Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

• reaction (Scheme 23) [100]. The alkynes 23.1 could be successfully converted to the vinyl sulfones 23.3 in the presence of the aryl sulfones 23.2 using eosin Y (OD13) as a photocatalyst. A tentative mechanism was proposed by the authors: under visible-light irradiation, the arylsulfinic acid could be

• desired vinyl sulfones. C–X radical anions and derived neutral radicals Amidst charged radical species, ketyl radicals play a central role in organic synthesis (Figure 3). As intermediates, they are more stable because the charge is mainly localized on the oxygen atom. They are postulated to be the

The charge-assisted hydrogen-bonded organic framework (CAHOF) self-assembled from the conjugated acid of tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane and 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate as a new class of recyclable Brønsted acid catalysts

• Svetlana A. Kuznetsova,
• Alexander S. Gak,
• Yulia V. Nelyubina,
• Vladimir A. Larionov,
• Han Li,
• Michael North,
• Vladimir P. Zhereb,
• Alexander F. Smol'yakov,
• Artem O. Dmitrienko,
• Michael G. Medvedev,
• Igor S. Gerasimov,
• Ashot S. Saghyan and
• Yuri N. Belokon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1124–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.99

• , including the ring opening of epoxides by water and alcohols. A Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl vinyl ketone was also catalyzed by F-1 in heptane. Depending on the polarity of the solvent mixture, the CAHOF F-1 could function as a purely heterogeneous catalyst or partly dissociate

• partitioning of the epoxide into the aqueous phase was necessary for reaction to occur. Cyclohexene oxide (5) is, however, a good substrate under the same reaction conditions (Table 2, entry 5), possibly due to the greater reactivity of its fused bicyclic ring system. The Diels–Alder reaction of methyl vinyl

Synthesis of esters of diaminotruxillic bis-amino acids by Pd-mediated photocycloaddition of analogs of the Kaede protein chromophore

• Esteban P. Urriolabeitia,
• Pablo Sánchez,
• Alexandra Pop,
• Cristian Silvestru,
• Eduardo Laga,
• Ana I. Jiménez and
• Carlos Cativiela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1111–1123, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.98

• the 1H NMR spectra from the disappearance from the aromatic region of the signal due to the vinyl proton of the oxazolone exocyclic C=C bond and the appearance of a new singlet in the 4.8–5.7 ppm region. Further evidence can be found in the 13C NMR spectra, where the two peaks due to the exocyclic C(H

Palladium-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective synthesis of aryl and 3-indolyl-substituted 4-methylene-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones

• Valeria Nori,
• Antonio Arcadi,
• Armando Carlone,
• Fabio Marinelli and
• Marco Chiarini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1084–1091, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.95

• -alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides. In all these procedures, the activation of the triple bond was achieved by means of a σ-organyl palladium complex, in turn generated in situ by oxidative addition of a Pd(0) species to suitable organic electrophiles (aryl and vinyl halides or triflates [35][36], alkyl halides [37], alkynyl

• -assisted cyclization and reductive elimination from the resulting σ-indolylpalladium complex C (Scheme 5). The reaction led to the stereoselective formation of indole derivatives 6ba–fc (aryl, heteroaryl and vinyl groups were allowed in substrates 5) in good to high yield. The stereochemistry of compounds

• process has been significantly extended to include σ-vinyl Pd(II) intermediates B obtained through oxidative addition/insertion of substrates 2 with Pd(0). This reaction efficiently led to challenging indoloquinolinones 6 through a sequential double cyclization. It is worth noting that, in both cases, the

Copper-based fluorinated reagents for the synthesis of CF₂R-containing molecules (R ≠ F)

• Louise Ruyet and
• Tatiana Besset

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1051–1065, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.92

• and vinyl iodides by a copper-mediated transformation using TMSCF2H as the fluorinated source [39]. In this work, CuCF2H was suggested as the active species to promote the expected transformation. They highlighted that the formation of a cuprate species: Cu(CF2H)2−, favoured by the presence of an

• the functionalization of different classes of compounds (benzyl and vinyl bromides, 4-biphenylboronic acid, phenylacetylene for instance). From these pioneering reports of perfluoroalkylation (trifluoromethylation, pentafluoroethylation and heptafluoropropylation), several groups studied the synthesis

