C2 to C6 biobased carbonyl platforms for fine chemistry

• Jingjing Jiang,
• Muhammad Noman Haider Tariq,
• Florence Popowycz,
• Yanlong Gu and
• Yves Queneau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2103–2172, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.165

• : aldehydes; biobased chemistry; biomass; carbonyl; fine chemicals; ketones; multicomponent; platforms; sustainability; Introduction Shifting towards sustainable practices in the chemical industry relies on continued advancement of green chemistry sciences which aim to minimize the global environmental

• chemistry [3][4][5][6]. Indeed, the use of biobased feedstocks provide a promising substitute for traditional petroleum-based resources [7]. Particularly lignocellulosic materials have emerged as a key source of producing fine chemicals and fuels [8][9], relying on the advances in catalytic processes

• , and illustrating their high-value conversion methods towards fine chemicals. Review C2 biobased carbonyl platforms Glycolaldehyde Developing accesses from biomass to structures such as glycolic acid (GA) and glycolaldehyde (GCA) with high atomic economy is challenging. Hu et al. reported a new route

Continuous-flow-enabled intensification in nitration processes: a review of technological developments and practical applications over the past decade

• Feng Zhou,
• Chuansong Duanmu,
• Yanxing Li,
• Jin Li,
• Haiqing Xu,
• Pan Wang and
• Kai Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1678–1699, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.132

• tubular, continuous tank, bubbling and injection nitration reactor – directly governs thermodynamic control, product distribution, process scalability, and quality assurance [4][5]. Batch systems remain prevalent for low-throughput fine chemicals due to their operational flexibility, whereas continuous

• . In contrast, bulk chemical industries including agrochemicals, dyes, and fine chemicals often operate at thousands to tens of thousands of tons annually. Nevertheless, many successful applications of flow-chemistry technology, emerged as a pivotal approach in industrial nitration processes, focused

High-pressure activation for the solvent- and catalyst-free syntheses of heterocycles, pharmaceuticals and esters

• Kelsey Plasse,
• Valerie Wright,
• Guoshu Xie,
• R. Bernadett Vlocskó,
• Alexander Lazarev and
• Béla Török

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1374–1387, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.102

• . Water is used as a pressure transmitting medium that has relatively low compressibility, readily available, and non-toxic. Results and Discussion HHP-assisted synthesis of 1,3-dihydrobenzimidazoles Heterocycles are extremely versatile compounds and are used as building blocks for fine chemicals and

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

Factors influencing the performance of organocatalysts immobilised on solid supports: A review

• Zsuzsanna Fehér,
• Dóra Richter,
• Gyula Dargó and
• József Kupai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2129–2142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.183

• MacMillan were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2021 for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis [6]. To date, industrial companies have used a number of asymmetric organocatalytic processes to synthesise pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals on large scales [7]. Catalyst recycling is key from both an economic

Synthesis of 2-benzyl N-substituted anilines via imine condensation–isoaromatization of (E)-2-arylidene-3-cyclohexenones and primary amines

• Lu Li,
• Na Li,
• Xiao-Tian Mo,
• Ming-Wei Yuan,
• Lin Jiang and
• Ming-Long Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1468–1475, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.130

• synthetically valuable industrial or fine chemicals. Further exploration into more synthetic application of (E)-2-arylidene-3-cyclohexenones is in progress. Experimental General procedure for the preparation of 2-benzyl-N-substituted anilines 4 and 2-benzylphenols 5f/5o In a vial containing a magnetic stirrer

Synthetic applications of the Cannizzaro reaction

• Bhaskar Chatterjee,
• Dhananjoy Mondal and
• Smritilekha Bera

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1376–1395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.120

• desymmetrization of crown ether dialdehydes (Scheme 17) [84]. Synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals Exploring intramolecular Cannizzaro reaction: The Cannizzaro reaction is a versatile synthetic tool with applications in the synthesis of natural products, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Its

Ortho-ester-substituted diaryliodonium salts enabled regioselective arylocyclization of naphthols toward 3,4-benzocoumarins

• Ke Jiang,
• Cheng Pan,
• Limin Wang,
• Hao-Yang Wang and
• Jianwei Han

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 841–851, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.76

• Ke Jiang Cheng Pan Limin Wang Hao-Yang Wang Jianwei Han Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Department of Fine Chemistry and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and

The effect of dark states on the intersystem crossing and thermally activated delayed fluorescence of naphthalimide-phenothiazine dyads

