Enantioselective radical chemistry: a bright future ahead

• Anna C. Renner,
• Sagar S. Thorat,
• Hariharaputhiran Subramanian and
• Mukund P. Sibi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2283–2296, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.174

• and NiCl2·diglyme, was used as the catalyst to obtain the coupling products 20 in good yield and high enantioselectivity. The first nickel-catalyzed asymmetric reductive cross-coupling reaction between acid chlorides 21 and secondary benzylic chlorides 22 was reported by Reisman and co-workers (Scheme

Pd-catalyzed dehydrogenative arylation of arylhydrazines to access non-symmetric azobenzenes, including tetra-ortho derivatives

• Loris Geminiani,
• Kathrin Junge,
• Matthias Beller and
• Jean-François Soulé

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2234–2242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.170

• and co-workers developed a Chan–Evans–Lam-type oxidative cross-coupling reaction between N-arylphthalic hydrazides and arylboronic acids using copper catalysis [41]. Similarly, in 2003, Lee and co-workers introduced a desymmetrization approach employing simpler N=N precursors, specifically N-protected

The application of desymmetric enantioselective reduction of cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the total synthesis of terpenoid and alkaloid natural products

• Dong-Xing Tan and
• Fu-She Han

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2085–2102, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.164

• and transformations of 43 produced hydroxyketone 44. Due to the steric hindrance of this substrate, the subsequent Suzuki cross coupling reaction with 3-boronophenol proceeded in low yield. To address this issue, Han′s group employed a novel palladacycle catalyst 45, previously developed by their

• -catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of sterically hindered substrates developed by Han [35][36][37], the coupled product 57 was obtained in a satisfactory yield (72%) from 55 and pinacol boronate 56, along with trace amounts of the double bond migrated side product 58 (57:58 = ca. 15:1). Demethylation

Measuring the stereogenic remoteness in non-central chirality: a stereocontrol connectivity index for asymmetric reactions

• Ivan Keng Wee On,
• Yu Kun Choo,
• Sambhav Baid and
• Ye Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1995–2006, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.155

• –B [14] (Scheme 3E) bonds. In the case of an asymmetric cross-coupling reaction (Scheme 3C) [10], both sets of the substituents on individual aryl groups are considered because neither is involved in the bond formation/cleavage. Accordingly, the catalyst-controlled atroposelective Suzuki–Miyaura

Synthesis of an aza[5]helicene-incorporated macrocyclic heteroarene via oxidation of an o-phenylene-pyrrole-thiophene icosamer

• Yusuke Matsuo,
• Aoi Nakagawa,
• Shu Seki and
• Takayuki Tanaka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1561–1567, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.119

• hybrid decamer 3 in a previous report [26], via a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between dibromo precursor 1 and borylated precursor 2 (Scheme 1). The resulting mixture was successfully separated by column chromatography on silica using CH2Cl2/n-hexane as an eluent to give icosamer 4 in 6% yield

Oxetanes: formation, reactivity and total syntheses of natural products

• Peter Gabko,
• Martin Kalník and
• Maroš Bella

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1324–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.101

Recent advances and future challenges in the bottom-up synthesis of azulene-embedded nanographenes

• Bartłomiej Pigulski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1272–1305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.99

• exceptionally high yield (97%). A Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between 47 and 45 gave compound 48 which was subjected to a final Scholl oxidation using DDQ. The target compound 49, containing two azulene subunits, was obtained in a relatively low yield (16%). Analysis of NICS values for 49 revealed similar

A versatile route towards 6-arylpipecolic acids

• Erich Gebel,
• Cornelia Göcke,
• Carolin Gruner and
• Norbert Sewald

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1104–1115, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.88

• yield of 88%. (R)-Methyl 6-oxopipecolate (7) was converted under Vilsmeier–Haack conditions [35][40][41] to undergo N-formylation and concomitant enol bromination to give product 2 (Scheme 2). Due to slow degradation of the bromide 2, the subsequent cross-coupling reaction was conducted immediately

• reduction product 13 of a Sonogashira–Hagihara cross-coupling reaction. This was synthesised under similar conditions as the Suzuki–Miyaura counterpart 3 utilising the same Pd catalyst, base and solvent. In addition, 10 mol % CuI as a co-catalyst and 2.0 equiv phenylacetylene (12) were used, resulting in