• (hetero)aryl bromides (11 examples, up to 98% 19F NMR yield) via the in situ generation of the suitable CuCF2CF3 from CuCl, KOt-Bu or NaOt-Bu and ethyl pentafluoropropionate [73]. Note that the methodology was also applied to the functionalization of a vinylboronic acid and a vinyl bromide (Scheme 18

Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications

• Laila F. Awad and
• Mohammed Salah Ayoup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1022–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.91

• the protected ᴅ,ʟ-N-Boc-2-bromophenylalanine (89) using a Stille coupling reaction to give the o-vinyl derivative 90 as key intermediate. A hydroboration reaction of compound 90 afforded the primary alcohol 91, which was directly fluorinated and deprotected to give the free amino acids 93 (ᴅ and ʟ

Copper-catalysed alkylation of heterocyclic acceptors with organometallic reagents

• Yafei Guo and
• Syuzanna R. Harutyunyan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1006–1021, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.90

• catalyst is essential for achieving a high yield as well as a high regio- and enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). Although organoaluminium, organozinc, and Grignard reagents were all successfully applied in the ACA of 2,3-dehydro-4-piperidones, an introduction of the vinyl group was not successful until

• the synthesis of the corresponding products with good yield and enantiomeric purity (up to 83% yield and 97% ee). Furthermore, a large variety of vinylalanes was investigated, and the product 2l was further derivatised into a chiral bicyclic structure (5, Scheme 2A). In addition, simple vinyl

Synthesis and properties of tetrathiafulvalenes bearing 6-aryl-1,4-dithiafulvenes

• Aya Yoshimura,
• Hitoshi Kimura,
• Kohei Kagawa,
• Mayuka Yoshioka,
• Toshiki Itou,
• Dhananjayan Vasu,
• Takashi Shirahata,
• Hideki Yorimitsu and
• Yohji Misaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 974–981, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.86

• -dithiole rings, which are of interest as novel multistage redox systems as well as donor components for organic conductors [1][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. The palladium-catalyzed C–H arylation might offer access to new cross-conjugated molecules bearing vinyl-extended TTF moieties (EBDTs

Cation-induced ring-opening and oxidation reaction of photoreluctant spirooxazine–quinolizinium conjugates

• Phil M. Pithan,
• Sören Steup and
• Heiko Ihmels

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 904–916, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.82

• -Trimethylspiro[indoline-2,3'-naphtho[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine]-5'-yl)vinyl)quinolizinium tetrafluoroborate (3a) [60][62][64][65]: To a solution of 2-methylquinolizinium tetrafluoroborate (2a, 116 mg, 500 µmol) and the 5’-formyl-substituted spirooxazine 1b (214 mg, 600 µmol) in MeCN (15 mL) was added piperidine (42.6

• . (E)-8-(2-(1,3,3-Trimethylspiro[indoline-2,3'-naphtho[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine]-5'-yl)vinyl)coralyne tetrafluoroborate (3b) [60][62][64][65]: To a suspension of coralyne tetrafluoroborate (2b, 90.2 mg, 200 µmol) and the 5’-formyl-substituted spirooxazine 1b (143 mg, 400 µmol) in MeCN (6 mL) was added

• /b = 20 µM and cCu(II) = 60 µM. (E)-2-(2-(2-(1,3,3-Trimethyl-3H-indol-1-ium-2-yl)naphtho[1,2-d]oxazol-4-yl)vinyl)quinolizinium (4a): 1H NMR (600 MHz, CD3CN) δ 2.11 (s, 6H, 2 × 3’-Me), 4.81 (s, 3H, N+Me), 7.80–7.88 (m, 3H, 6’-H, 5’-H, 7’’-H), 7.91–7.98 (m, 4H, 4’-H, 7-H, CH, 8’’-H), 8.04 (d, 3J = 8 Hz

Aldehydes as powerful initiators for photochemical transformations

• Maria A. Theodoropoulou,
• Nikolaos F. Nikitas and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 833–857, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.76

• excellent yields. However, benzyl and vinyl bromides did not prove efficient for this coupling reaction. Common cyclic and acyclic ethers, symmetric or nonsymmetric, such as oxetane, tetrahydropyran, dioxane, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane, were found compatible, affording the

Combining enyne metathesis with long-established organic transformations: a powerful strategy for the sustainable synthesis of bioactive molecules

• Valerian Dragutan,
• Ileana Dragutan,
• Albert Demonceau and
• Lionel Delaude

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 738–755, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.68

