya,
• Yurii V. Shklyaev and
• Andrey N. Maslivets

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1532–1538, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.162

• investigated for FPDs: the [4 + 2] cycloaddition with alkenes resulting in pyran-annulated products [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] and the [3 + 2] cycloaddition with nitrones resulting in isoxazole-annulated products [35][36][37] (Scheme 2). However, formal [4 + 1] cycloaddition reactions for FPDs remain to

• crystal X-ray analysis (CCDC 2201614). As evinced by the NMR data, only one diastereomer of product 3aa was obtained. Contrary to the isoxazole-annulated products of a [3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitrones to FPDs [35], product 3aa appears to be stable on storage in solution, which was confirmed by the fact

Recent progress in the synthesis of homotropane alkaloids adaline, euphococcinine and N-methyleuphococcinine

• Dimas J. P. Lima,
• Antonio E. G. Santana,
• Michael A. Birkett and
• Ricardo S. Porto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 28–41, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.4

• converted to oximes 11 and 12 via oxidation with chromium trioxide followed by treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. 11 and 12 were reduced by sodium cyanoborohydride and the resulting hydroxylamines were converted in nitrones, after heating under reflux. These nitrones were not isolated but subjected

• nitrone. Murahashi synthesis – 2000 Starting from secondary amines, Murahashi et al. developed a method for preparing homochiral β-sulfinyl nitrones [41]. Accordingly, (+)-euphococcinine (2) was prepared through allylation followed by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of β-sulfinyl nitrone 20 derived from

• tricyclic adduct (+)-23b, a precursor to (−)-adaline (1). This methodology, based on the synthesis of optically active β-sulfinyl nitrones, was proved to be efficient in the synthesis of (+)-euphococcinine (2) in 7 steps from piperidine (17), in an overall yield of 2.1%. Specific rotation for (+)-2 was [α

Synthesis of tetrafluorinated piperidines from nitrones via a visible-light-promoted annelation reaction

• Vyacheslav I. Supranovich,
• Igor A. Dmitriev and
• Alexander D. Dilman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3104–3108, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.260

• Abstract A method for the one-step construction of 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorinated piperidines from nitrones and readily accessible tetrafluorinated iodobromobutane is described. The reaction requires an excess amount of ascorbic acid as the terminal reductant and is performed in the presence of an iridium

• photocatalyst activated by blue light. The annelation is a result of a radical addition at the nitrone, intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, and reduction of the N–O bond. Keywords: difluoroalkylation; nitrones; organofluorine compounds; photocatalysis; radical addition; Introduction Nitrogen-containing

• (CF2CF2) has advanced considerably over the last decade [20], and the use of preformed tetrafluorinated building blocks [21] provides the most efficient way of making these molecules. Recently, we disclosed a photoredox method for the reductive radical fluoroalkylation of nitrones [22][23][24]. We have

Selective and reversible 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 6-aryl-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes with 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones under microwave irradiation

• Alexander P. Molchanov,
• Mariia M. Efremova,
• Mariya A. Kryukova and
• Mikhail A. Kuznetsov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2679–2686, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.218

• pyrazolidinone derivatives like LY186826 and its analogues with antibacterial activity [8][9][10][11][12]. The chemistry of azomethine imines has been actively investigated since the second half of the last century but their reactivity is still far less studied compared with nitrones or azomethine ylides – other

Recent developments in enantioselective photocatalysis

• Callum Prentice,
• James Morrisson,
• Andrew D. Smith and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2363–2441, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.197

• synthesise the corresponding RCA products 283 in excellent yields and enantioselectivities (22 examples, up to >99:1 er) (Scheme 45) [111]. Huang et al. applied a similar catalytic system to that reported by Yoon et al. to a different radical addition reaction between nitrones 284 and aldehydes 285 (Scheme

One-pot synthesis of oxazolidinones and five-membered cyclic carbonates from epoxides and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate: theoretical evidence for an asynchronous concerted pathway

• Esra Demir,
• Ozlem Sari,
• Yasin Çetinkaya,
• Ufuk Atmaca,
• Safiye Sağ Erdem and
• Murat Çelik

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1805–1819, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.148