• Liyuan Cao,
• Xi Liu,
• Xue Zhang,
• Jianzhang Zhao,
• Fabiao Yu and
• Yan Wan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1028–1046, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.79

• Liyuan Cao Xi Liu Xue Zhang Jianzhang Zhao Fabiao Yu Yan Wan State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal

Modern flow chemistry – prospect and advantage

• Philipp Heretsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 33–35, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.3

• stage in the last decades [1]. Originating from the petrochemical industry, where it enabled high productivity and scalability even for the most standard processes of heating, cracking, and refining of crude oil to bulk chemicals [2], it has since entered the production of pharmaceuticals and other fine

• chemicals. This has again led to improved scalability, higher purity of products, and eventually decreased manufacturing costs. From the undisputed role of continuous flow chemistry for process chemists, the advent of this technology in academic research laboratories, especially for method development and

Naphthalimide-phenothiazine dyads: effect of conformational flexibility and matching of the energy of the charge-transfer state and the localized triplet excited state on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence

• Kaiyue Ye,
• Liyuan Cao,
• Davita M. E. van Raamsdonk,
• Zhijia Wang,
• Jianzhang Zhao,
• Daniel Escudero and
• Denis Jacquemin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1435–1453, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.149

• Kaiyue Ye Liyuan Cao Davita M. E. van Raamsdonk Zhijia Wang Jianzhang Zhao Daniel Escudero Denis Jacquemin State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China Department of

Electro-conversion of cumene into acetophenone using boron-doped diamond electrodes

• Mana Kitano,
• Tsuyoshi Saitoh,
• Shigeru Nishiyama,
• Yasuaki Einaga and
• Takashi Yamamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1154–1158, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.119

• -doped diamond electrode; electrosynthesis; oxidation; Introduction Selective oxidation of aromatic alkyl side chains is an important molecular transformation process to obtain various rubbers, resins, fine chemicals, and other industrial products [1][2]: terephthalic acid from p-xylene, cumene

A versatile way for the synthesis of monomethylamines by reduction of N-substituted carbonylimidazoles with the NaBH₄/I₂ system

• Lin Chen,
• Xuan Zhou,
• Zhiyong Chen,
• Changxu Wang,
• Shunjie Wang and
• Hanbing Teng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1032–1039, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.104

• -determining step. This work can contribute significantly expanding the applications of N-substituted carbonylimidazoles. Keywords: amines; carboxylic acids; isocyanates; monomethylamines; N-substituted carbonylimidazoles; reduction; Introduction N-Methylamines are widely found in natural products, fine

• chemicals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and dyes [1][2][3][4]. Traditional methods for the preparation of N-methylamines involve the direct methylation of amines by using methyl halides [5][6][7], dimethyl sulfate [8], diazomethane [9], methyl triflate [10][11] or dimethyl carbonate [12][13][14][15] as

Synthesis of odorants in flow and their applications in perfumery

• Merlin Kleoff,
• Paul Kiler and
• Philipp Heretsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 754–768, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.76

• , Germany 10.3762/bjoc.18.76 Abstract Continuous flow technology is a key technology for sustainable manufacturing with numerous applications for the synthesis of fine chemicals. In recent years, the preparation of odorants utilizing the advantages of flow reactors received growing attention. In this

Asymmetric organocatalytic Michael addition of cyclopentane-1,2-dione to alkylidene oxindole

• Estelle Silm,
• Ivar Järving and
• Tõnis Kanger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 167–173, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.18

• using CPD as a precursor for high value-added fine chemicals such as a homocitric acid lactone was published by our group [19]. Since then we have developed synthetic pathways for lycoperdic acid [20] and nucleoside analogues [21] starting from CPD. The organocatalytic methods for the synthesis of

Iron-catalyzed domino coupling reactions of π-systems

• Austin Pounder and
• William Tam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2848–2893, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.196

• –heteroatom bond-forming reactions. Catalysis, as a synthetic tool, is widely employed to accomplish transformations to produce many various pharmaceuticals, polymeric materials, and fine chemicals [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Catalysis is one of the fundamental pillars of green chemistry, the design of chemical

On the application of 3d metals for C–H activation toward bioactive compounds: The key step for the synthesis of silver bullets

• Renato L. Carvalho,
• Amanda S. de Miranda,
• Mateus P. Nunes,
• Roberto S. Gomes,
• Guilherme A. M. Jardim and
• Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1849–1938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.126

Cerium-photocatalyzed aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes and ketones

• Girish Suresh Yedase,
• Sumit Kumar,
• Jessica Stahl,
• Burkhard König and
• Veera Reddy Yatham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1727–1732, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.121