• coordinated to the metallacarbene and cleaved (Scheme 3 (a)) and the formed alkylidene species is inserted into the alkyne unit through a metallacyclobutene intermediate. This metallacyclobutene, through the rearrangement to a vinyl metal-alkylidene (Scheme 3 (b)) and subsequent metathesis with the alkene

• synthesized starting from ʟ-methionine. The subsequent enyne ring-closing metathesis in the presence of the Grubbs first-generation catalyst (5 mol %) afforded a pyrrolidine derivative in 76% yield (Scheme 12). This pyrrolidine was converted into a pyrrolo-1,4-benzodiazepinone bearing a vinyl side group

• , which underwent a cross-metathesis with ethyl acrylate in the presence of the Hoveyda–Grubbs second-generation-type catalyst (10 mol %) leading to the corresponding vinyl ester 8 in 63% yield, as a convenient precursor to (+)-anthramycin. The latter was obtained via an isomerization of the double bond

Recent advances in Cu-catalyzed C(sp³)–Si and C(sp³)–B bond formation

• Balaram S. Takale,
• Ruchita R. Thakore,
• Elham Etemadi-Davan and
• Bruce H. Lipshutz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 691–737, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.67

• 219. Based on the type of ligands used (e.g., Me-DuPhos; L24 vs. Cy3P), either vinyl (220–223) or allylic (224–228) silanes could be obtained, respectively, in good yields. Different types of substrates were studied to give maximum selectivity for the desired product (Scheme 38). Also, for cases

• the details of the mechanism for the hydrofunctionalization of internal alkenes and vinyl arenes (Scheme 55) [100]. Unlike acyclic alkenes, Tortosa et al. utilized cyclobutenes as well as bicyclic cyclobutenes as educts using (R)-DM-Segphos for Cu-catalyzed enantioselective borylation, affording

• developed by Suginome [125], or B2pin2, along with various N-hydroxylamine derivatives (400) under ligand-influenced Cu catalysis, high regioselectivities were typically obtained [126]. A year later, Popp et al. reported a Cu-catalyzed regiospecific boracarboxylation of vinyl arenes using 1 atm CO2 and

Synthesis of organic liquid crystals containing selectively fluorinated cyclopropanes

• Zeguo Fang,
• Nawaf Al-Maharik,
• Peer Kirsch,
• Matthias Bremer,
• Alexandra M. Z. Slawin and
• David O’Hagan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 674–680, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.65

• to generate 13a and 13b as a mixture of regioisomers in a ratio of 4:1. There was no requirement to separate these isomers at this stage. Subsequent addition of potassium tert-butoxide into a mixture of 13a and 13b in dichloromethane (DCM) resulted in an efficient elimination to generate vinyl

• fluoride 14 as a major product. Vinyl fluoride 14 was purified by column chromatography in a 42% yield over the two steps. Finally, difluorocarbenene (:CF2) addition using the TMSCF3/NaI protocol was used to generate the target product 9 in 46% yield. The preparation of cyclopropyl ether 10 was

• accomplished as illustrated in Scheme 3. Reduction of cyclohexanone 15 with NaBH4 gave cyclohexanol 16 in a ratio of 2:1. The major trans product 16a was purified as a single entity by column chromatography and was isolated in 45% yield. Vinyl ether 17 could be efficiently prepared using the methodology

Towards the total synthesis of chondrochloren A: synthesis of the (Z)-enamide fragment

• Jan Geldsetzer and
• Markus Kalesse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 670–673, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.64

• obtained through a seven-step sequence starting from ᴅ-ribonic acid-1,4-lactone. The (Z)-vinyl bromide 4 is accessible in four steps from 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The pivotal cross coupling between both fragments was achieved after extensive experimentation with copper(I) iodide, K2CO3 and N,N

Asymmetric synthesis of CF₂-functionalized aziridines by combined strong Brønsted acid catalysis

• Xing-Fa Tan,
• Fa-Guang Zhang and
• Jun-An Ma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 638–644, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.60

• , and difluoromethyl vinyl sulfonium salts as the fluorinating partner en route to various CF2-substituted aziridines [27][28][29][30][31], and a general protocol to chiral CF2-aziridines remains an unsolved challenge. Thus, herein we report a diastereo- and enantioselective aza-Darzens reaction between

Copper-catalyzed O-alkenylation of phosphonates

• Nuria Vázquez-Galiñanes,
• Mariña Andón-Rodríguez,
• Patricia Gómez-Roibás and
• Martín Fañanás-Mastral