• computational mechanistic study in the literature regarding the reaction of epoxides with CSI. On the other hand, the reactions of isocyanates with monofluoroalkenes and nitrones were modeled with the Møller–Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory and M06-2X functional, respectively [37][47]. According to these

Synthesis of 3-substituted isoxazolidin-4-ols using hydroboration–oxidation reactions of 4,5-unsubstituted 2,3-dihydroisoxazoles

• Lívia Dikošová,
• Júlia Laceková,
• Ondrej Záborský and
• Róbert Fischer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1313–1319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.112

• for the inversion of the C-3/4-trans relative configuration of the isoxazolidine ring. The significance of the method lies in its variability and applicability to a concise synthesis of various 4-hydroxyisoxazolidines, starting from the readily available C-alkyl/aryl-nitrones. The resemblance to 3

Oxime radicals: generation, properties and application in organic synthesis

• Igor B. Krylov,
• Stanislav A. Paveliev,
• Alexander S. Budnikov and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1234–1276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.107

• employing organolithium reagents are presented below (Scheme 14). The Grignard reagents demonstrated very similar results that are omitted. Among the major C–O coupling product (oxime ether 42) small amounts of C–N coupling products (nitrones 43) were detected in the case of sterically unhindered

• cyclic nitrones 107 and 108 (Scheme 34). A variety of β,γ-unsaturated oximes 103 with an aromatic substituent at the C=NOH group reacted with the formation of isoxazolines (products 105a–d, 106a–c, yields 88–93%). Product 105e containing a non-aromatic tert-butyl R1 group was synthesized in good yield

• (77%). When γ,δ-unsaturated oximes were applied the formation of cyclic nitrones was observed (products 107a,b, 108a,b). In this case, the intermediate oxime radicals reacted as N-centered radicals, which was consistent with the calculations [124]. If the double bond of the starting oxime was

Synthesis of 1-azaspiro[4.4]nonan-1-oxyls via intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

• Yulia V. Khoroshunova,
• Denis A. Morozov,
• Andrey I. Taratayko,
• Polina D. Gladkikh,
• Yuri I. Glazachev and
• Igor A. Kirilyuk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2036–2042, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.200

• moieties, and careful basification resulted in intramolecular cyclisation givnig 5b,c with a yield of 51% and 42%, respectively. Nitrones 5a–c readily react with 4-pentenylmagnesium bromide. Quenching of the reaction mixtures with water under aerobic conditions leads to partial oxidation of resultant N

• -hydroxypyrrolidines 6a–c to corresponding nitrones 7a–c. Therefore, this conversion was finalised via bubbling of air into the solution in the presence of Cu(NH3)42+ (Scheme 2). Samples of resulting 2-(pent-4-enyl)nitrones 7a–c remarkably deteriorate during storage under aerobic conditions with dark tar formation. A

• loss of a hydrogen atom is consistent with the susceptibility of 7c to oxidative decay (Scheme 3). Intramolecular cycloaddition of similar nitrones is known to lead to hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]isoxazoles [6][12]. Indeed, heating of 7а–с at 145 °C in toluene for 30–60 min in a microwave oven produced

Synthesis of nonracemic hydroxyglutamic acids

• Dorota G. Piotrowska,
• Iwona E. Głowacka,
• Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
• Liwia Lubowiecka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 236–255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.22

• minor cycloadducts. The trans stereochemistry of the isoxazolidine ring in 72 was the consequence of the endo and exo additions to the Z- and E-nitrones, respectively [80]. Further steps to the orthogonally protected (2S,4S)-73 required selective hydrolysis of the chiral auxiliary, installation of the

• obtained after cleavage of 84 under basic conditions. From pyroglutamic acid In case of low availability of selected stereoisomers of 4-hydroxyprolines asymmetric syntheses of enantiomeric 4-hydroxypyroglutamates have been elaborated employing 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of homochiral nitrones and acrylates

Unnatural α-amino ethyl esters from diethyl malonate or ethyl β-bromo-α-hydroxyiminocarboxylate

• Eloi P. Coutant,
• Vincent Hervin,
• Glwadys Gagnot,
• Candice Ford,
• Racha Baatallah and
• Yves L. Janin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2853–2860, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.264