• –Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between bromide 2 and a variety of boronic acids 8. Reaction of 3a to (2R,6S)-9a and (2R,6R)-9a. The chromatograms prove the simple diastereoselection. a) Sonogashira–Hagihara cross-coupling reaction followed by b) NaBH3CN reduction of the N-acyliminium species and c

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• and using ylide 397 altered the stereoselectivity to E-isomeric products 400 and 401 [144]. Wu and co-workers (2020) employed Pd to mediate the cross-coupling reaction of sulfoxonium ylide 402 and benzyl bromides to give the corresponding (Z)-ethyl cinnamates 403–406 in good yields via carbene

On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals

• Daniel Straub,
• Markus Gross,
• Mona E. Arnold,
• Julia Zolg and
• Alexander J. C. Kuehne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80

Studies on the syntheses of β-carboline alkaloids brevicarine and brevicolline

• Benedek Batizi,
• Patrik Pollák,
• András Dancsó,
• Péter Keglevich,
• Gyula Simig,
• Balázs Volk and
• Mátyás Milen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 955–963, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.79

• reactions: reduction of ring A of the β-carboline skeleton or trifluoroethylation of the pyrrole moiety occurred, leading to interesting and potentially useful derivatives. Keywords: alkaloid; β-carboline; Carex brevicollis DC; cross-coupling reaction; trifluoroethylation; Introduction Carex brevicollis

Synthesis and photoinduced switching properties of C₇-heteroatom containing push–pull norbornadiene derivatives

• Daniel Krappmann and
• Andreas Hirsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.64

• a subsequent Suzuki cross-coupling reaction with (4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)boronic acid was performed. The reaction conditions were adapted from prior experiments with C-NBD1 [40] and further refined for the heterocyclic analogues. Optimal results were achieved using K2CO3, Pd(OAc)2 and RuPhos with

Orthogonal photoswitching of heterobivalent azobenzene glycoclusters: the effect of glycoligand orientation in bacterial adhesion

• Leon M. Friedrich and
• Thisbe K. Lindhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 736–748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.57

• and excellent yield of 94% (Scheme 1). A chemoselective deprotection of the mannosyl thioacetate 7 to yield the glycosyl thiol 8 was achieved using 0.95 equivalents of sodium carbonate. The crude product was in turn submitted to a Buchwald–Hartwig–Migita cross-coupling reaction [33] with the

• -dithio-ᴅ-threitol) [36] (Scheme 2A). The crude thiol 14 was subsequently subjected to a Buchwald–Hartwig–Migita cross-coupling reaction with the literature-known azobenzene thioglucoside 15 [37], resulting in the (6-thioglucosyl)mannoside 16 in 63% yield over two steps. Zemplén deacetylation [38] gave

Synthesis of N-acetyl diazocine derivatives via cross-coupling reaction

• Thomas Brandt,
• Pascal Lentes,
• Jeremy Rudtke,
• Michael Hösgen,
• Christian Näther and
• Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.36

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

Recent advances in electrochemical copper catalysis for modern organic synthesis

• Yemin Kim and
• Won Jun Jang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 155–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.9

• –heteroatom (C–X, where X = N, O, or halogens) bonds in organic synthesis. Copper was one of the first transition metals employed in cross-coupling to form C–C and C–X bonds [1][2]. In 1901, Ullmann reported the first cross-coupling reaction for the formation of biaryl compounds in the presence of

Recent advances in organocatalytic atroposelective reactions

• Henrich Szabados and
• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 55–121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.6

• organocatalytic cross-coupling reaction of 1-azonaphthalenes 238 with 2-naphthols 239 catalyzed by chiral N-triflylphosphoramide C56 was done in 2023 (Scheme 70) [104]. A remarkable number of axially chiral products 240 were prepared with excellent enantiomeric purities and high yields. Undiminished yields and

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

• Pablo Quijano Velasco,
• Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
• Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

• were explored, using a total volume of 4.5 mL reaction mixture, and the screening results can be readily translated to continuous flow synthesis. The application of segmented flow or microslug reactors was demonstrated in the decarboxylative arylation cross-coupling reaction promoted by catalysts and