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 611–615, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.56

• has allowed to perform a wide range of previously unknown synthetic transformations [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. In these reactions, aryl(vinyl)Cu(III) species [30][31] have been proposed as key intermediates to undergo reactions with a variety of nucleophiles. Fañanás-Mastral and

• triflic acid via decomposition of ethyl triflate. As a limitation, substrates bearing a vinyl substituent or an enolizable ester group did not give any conversion. This methodology is also applicable to other dialkyl phosphonates as illustrated by the synthesis of enol phosphonates 3j, 3k and 3l

Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of new ensembles of diversely functionalized 1,3-thiaselenol-2-ylmethyl selenides by a double rearrangement reaction

• Svetlana V. Amosova,
• Andrey A. Filippov,
• Nataliya A. Makhaeva,
• Alexander I. Albanov and
• Vladimir A. Potapov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 515–523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.47

• a regio- and stereoselective manner affording 1,3-thiaselenol-2-ylmethyl vinyl selenides in high yields predominantly with Z-configuration. Not a single representative of the 1,3-thiaselenol-2-ylmethyl selenide scaffold has been previously described in the literature. Keywords: 2-(bromomethyl)-1,3

• of bis(trimethylsilyl)selenide [23]. The methodology based on bis(trimethylsilyl)selenide was also successfully applied to the synthesis of functionalized asymmetric alkyl- and vinyl selenides, including cyclic disubstituted 1,3-thiaselenolane and trisubstituted thiaselenane [26][27]. Vinyl selenides

• [38][39], dithiols [38], and mercapto benzazoles [40]. These are the first examples of a nucleophilic attack at the selenium atom of the seleniranium cation 2 with the generation of a new Se–S bond, yielding new families of linear unsaturated (Z)-2-[(organylsulfanyl)selanyl]ethenyl vinyl sulfides

Recent advances in photocatalyzed reactions using well-defined copper(I) complexes

• Mingbing Zhong,
• Xavier Pannecoucke,
• Philippe Jubault and
• Thomas Poisson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 451–481, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.42

• electron-withdrawing groups in good to excellent yields. Activated aryl bromides and heteroaryl bromides were also successfully converted to the corresponding arylboronic esters in good to excellent yields. The methodology was also extended to a set of vinyl iodides, providing the vinylboronic esters in

• vinyl azide sensitization to allow the formation of the corresponding 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole (Scheme 34) [39]. The reaction was promoted by a visible-light irradiation (450 nm) using the complex [Cu(I)(dmp)(BINAP)]BF4, and the desired pyrrole was obtained in quantitative yield. Conclusion Over the

Copper-promoted/copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylselenolation reactions

• Clément Ghiazza and
• Anis Tlili

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 305–316, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.30

• the desired corresponding products were generally obtained in very good yields. The application scope of the [(bpy)CuSeCF3]2 complex was then extended to aromatic halides for the formation of C(sp2)–SeCF3 bonds. The authors demonstrated that a very broad range of (hetero)aryl halides and vinyl halides

• arylcopper(I) species was the key intermediate. Terminal alkynes were also investigated under similar reaction conditions (Scheme 13) [37]. Aromatic and π-activated aliphatic substrates led to the desired products in moderate to very good yields. Moreover, vinyl sulfone derivatives were formed when the

• )–SeCF3 bonds with [(bpy)CuSeCF3]2 developed by the group of Weng. Trifluoromethylselenolation of vinyl and (hetero)aryl halides with [(bpy)CuSeCF3]2 by the group of Weng. Trifluoromethylselenolation of terminal alkynes using [(bpy)CuSeCF3]2 by the group of You and Weng. Trifluoromethylselenolation of

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to challenging Michael acceptors

• Delphine Pichon,
• Jennifer Morvan,
• Christophe Crévisy and
• Marc Mauduit

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 212–232, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.24

• vinyl sulfones as electrophiles (Scheme 3). Of note, both the anti- and the syn-product could be predominantly formed (with a anti:syn ratio from 83:17 to 15:85), and no diastereocontrol occurred in the absence of the organocatalyst. Interestingly, this simple protocol was successfully applied to the

A review of asymmetric synthetic organic electrochemistry and electrocatalysis: concepts, applications, recent developments and future directions

• Munmun Ghosh,
• Valmik S. Shinde and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2710–2746, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.264