• still required a repeated addition of triethylsilane over a week and led to a 69% isolated yield. Interestingly, further literature search pointed out a very different synthetic access to such N-hydroxylamine derivative (via nitrones) which appears to be far more efficient [18][19][20][21][22]. The

Synthesis of dihydroquinazolines from 2-aminobenzylamine: N³-aryl derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups

• Nadia Gruber,
• Jimena E. Díaz and
• Liliana R. Orelli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2510–2519, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.227

• suitably 2-substituted N-aryl-3,4-DHQs with electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) in their aryl moiety (Figure 1) as synthetic intermediates for novel tetracyclic nitrones, to be studied as spin traps and antimicrobials. The literature describes several methods for the synthesis of 3,4-DHQs. Some of them

Iodination of carbohydrate-derived 1,2-oxazines to enantiopure 5-iodo-3,6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxazines and subsequent palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions

• Michal Medvecký,
• Igor Linder,
• Luise Schefzig,
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig and
• Reinhold Zimmer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2898–2905, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.289

• studied syntheses and applications of 3,6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxazines of type 3 [1][2]. These N,O-heterocycles are easily prepared in enantiopure form by a stereodivergent [3 + 3] cyclization of carbohydrate-derived nitrones 2 and lithiated alkoxyallenes 1 (Scheme 1) [3][4]. Subsequently we investigated

• acyclic and cyclic amino alcohols. Access to enantiopure 3,6-dihydro-1,2-oxazines 3 via lithiated alkoxyallenes 1 and carbohydrate-derived nitrones 2. Iodination of 1,2-oxazines syn-3a–c and anti-3a,d leading to 5-iodo-substituted 1,2-oxazines syn-4a–c and anti-4a,d [TMSE = (2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl

Synthesis of spiro[isoindole-1,5’-isoxazolidin]-3(2H)-ones as potential inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction

• Salvatore V. Giofrè,
• Santa Cirmi,
• Raffaella Mancuso,
• Francesco Nicolò,
• Giuseppe Lanza,
• Laura Legnani,
• Agata Campisi,
• Maria A. Chiacchio,
• Michele Navarra,
• Bartolo Gabriele and
• Roberto Romeo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2793–2807, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.278

• construction of the spiro[isoxazolidin-isoindolinone] system. The synthetic scheme (Figure 2) exploits the strategy of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones on the substrate isoindolin-3-methylene-1-one 2, obtained by a recent methodology of a PdI2 catalyzed aminocarbonylation-N-heterocyclization of 2

• potentiality of the synthetic process, dipolarophile 2a was reacted with nitrones 5 under the same experimental conditions. However, only the starting isoindolinone was recovered. Also the use of more drastic reaction conditions, such as the use of o-xylene as a solvent and higher temperatures up to 140 °C

• 10–90% acetonitrile in water). Materials: Nitrones 4, 5 and dipolarophiles 2a–g have been prepared according to known procedures [35][57][58][59]. General 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition procedure. A solution of 2a (0.287 mmol) and nitrone 4 (0.287 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) was put in a sealed tube and

Copper-mediated synthesis of N-alkenyl-α,β-unsaturated nitrones and their conversion to tri- and tetrasubstituted pyridines

• Dimitra Kontokosta,
• Daniel S. Mueller,
• Dong-Liang Mo,
• Wiktoria H. Pace,
• Rachel A. Simpson and
• Laura L. Anderson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2097–2104, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.226

• -unsaturated nitrones, which undergo a subsequent thermal rearrangement to the corresponding tri- and tetrasubstituted pyridines. The optimization and scope of these transformations is discussed. Initial mechanistic experiments suggest a reaction pathway involving oxygen transfer followed by cyclization

• 7c and monosubstituted alkenylboronic acids 7d and 7e, were more efficient reaction partners with chalcone oxime and gave the corresponding nitrones in good to excellent yield (Table 2, entries 8–10). Acyclic alkenylboronic acids were also incompatible with the optimal conditions determined for

• cyclohexenylboronic acid (7a) and required the use of 1–2 equiv of Cu(OAc)2. The use of both copper-catalyzed and copper-mediated reaction conditions with oximes 6 and alkenylboronic acids 7, allowed for the preparation of a variety of N-alkenyl-α,β-unsaturated nitrones to test for further reactivity. The preparation