Synthesis of acenaphthylene-fused heteroarenes and polyoxygenated benzo[j]fluoranthenes via a Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura/C–H arylation cascade

• Merve Yence,
• Dilgam Ahmadli,
• Damla Surmeli,
• Umut Mert Karacaoğlu,
• Sujit Pal and
• Yunus Emre Türkmen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3290–3298, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.273

• %). This cascade involves an initial Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between 1,8-dihalonaphthalenes and heteroarylboronic acids or esters, followed by an intramolecular C–H arylation under the same conditions to yield the final heterocyclic fluoranthene analogues. The method was further employed to

• analogues via a Pd-catalyzed reaction cascade that consists of a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction followed by an intramolecular C–H arylation. These heterocyclic fluoranthene analogues include a variety of acenaphthylene-fused heteroarenes such as thiophene, furan, benzofuran, pyrazole, pyridine and

Cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes for polymer materials: challenge on simultaneous realization of inexpensive production and defined structures

• Yosuke Akae

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3026–3049, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.252

• substitution/addition reactions became the standard for end-capping reactions, although a transition metal–catalyzed cross-coupling reaction has also been used to synthesize CD-based rotaxane. Typically, water-soluble components are prepared, after which the Suzuki coupling reaction in water is used to

• into the polymer system, further modification and structural analyses were performed [48][74]. The axle end was easily modified by bromination of the benzene ring and successive transition metal–catalyzed cross-coupling reaction, such as Suzuki or Sonogashira coupling (Figure 10A). Furthermore, the

Recent advances in transition-metal-free arylation reactions involving hypervalent iodine salts

• Ritu Mamgain,
• Kokila Sakthivel and
• Fateh V. Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2891–2920, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.243

• -naphthols 21 by using iodonium salts 16 as the source of the aryl group (Scheme 7) [61]. Through optimization, it was determined that the presence of Na2CO3 as base and cyclohexane as solvent facilitated the C–C cross-coupling reaction. The products were obtained in satisfactory yields using various

• . Notably, the efficiency of the cross-coupling reaction was observed to increase with the transfer of electron-poor aryl groups from the hypervalent iodine salt. Thus, electron-withdrawing substituents such as trifluoromethyl, m-chloro, and fluorine on the aryl group promoted efficient coupling. Moreover

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

Efficacy of radical reactions of isocyanides with heteroatom radicals in organic synthesis

• Akiya Ogawa and
• Yuki Yamamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2114–2128, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.182

• generates a stannylated imidoyl radical 20. The subsequent 5-exo cyclization, hydrogen abstraction from n-Bu3SnH, and aromatization successfully afforded the stannylated indole derivative 21 (Scheme 13) [8][54][55][56]. The stannyl group of 21 could be transferred to aryl or vinyl group by cross-coupling

• reaction. At the same time, Bachi et al. succeeded in synthesizing a 5-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle based on the 5-exo cyclization of isocyanides with alkenyl or alkynyl groups using thiols as mediators (Scheme 14) [57]. The generated thiyl radical attacks the isocyano group and forms imidoyl

Negishi-coupling-enabled synthesis of α-heteroaryl-α-amino acid building blocks for DNA-encoded chemical library applications

• Matteo Gasparetto,
• Balázs Fődi and
• Gellért Sipos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1922–1932, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.168

• , Alcazar et al. developed continuous flow protocols for both the generation of alkylzinc halides and for the subsequent Negishi cross-coupling reaction [40][41][42][43][44]. We successfully adapted Alcazar’s protocols for the synthesis of otherwise challenging heteroaryl–alkyl connections (see Table S1 in

• decarboxylation during the hydrolysis step. Compounds 6j, 6l and 6r passed validation in moderate to good yields (Scheme 8). Conclusion In conclusion, by taking advantage of the recent advances in the Negishi cross-coupling reaction we obtained a broad range of heteroarylacetates starting from heteroaromatic

The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction in its maturity: innovation and improvements since its 21st birthday (2019–2023)

• Cristina Martini,
• Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan and
• Andrea Basso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1839–1879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.162