• 169 substituted with chiral auxiliaries to methyl vinyl ketone for stereoselective construction of the quaternary carbon centers in 170 (Scheme 54). While screening a number of chiral auxiliaries, the authors found that upon electrolysis under galvanostatic conditions at low temperature, the

1,5-Phosphonium betaines from N-triflylpropiolamides, triphenylphosphane, and active methylene compounds

• Vito A. Fiore,
• Chiara Freisler and
• Gerhard Maas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2603–2611, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.253

• -catalyzed reactions of acetylenic ketones and esters with pinacolborane have been discussed [7][8]. The Michael addition of PPh3 at acetylenic carbonyl compounds generates phosphonium/vinyl anion intermediates which have been trapped with CH-, NH-, OH- and SH-acids [5]. In this manner, the 1:1:1 reaction of

• reactions. We propose two mechanistic pathways for the synthesis of betaines 3 from N-triflylpropiolamides 1 (Scheme 6). Both of them begin with the conjugate addition of PPh3 at the C–C-triple bond, leading to the vinyl anion intermediate 5. On pathway A, 5 is protonated by the active methylene compound to

• CHXY group converts 6 into the final betaine 3. On an alternative reaction pathway (path B in Scheme 6), the initial vinyl anion 5 could be split into a 3-phosphonio-substituted propadienone 7 and the N-phenyltriflamide anion. The latter is able to deprotonate the active methylene compound, the anion

Combining the Ugi-azide multicomponent reaction and rhodium(III)-catalyzed annulation for the synthesis of tetrazole-isoquinolone/pyridone hybrids

• Gerardo M. Ojeda,
• Prabhat Ranjan,
• Pavel Fedoseev,
• Lisandra Amable,
• Upendra K. Sharma,
• Daniel G. Rivera and
• Erik V. Van der Eycken

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2447–2457, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.237

• steps without purification of the intermediates. In this strategy, three different diversity sites could be generated, i.e., those derived from the isocyano and aldehyde components and a third one from the carboxylic acid used in the last acylation step. We sought to incorporate aryl or vinyl carboxylic

• acids to allow the subsequent reaction with alkynes based on the C(sp2)–H activation of these aryl or vinyl moieties. As depicted in Table 1, we chose the tetrazolic substrate 1a for the optimization of the catalytic addition of diphenylacetylene (3a), a process involving the metal-catalyzed ortho-C–H

Synthesis of acremines A, B and F and studies on the bisacremines

• Nils Winter and
• Dirk Trauner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2271–2276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.219

• ]. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, no asymmetric entry to this class of natural products has been described. Our retrosynthetic analysis of 5 is depicted in Scheme 1. The prenyl side chain would be introduced by transition metal-catalyzed cross coupling of vinyl iodide 9. Compound 9 in turn could be

• . The use of a chiral oxazaborolidine catalyst led to kinetic resolution and increased the optical purity of 17 to 95% ee. Deprotection of the diol moiety followed by Stille cross coupling with vinyl stannane 18 finally gave 5 in excellent yield (Scheme 2). Since acremine F (5) can be expected to be the

• starting material. Next, we tried to trigger the cyclization through a [2 + 2] cycloaddition followed by vinyl cyclobutane rearrangement [19][20]. We reasoned that the initially formed divinyl cyclobutane [21] should undergo an allylic rearrangement to furnish the decalin system [22][23]. Condensation

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups

• Xiaowei Li,
• Xiaolin Shi,
• Xiangqian Li and
• Dayong Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2213–2270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.218

• trifluoromethylation reported between 2011 and 2019. Meanwhile, we also present the incorporation of difluoromethyl, trifluoromethylthiol and trifluoromethoxy groups. Some sections of this review are structured around the synthesis of alkyl-, aryl- and vinyl- as well as alkynyl organofluorides. Notably, the current

• Togni’s reagent I (11), species 10 affords the final alkyl−CF3 product and complex 13, which is used for ligand exchange with 3. C(sp2)–CF3 bond formation Palladium-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl and vinyl compounds: In 2010, Watson and co-workers [121] developed the first Pd-catalyzed

• trifluoromethylation of vinyl triflates and nonaflates (Scheme 65). A variety of trifluoromethylated cyclohexenes were obtained using a catalyst system, which was composed of Pd(dba)2 or [(allyl)PdCl]2 and the monodentate biaryl phosphine ligand t-BuXPhos. Also, TMSCF3 and KF were more suitable to the