N-Alkylated dinitrones from isosorbide as cross-linkers for unsaturated bio-based polyesters

• Oliver Goerz and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 902–909, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.88

• unsaturated polyester was cross-linked by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with the received dinitrones 10a/b. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition led to a strong change of the mechanical properties which were investigated by rheological measurements. Nitrones derived from methyl acrylate (3a) and methyl crotonate (3b

• ) were used as model systems and reacted with dimethyl itaconate to further characterize the 1,3-dipolaric cycloaddition. Keywords: bio-based polyesters; cross-linkers; dinitrones; 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition; isosorbide; Introduction Nitrones represent a class of compounds with a versatile use as

• electron spin traps [1] and in cycloaddition reactions [2]. As nitrones undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions under mild conditions with a variety of unsaturated substances with a catalyst [3][4] or without a catalyst [5] they are important for the synthetic accessibility of five-membered heterocycles

Silver and gold-catalyzed multicomponent reactions

• Giorgio Abbiati and
• Elisabetta Rossi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 481–513, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.46

• -catalyzed process described in Scheme 31 takes advantage of the usual formation of 43 which undergoes a [3 + 3]-cycloaddition reaction with cyclopropanes 59 under nickel perchlorate catalysis. Cycloaddition reactions of activated cyclopropanes with nitrones under Lewis acid catalysis have been previously

Synthesis of new enantiopure poly(hydroxy)aminooxepanes as building blocks for multivalent carbohydrate mimetics

• Léa Bouché,
• Maja Kandziora and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 213–223, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.17

• enantiopure nitrones and lithiated TMSE-allene we prepared three 1,2-oxazine derivatives which underwent a highly stereoselective Lewis acid-induced rearrangement to give bicyclic products in good yield. Subsequent reductive transformations delivered a library of new poly(hydroxy)aminooxepane derivatives. The

• crucial final palladium-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of the 1,2-oxazine moiety was optimized resulting in a reasonably efficient approach to a series of new seven-membered carbohydrate mimetics. Keywords: aminooxepanes; carbohydrate mimetics; hydrogenolyses; Lewis acid-induced; lithiated allenes; nitrones

• ]. The general approach is shown in Scheme 1: the chiral pool-derived nitrones A [29][30] undergo a [3 + 3]-cyclization with lithiated [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]allene (TMSE-allene) [31] as C-3 building block [32] to form the 3,6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxazines B; subsequent Lewis acid-promoted reactions [23

Gold(I)-catalyzed enantioselective cycloaddition reactions

• Fernando López and
• José L. Mascareñas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2250–2264, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.264

• methods that affords optically active cyclooctanes by means of a catalytic enantioselective process. Also recently, Chen and co-workers demonstrated that gold-activated allenamide species can participate in [3 + 2] cycloadditions with azomethine imines or nitrones under catalysis with Ph3PAuCl/AgOTf or

• Ph3PAuCl/AgNTf2 [79][80]. Moreover, for the latter cycloaddition with nitrones, the authors reported a enantioselective variant by using chiral phosphoramidite–gold complexes. In these cases, the binol-derived complexes, with aryl substituents at the 3 and 3’ positions, turned out to be the optimal systems

• and co-workers demonstrated that 1,6-enynes like 24 when treated with appropriated gold complexes lead to related 1,4-zwitterionic homologs that can be efficiently intercepted by nitrones in a formal [4 + 3] cycloaddition reaction. The resulting 1,2-oxazepane derivatives 25 are isolated as single

Gold(I)-catalyzed 6-endo hydroxycyclization of 7-substituted-1,6-enynes

• Ana M. Sanjuán,
• Alberto Martínez,
• Patricia García-García,
• Manuel A. Fernández-Rodríguez and
• Roberto Sanz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2242–2249, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.263

• -catalyzed [2 + 2 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of these compounds with nitrones giving rise to functionalized 1,2-oxazepane derivatives XIII. This cascade process takes place through the interception of the 1,4-dipole equivalent XII generated by an initial 5-exo cyclization, although with some gold catalysts