• ; aldehydes; cerium; oxidation; ketones; visible light; Introduction The selective oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds [1][2] is an important process for producing a wide range of value-added fine chemicals [3][4][5][6]. In the traditional oxidation process stoichiometric amounts of oxidants such as

An atom-economical addition of methyl azaarenes with aromatic aldehydes via benzylic C(sp³)–H bond functionalization under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions

• Divya Rohini Yennamaneni,
• Vasu Amrutham,
• Krishna Sai Gajula,
• Rammurthy Banothu,
• Murali Boosa and
• Narender Nama

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3093–3103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.259

• Divya Rohini Yennamaneni Vasu Amrutham Krishna Sai Gajula Rammurthy Banothu Murali Boosa Narender Nama Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector

Anion exchange resins in phosphate form as versatile carriers for the reactions catalyzed by nucleoside phosphorylases

• Julia N. Artsemyeva,
• Ekaterina A. Remeeva,
• Tatiana N. Buravskaya,
• Irina D. Konstantinova,
• Roman S. Esipov,
• Anatoly I. Miroshnikov,
• Natalia M. Litvinko and
• Igor A. Mikhailopulo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2607–2622, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.212

• capacity 3 ± 0.4 mequiv/g (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, USA; cat. Number 17-0170-02). (3) BIO-RAD AG® 1-X2 Anion Exchange Resin chloride form, 200–400 mesh, exchange capacity 3.5 mequiv/g (Bio-Rad, USA; cat. Number 1401251). (4) DEAE-Cellulose, exchange capacity 0.6 mequiv/g (Reanal, Hungary; CAS 9013-34-7

Dawn of a new era in industrial photochemistry: the scale-up of micro- and mesostructured photoreactors

• Emine Kayahan,
• Mathias Jacobs,
• Leen Braeken,
• Leen C.J. Thomassen,
• Simon Kuhn,
• Tom van Gerven and
• M. Enis Leblebici

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2484–2504, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.202

• treatment installations [2]. In addition, artemisinin, which is a drug to treat malaria, was produced in an industrial-scale photoreactor in a Sanofi production facility in Italy [3]. Furthermore, the production of some fine chemicals, such as ε-caprolactam, rose oxide, and vitamin D on an industrial scale

Synergy between supported ionic liquid-like phases and immobilized palladium N-heterocyclic carbene–phosphine complexes for the Negishi reaction under flow conditions

• Edgar Peris,
• Raúl Porcar,
• María Macia,
• Jesús Alcázar,
• Eduardo García-Verdugo and
• Santiago V. Luis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1924–1935, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.159

• -bromobenzoate (6) to form methyl 4-benzylbenzoate (7) was used to evaluate the activity of the palladium catalysts on polymer support (Scheme 2). The Negishi reaction is a potent cross-coupling reaction in organic chemistry. Notably, it has much value for the synthesis of fine chemicals and medicinal drugs [22

Pauson–Khand reaction of fluorinated compounds

• Jorge Escorihuela,
• Daniel M. Sedgwick,
• Alberto Llobat,
• Mercedes Medio-Simón,
• Pablo Barrio and
• Santos Fustero

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1662–1682, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.138

• provides access to cyclopentenones from accessible starting materials under relatively mild conditions. The increasing demand of fine chemicals bearing fluorine atoms at strategic positions, together with the ubiquitous presence of the cyclopentenone ring in added-value compounds, has attracted researchers

Accelerating fragment-based library generation by coupling high-performance photoreactors with benchtop analysis

• Quentin Lefebvre,
• Christophe Salomé and
• Thomas C. Fessard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 982–988, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.87

• of SpiroChem AG, a Swiss fine chemicals company commercializing the building blocks and fragments described in this work.

Rhodium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of aryl iodides to arylaldehydes with syngas

• Zhenghui Liu,
• Peng Wang,
• Zhenzhong Yan,
• Suqing Chen,
• Dongkun Yu,
• Xinhui Zhao and
• Tiancheng Mu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 645–656, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.61

• homogeneous catalysis, and substantial value-added bulk and fine chemicals are available through this technology [13]. In spite of the existing plentiful progress in this conversion, the exploitation of advanced and more effective catalytic systems to the activity and to widen the range of substrates is

• crucial for new practical applications. Syngas is a mixture of CO and H2, which is cheap, abundant and widely used in chemical industry productions [14][15][16]. In spite of its comprehensive utilization in industry, reactions involving CO are relatively seldom employed in fine chemicals syntheses. This